Study on DNA Damage Induced by Neon Beam Irradiation in Saccharomyces Cerevisiae

Yeast strain Saccharornyces cerevisiae was irradiated with different doses of 85 MeV/u Ne-20(10+) to investigate DNA damage induced by heavy ion beam in eukaryotic microorganism. The survival rate, DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) and DNA polymorphic were tested after irradiation. The results showed that there were substantial differences in DNA between the control and irradiated samples. At the dose of 40 Cy, the yeast cell survival rate approached 50%, DNA double-strand breaks were barely detectable, and significant DNA polymorphism was observed. The alcohol dehydrogenase II gene was amplified and sequenced. It was observed that base changes in the mutant were mainly transversions of T-->G and T-->C. It can be concluded that heavy ion beam irradiation can lead to change in single gene and may be an effective way to induce mutation.

Color center formation in silica glass induced by high energy Fe and Xe ions

Silica glass samples were implanted with 1.157 GeV Fe-56 and 1.755 GeV Xe-136 ions to fluences range from 1 x 10(11) to 3.8 x 10(12) ions/cm(2). Virgin and irradiated samples were investigated by ultraviolet (UV) absorption from 3 to 6.4 eV and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. The UV absorption investigation reveals the presence of various color centers (E' center, non-bridging oxygen hole center (NBOHC) and ODC(II)) appearing in the irradiated samples. It is found that the concentration of all color centers increase with the increase of fluence and tend to saturation at high fluence. Furthermore the concentration of E' center and that of NBOHC is approximately equal and both scale better with the energy deposition through processes of electronic stopping, indicating that E' center and NBOHC are mainly produced simultaneously from the scission of strained Si-O-Si bond by electronic excitation effects in heavy ion irradiated silica glass. The PL measurement shows three emissions peaked at about 4.28 eV (alpha band), 3.2 eV (beta band) and 2.67 eV (gamma band) when excited at 5 eV. The intensities of alpha and gamma bands increase with the increase of fluence and tend to saturation at high fluence. The intensity of beta band is at its maximum in virgin silica glass and it is reduced on increasing the ions fluence. It is further confirmed that nuclear energy loss processes determine the production of alpha and gamma bands and electronic energy loss processes determine the bleaching of beta band in heavy ion irradiated silica glass. (c) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

A study of low-energy ion induced radiolysis of thiol-containing amino acid cysteine in the solid and aqueous solution states

The radiolysis of cysteine under plasma discharge and irradiation of low-energy Ion beam was investigated. The damage of cysteine in aqueous solution under discharge was assessed via the acid ninhydrin reagent and the yield of cystine produced from the reaction was analyzed by FTIR In addition, the generation of hydrogen sulfide was also identified The destruction of solid cysteine under low-energy ion beam irradiation was estimated via monitoring IR bands of different functional groups (-SH, -NH3, -COO-) of cysteine. and the production of cystine from ion-irradiated solid cysteine after dissolution in water was also verified These results may help us to understand the inactivation of sulphydryl enzymes under direct and indirect interaction with the low-energy ion irradiation (C) 2010 Elsevier B V All rights reserved.

Effect of gamma-ray radiation on physiological, morphological characters and chromosome aberrations of minitubers in Solanum tuberosum L.

Purpose: To investigate the effects of gamma-ray radiation on the physiological, morphological characters and chromosome aberrations of minitubers. Materials and methods: Minitubers of one potato cultivar, 'Shepody', were irradiated with 8 doses of gamma-rays (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70 and 80 Gy [Gray]) to investigate the effects of radiation on emergence ability, plant height and root length, morphological variations, chromosome aberrations, M-1 (first generation mutants) tuber number and size of minituber plants. Results: Compared with the non-irradiated controls, the whole period of emergence was prolonged by 10-15 days for minitubers treated with gamma-ray radiation, but low doses of radiation (10, 20 and 30 Gy) promoted the emergence percentage of minitubers. With an increase in radiation dose, the emergence percentage, plant height and root length of minituber plants were significantly inhibited at 40 and 50 Gy. No emergence occurred at 60 Gy and higher doses. After radiation, a series of morphological variations and chromosome aberrations appeared in minituber plants. Radiation with 20 Gy promoted tuber formation, and the average number and diameter of M-1 tubers per plant were significantly increased over the control by 71% and 34%, respectively. Conclusion: Low doses of radiation (10-30 Gy) might be used as a valuable parameter to study the improvement of minitubers by gamma-ray radiation treatment.

