Ètica i ciència: les farmacèutiques

Treball de recerca realitzat per alumnes d’ensenyament secundari i guardonat amb un Premi CIRIT per fomentar l'esperit científic del Jovent l’any 2010. Els objectius estudiats han estat diversos. D’una banda, analitzar de la presa de decisions des d'una perspectiva ètica. D’altra banda, obtenir informació sobre uns processos i una realitat del món productiu que afecta la manera com s'acaba plantejant la lluita contra la malaltia i la promoció de la salut en els àmbits públic i privat. I finalment, esbrinar quin és el paper de l'ànim de lucre en la presa de decisions de la indústria farmacèutica.

New perspective on the study of the authority relationship: Integrating individual and societal level research.

The concept of authority crosses many social sciences, but there is a lack of common taxonomy and definitions on this topic. The aims of this review are: (1) to define the basic characteristics of the authority relationship, reaching a definition suitable for the different domains of social psychology and social sciences; (2) to bridge the gap between individual and societal levels of explanation concerning the authority relationship, by proposing an interpretation within the framework of social representations. The authority relationship can be conceived as a negotiation of meanings and it is closely linked to shared value orientation and the attribution of meanings negotiated within a society. We assume that the authority relationship is socially constructed and represents both a shared representation of society and a normative principle of social life. A multidisciplinary approach is adopted, crossing definitions and studies provided in sociology, political science, law and social psychology.

Crianças em Risco Social nas Notícias O Olhar da Imprensa Cabo-verdiana

A relação Criança e Media tem sido muito debatida, e em várias perspetivas, a nível internacional. Por um lado, é reconhecido o contributo do jornalismo para uma maior visibilidade das crianças e das suas problemáticas (como abuso sexual, maus- tratos), transformando-as de assuntos privados em temas de debate público. Por outro lado, verifica-se que o discurso noticioso molda as ideias que se tem da criança e das suas problemáticas podendo, assim, comprometer o reconhecimento social destes problemas, e consequentemente, o debate e a pressão pública para a implementação de políticas sociais e leis para as proteger. Nesta investigação procuramos compreender de que forma o modo como a imprensa cabo-verdiana aborda a temática das crianças em risco e, em consequência, tem vindo a contribuir/dificultar a inclusão desta problemática no debate público. Através das notícias dos jornais, o foco da análise cinge-se sobre ocorrências e problemáticas em que a vida da criança ou o seu bem-estar e desenvolvimento físico, psíquico e emocional são colocados em risco. A partir da análise por nós realizada, pode-se concluir que a criança cabo-verdiana em risco social é um tema constante na imprensa mas, há um tratamento privado e individual das problemáticas que afetam as crianças; os enquadramentos seguem uma ótica de exposição de factos, em detrimento da denúncia da situação e busca de solução. Não há variedade de fontes de informação nem contraste das suas opiniões. O discurso noticioso não é sensacionalista, mas não é comprometido com as premissas da CDC. Com efeito, a inclusão das problemáticas que afetam as crianças no debate público não privilegia uma cobertura contextualizada e esclarecedora destas questões e em prol dos direitos das crianças. Neste sentido, melhorar os enquadramentos noticiosos sobre as crianças e as problemáticas que as afetam é fundamental para sensibilizar o reconhecimento público dos mesmos e a promoção de uma cultura favorável à criança.

Individual Strategies for Different Learners

Aquest treball fa un repàs a les diferents teories relacionades amb el camp d’estudi de les estratègies d’aprenentatge de segones llengües i respon a preguntes de recerca relacionades amb la freqüència d’ús de les estratègies i la relació amb les diferències individuals. La primera part és una introducció on s’hi plantegen les preguntes de recerca en les quals es basa el treball. La segona part, consisteix en un resum de les teories relacionades amb el tema de les estratègies d’estudi de segones llengües, i una posada en comú d’aquestes per mostrar les dificultats que hi ha per trobar consens en quant a la identificació i classificació de les estratègies. La tercera part, presenta la metodologia utilitzada per a la recollida de dades per tal de contestar les preguntes de recerca. En la quarta part es desenvolupa la recerca duta a terme; i finalment es presenten les conclusions extretes de cada pregunta de recerca plantejada.

Iowa Individual Income Tax Statistical Report, July 2007

Iowa Individual Income Tax Statistical Report 2007

Change of individual BMI in Switzerland and the USA: a multilevel model for growth

Objective The aim is to analyze and compare individual BMI growth patterns of adults from Switzerland and the U.S. Methods The analyses are based on data from two population representative longitudinal household surveys, one from Switzerland, the other from the U.S. Each data set contains up to four data points for each adult individual. We use multilevel models for growth. Results It can be shown that growth patterns are different in different cohorts in the two countries: there are only small growth differences in the youngest and oldest, but large differences in the middle ages. The individual BMI increase of the middle age Swiss amounts to only half of that in the comparable U.S. individuals. Conclusion Given the much higher BMI level especially in the youngest cohort, this points to severe obesity problems in the U.S. middle aged population in the near future. A positive correlation between individual BMI level and growth may aggravate this fact.