Structural stability of C-60 films under the bombardment of 1.95 GeV Kr ions

The structural stability of C-60 films under the bombardment of 1.95 GeV Kr ions is investigated. The irradiated C-60 films were analyzed by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and Raman scattering technique. The analytical results indicate that the irradiation induced a decrease of icosahedral symmetry of C-60 molecule and damage of C-60 films; different vibration modes of C-60 molecule have different irradiation sensitivities; the mean efficient damage radius obtained from experimental data is about 1.47 nm, which is in good agreement with thermal spike model prediction.

Loss of p15/Ink4b accompanies tumorigenesis triggered by complex DNA double-strand breaks

DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are the most deleterious lesion inflicted by ionizing radiation. Although DSBs are potentially carcinogenic, it is not clear whether complex DSBs that are refractory to repair are more potently tumorigenic compared with simple breaks that can be rapidly repaired, correctly or incorrectly, by mammalian cells. We previously demonstrated that complex DSBs induced by high-linear energy transfer (LET) Fe ions are repaired slowly and incompletely, whereas those induced by low-LET gamma rays are repaired efficiently by mammalian cells. To determine whether Fe-induced DSBs are more potently tumorigenic than gamma ray-induced breaks, we irradiated 'sensitized' murine astrocytes that were deficient in Ink4a and Arf tumor suppressors and injected the surviving cells subcutaneously into nude mice. Using this model system, we find that Fe ions are potently tumorigenic, generating tumors with significantly higher frequency and shorter latency compared with tumors generated by gamma rays. Tumor formation by Fe-irradiated cells is accompanied by rampant genomic instability and multiple genomic changes, the most interesting of which is loss of the p15/Ink4b tumor suppressor due to deletion of a chromosomal region harboring the CDKN2A and CDKN2B loci. The additional loss of p15/Ink4b in tumors derived from cells that are already deficient in p16/Ink4a bolsters the hypothesis that p15 plays an important role in tumor suppression, especially in the absence of p16. Indeed, we find that reexpression of p15 in tumor-derived cells significantly attenuates the tumorigenic potential of these cells, indicating that p15 loss may be a critical event in tumorigenesis triggered by complex DSBs.

12C6+重离子辐照对细胞端粒酶活性表达的影响

端粒是染色体末端由重复DNA序列和相关蛋白组成的一种特殊结构，具有稳定染色体结构及完整性的功能，会随染色体复制与细胞分裂而缩短。端粒酶是一种核糖核蛋白，能以自身RNA模板合成端粒DNA，催化合成TTAGGG重复序列，添加到染色体末端，维持端粒长度不变。端粒酶主要由hTR, TEPl和hTERT组成，一般认为hTERT是端粒酶激活的限速因素。大多数永生化细胞和恶性肿瘤细胞具有端粒酶活性，因而端粒酶目前已成为为细胞持续分裂提供遗传基础的原因。由于端粒酶与细胞衰老、肿瘤发生等关系如此密切，因此已成为肿瘤放射治疗研究热点。目的： 本文利用兰州近代物理研究所重离子研究装置（Heavy Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou,HIRFL）产生的碳离子（31MeV/u 12C6+）对人体细胞、癌细胞进行不同剂量的辐照，探索细胞中端粒酶活性的变化及与之相关的生物学信息。材料与方法： 以人肝细胞HL－7702，肝癌细胞SMMC－7721为实验对象，用不同剂量1Gy、2Gy、3Gy、4Gy的重离子分别对两种细胞进行照射，用多聚酶链式反应-银染端粒重复序列扩增法（PCR- telomeric repeat amplification protocol，TRAP-PCR）检测不同剂量下细胞端粒酶活性的变化。并提取不同剂量下的细胞转入培养皿中，培养10天，固定，染色。统计大于50个细胞的克隆数，绘制细胞存活曲线。结果与讨论： 结果显示，人肝细胞HL-7702自身没有端粒酶活性，经1Gy辐照后也没有端粒酶活性，在2、3Gy处出现端粒酶活性，4Gy处端粒酶活性又消失。肝癌细胞SMMC-7721在1－3Gy处随着剂量的增大端粒酶活性升高，在4Gy处又开始下降；在1－3Gy处随着时间的推移端粒酶活性随着时间而加强（p<0.05）。随着剂量的增大，细胞存活率呈剂量依赖型下降。分析得知，重离子辐射可以诱导人肝细胞产生端粒酶活性，也可以改变肝癌细胞的端粒酶活性。端粒酶参与细胞受辐照后DNA单链损伤的修复；辐照后DNA双链断裂导致端粒酶活性减弱。本实验与其他低LET射线相比，使重离子在辐照治疗中的优势得以体现

重离子辐照粘红酵母诱变育种及其产油条件的优化

本论文以在微生物油脂生产中较具潜力的粘红酵母为材料，利用兰州近代物理研究所重离子研究装置（HIRFL）产生的80 MeV/u碳离子束对产油菌株粘红酵母进行辐照诱变, 采用含有脂肪酸合成酶抑制剂cerulenin的培养基进行高产油脂突变株的初选, 并通过磷酸香草醛反应和氯仿甲醇抽提法对初筛菌株油脂含量进行分析，复选出油脂产量和质量都有较大提高的突变菌株，并对其产油条件进行优化，以期获得一些其它诱变方法难以获得的高产油脂微生物突变株，大力开发离子束辐照技术在解决能源危机中的应用。通过本论文的实验研究，得到了以下初步结果 ： 1．液体培养基中，粘红酵母菌在接种后的40h－80h处于对数生长期，此时菌体的生长繁殖比较旺盛，活力最佳，为辐照诱变的最适时期。辐照后，不同来源的菌株对重离子辐射的敏感性有所不同，然而其存活趋势却大致相当。菌体的存活率都呈现出随辐照剂量的增加先减小后增加，再减小的马鞍型剂量－效应曲线。 2．cerulenin对酵母细胞的生长具有较好的抑制作用，浓度为8.96×10-6 mol/L时，抑制率达98%以上，可作为高产油脂粘红酵母菌的筛选浓度。通过磷酸香草醛反应法和氯仿－甲醇抽提法对初筛菌体油脂含量进行定量分析，结果表明初筛菌株的正突变率达66%以上。该方法快速方便，是一种较为理想的高产油脂酵母菌的筛选方法。通过这些方法，筛选出了2株油脂含量明显高于对照的突变株。 3．经实验发现，菌体培养物与磷酸香草醛试剂反应后在530nm的光吸收与氯仿－甲醇抽提法所测得的菌体油脂含量成正比，其标准曲线方程为y=38.2257x+0.67314，R2为0.995，从而建立起一种方便快捷的油脂定量测量方法，有望实现自动化分析。 4．通过对影响粘红酵母菌生长和油脂合成的几个主要因素(葡萄糖浓度、碳氮比、接种量、培养时间、温度、PH值)的初步探讨研究，得出了粘红酵母突变株的最佳产脂条件为: 葡萄糖浓度10％，碳氮比40:1，接种量10%，温度28℃，PH=5.0，培养时间为6天