Comparativa treball individual vs. treball de parella. Anàlisi a través de diferents tipologies de textos científics i preferències de l'alumnat

Els alumnes elaboren produccions de qualitat superior quan treballen en parelles que quan ho fan individualment. Sota aquesta màxima, l’estudi demostra que quan els alumnes escriuen textos científics descriptius, justificatius i descriptius-justificatius en parella milloren aspectes relacionats amb determinades habilitats inherents a qualsevol tipus de text, com l’estructuració de la informació i l’adequació del llenguatge al context, i d’altres específiques de textos descriptius i justificatius. És sorprenent constatar que aquesta millora es dóna en tot tipus d’alumnes, tant aquells amb hàbits d’estudi superiors com aquells amb dificultats d’aprenentatge, i que els avantatges d’aquesta metodologia de treball no es circumscriuen tan sols a l’àmbit acadèmic; els alumnes prefereixen treballar en parella perquè els permet compartir punts de vista i ajudar-se mútuament. Per tant, els resultats demostren que complementar les classes de ciències amb el treball en parella possibilita assolir amb més garanties l’aprenentatge significatiu dels nostres alumnes.

Cyberhealth serving to support individual intake of medication.

The Internet and new communication technologies are deeply affecting healthcare systems and the provision of care. The purpose of this article is to evaluate the possibility that cyberhealth, via the development of widespread easy access to wireless personal computers, tablets and smartphones, can effectively influence intake of medication and long-term medication adherence, which is a complex, difficult and dynamic behaviour to adopt and to sustain over time. Because of its novelty, the impact of cyberhealth on drug intake has not yet been well explored. Initial results have provided some evidence, but more research is needed to determine the impact of cyberhealth resources on long-term adherence and health outcomes, its user-friendliness and its adequacy in meeting e-patient needs. The purpose of such Internet-based interventions, which provide different levels of customisation, is not to take over the roles of healthcare providers; on the contrary, cyberhealth platforms should reinforce the alliance between healthcare providers and patients by filling time-gaps between visits and allowing patients to upload and/or share feedback material to be used during the visits. This shift, however, is not easily endorsed by healthcare providers, who must master new eHealth skills, but healthcare systems have a unique opportunity to invest in the Internet and to use this powerful tool to design the future of integrated care. Before this can occur, however, important issues must be addressed and resolved, for example ethical considerations, the scientific quality of programmes, reimbursement of activity, data security and the ownership of uploaded data.

Active solubilization and refolding of stable protein aggregates by cooperative unfolding action of individual hsp70 chaperones.

Hsp70 is a central molecular chaperone that passively prevents protein aggregation and uses the energy of ATP hydrolysis to solubilize, translocate, and mediate the proper refolding of proteins in the cell. Yet, the molecular mechanism by which the active Hsp70 chaperone functions are achieved remains unclear. Here, we show that the bacterial Hsp70 (DnaK) can actively unfold misfolded structures in aggregated polypeptides, leading to gradual disaggregation. We found that the specific unfolding and disaggregation activities of individual DnaK molecules were optimal for large aggregates but dramatically decreased for small aggregates. The active unfolding of the smallest aggregates, leading to proper global refolding, required the cooperative action of several DnaK molecules per misfolded polypeptide. This finding suggests that the unique ATP-fueled locking/unlocking mechanism of the Hsp70 chaperones can recruit random chaperone motions to locally unfold misfolded structures and gradually disentangle stable aggregates into refoldable proteins.

La Dimensión ética de la práctica profesional: evaluación de un programa formativo

El Colegio Oficial de Psicólogos establece el conocimiento y cumplimiento del código deontológico como requisito imprescindible para el ejercicio profesional de los psicólogos y psicólogas en sus distintos ámbitos de aplicación. El objetivo del trabajo que se presenta es comprobar los conocimientos de los estudiantes que están a punto de terminar la carrera de Psicología, en relación con distintas situaciones éticamente problemáticas en dos momentos temporales (antes y después de un programa de capacitación sobre ética y deontología). Se desarrolla un cuestionario que describe 5 situaciones profesionales. 51 estudiantes respondían dos preguntas asociadas a cada situación. Los resultados muestran una mejora significativa en las respuestas tras el programa educativo sobre ética aplicada. Se hace un llamamiento a desarrollar cursos en las Universidades de ética profesional con el fin de que los estudiantes dispongan de estrategias para identificar dilemas éticos y puedan llegar a posibles soluciones de acuerdo al Código Deontológico

Human Resource Information System Time Reporting System Guide for Individual Users, August 2009

Instructions for using the Human Resource Information System, for the State of Iowa.

The biochemistry of drug metabolism : an introduction : part 6, Inter-individual factors affecting drug metabolism.

This review is part of a series of review articles on the metabolism of drugs and other xenobiotics published in Chemistry & Biodiversity. After a thorough discussion of metabolic reactions and their enzymes, this article focuses on genetically determined differences in drug and xenobiotic metabolism. After a short introduction on the causes for genetic differences, the first focus is on species differences in drug and xenobiotic metabolism. A major chapter is then dedicated to clinically relevant genetic polymorphisms in human drug metabolism and resultant ethnic differences. The last two chapters deal with sex-dependent differences in drug metabolism and personalized pharmacotherapy related to inter-individual differences in drug metabolism.