注碳二氧化硅中高能重离子辐照效应研究

本论文工作采用“低能离子注入+高能重离子辐照”实验方法，通过建立注 碳二氧化硅（SiO2）中结构变化和新结构形成与高能重离子辐照参数的关系，比 较系统地研究了注碳SiO2中高能重离子辐照效应， 并对辐照效应产生机理进行了 初步探讨。 实验中，先将120keV的C离子注入SiO2样品，再用Xe、Pb、U等多种高能 重离子辐照，然后用FTIR、Raman谱和TEM等分析技术对样品进行表征。 实验结果表明， 高能离子辐照注碳非晶SiO2在注碳区形成管状径迹， 在高能 离子引起的离子径迹及其附近区域形成了SiC、 碳团簇、 SiOC结构和CO/CO2分子 并观察到了局域纳米晶化现象，形成的 SiOC 和 SiC 具有链式和笼式结构。新结 构的形成与碳离子注入剂量、高能离子辐照剂量、电子能损以及总沉积能量密度 有关，并存在相应的阈值。根据实验结果并结合热峰模型，我们认为高能重离子 辐照可能在注碳SiO2中引起了一系列化学反应， 其驱动力来自于强电子激发引起 的热峰过程。研究结果还表明，“低能离子注入+高能重离子辐照”是合成具有 特殊功能材料的一种有效手段，通过选择合适的高能重离子辐照，实现有选择结 构相变，可以合成新型功能材料。

高能kr离子辐照聚合物膜的潜径迹及其辐照降解特性的研究

本文简要叙述了快重离子在固体材料，特别是聚合物材料中引起的强电子激发效应研究的基本理论、发展历史和研究现状。描述了在兰州重离子加速器上完成的25 MeV/u 86Kr离子辐照叠层聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯膜（PET）和聚碳酸酯（PC）膜的实验及结果分析。应用傅立叶红外变换光谱（FT-IR）及X-射线衍射分析（XRD）方法研究了在不同电子能损及不同注量辐照条件下，高能Kr离子在聚合物PET和PC潜径迹中引起的的损伤效应。结果表明：高能Kr离子在聚合物PET、PC膜引起的损伤主要是由于辐照引起的断键及键的重组产生的官能团的降解及非晶化过程，损伤截面存在电子能损阈值，且与官能团的结构有关。 对PET的傅立叶红外变换光谱分析结果给出，电子能损为7.25 keV/nm时，对应官能团吸收峰794 cm-1, 849 cm-1, 1021 cm-1, 1341 cm-1, 1410 cm-1, 1505 cm-1,的损伤截面半径分别为：3.63 nm, 4.70 nm, 4.58 nm, 3.54 nm, 5.17 nm, 5.32 nm。X-射线衍射分析结果表明，PET的非晶化转变截面随离子注量和电子能损的增大而增加，（100）衍射峰的相对强度I/I0随离子注量的增加而指数衰减，对应电子能损为6.62, 6.93, 7.25 keV/nm，其相应的非晶化半径分别为4.86, 5.64, 6.77 nm。 对PC的傅立叶红外变换光谱分析表明，当电子能损比较小，大多数官能团的红外吸收无明显变化，直到当辐照注量为2×1012 ions/cm2 且电子能损比较大时，其绝对吸收强度才发生明显的改变。电子能损为6.37 keV/nm 时，对应官能团吸收峰为519 cm-1, 605 cm-1, 724 cm-1, 1014 cm-1，其损伤截面分别为：13.12, 45.40, 50.21, 56.28 nm2

重离子辐照普通小麦间接效应的研究

应用不同能量、不同剂量的碳离子和氧离子加照普通小麦，研究其M1代和M2代的生物学（形态）性状、染色体畸变率及微核率、生理生化和DNA分子等方面的变化。并对这些变化的生物学机理进行了探讨，结果如下：1.75MeV/u~(16)O~(8+)离子经过适当降能后注入小麦种子的不同部位和贯穿整个种子，对其M1代幼苗的可溶性蛋白质组分以及电脉中不同区段蛋白质组分相对含量加以分析，结果表明：1）同对照相比，随着辐照剂量的增加，所有辐照材料（包括贯穿和注入）第二区段（分子量较高区段）蛋白质组分的相对含量下降；而第五区段（分子量最小区段）蛋白质组分的相对含量升高。2）种子的贯穿处理，同时也引起第一区段（分子量最高区段）和第三区段蛋白质组分相对含量的下降以及第四区段的升高；其中第三、四区段的变化明显区别于注入效应。3）注入胚和胚乳的区别在于后者第一区段蛋白质组分相对含量的较大下降和第五区段的较大提高。4）小剂量辐照的材料，可溶性蛋白质组分的变化异常，可能与低剂量辐射兴奋效应有关。2.碳离子注入胚乳引起胚的后代发生变异，是典型的重离子诱变产生间接效应的结果。主要表现为：1）M1代的生物学性状、幼苗的抗氧化酶活性、MDA含量、蛋白质含量和染色体畸变率及微核率等发生了较大的变化。2）对其矮杆变异株和紫色茎杆突变体（M2）和RAPD和AFLP分子鉴定等研究，结果显示了矮杆变异体和紫色茎杆突变体的DNA序列发生了改变，而非仅仅产生生理损伤；同一种变异体或突变体，在M2代单株间也存在着明显的差异，表明它们可能还处于分离状态。于是，将M2代以上高代再种，以观察遗传能否稳定。3.重离子辐照普通小麦种子的M1代正常（它们可以完成生长发育的过程）植株同对照材料做正、反交，获得染色体组等来源不同的材料。接着对对照、M2代和正、反交材料DNA进行RAPD和AFLP多态性研究，并将实验结果作统计分析，结果表明：在细胞结构层次上，染色体组作为靶物质，产生的直接效应主要引起随机突变；而非染色体组的细胞组成的间接效应主要引起非随机突变。

带电粒子辅照生物分子改性的研究

本文是从超低能（110KeV）、低能（1-20MeV/u）重离子注入生物材料引起突变效应及其机理研究中产生的新生长点，从辐射化学角度通过对脱氧核糖核酸（DNA）、蛋白质以及组成DNA和蛋白质的基本单元的辐照损伤的调研，从物理角度对带电粒子（包括质子和重离子）高低传能线密度（LET）辐射与X射线、γ射线等低LET辐射加以比较，提出了采用带电粒子注入生物分子改性研究的新思路；并在此基础上，开展了一些实验工作。 在用质子束注入的甘氨酸水溶液的辐照产物的分析实验中，用气相色谱和质谱（GC-MS）联用技术的分析，得到了不同于X射线、γ-射线辐照甘氨酸水溶液的辐照产物——甘氨酰甘氨酸（甘甘二肽），并根据有关文献提出了产生这种产物的可能机理。从而从辐射化学方面为带电粒子对生物分子的辐照损伤反应提供了进一步的认识，也为从辐射生物学角度解释带电粒子对蛋白质这样大分子的作用机制提供了新的依据。

Effect of gamma-radiation on the thermal and mechanical properties of a commercial poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate)

BACKGROUND: Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) has attracted wide interest as a biodegradable polymer. However, its use is restricted in certain applications due to its low melting point.RESULTS: PBAT was treated using gamma-radiation. The radiation features were analyzed using Soxhlet extraction, and the ratio of chain scission and crosslinking and gelation dose were determined using the classical Charlesby-Pinner equation. The results showed that PBAT is a radiation-crosslinkable polymer. The degree of crosslinking increased with increasing radiation dose; the relation between sol fraction and dose followed the Charlesby-Pinner equation. Differential scanning calorimetry analyses showed that the melting temperature (T-m) and the heat of fusion (Delta H-m) of PBAT exhibited almost no change in the first scan. The second scan, however, showed a decrease in T-m and Delta H-m. The glass transition temperature of irradiated PBAT increased with increasing radiation dose.

Stimulated emission from distyrylbenzene derivative crystals grown by vapor

Narrowed spectra at 452 nm from a thin platelike crystal of distyrylbenzene derivative, 2,5-diphenyl-1,4-distyrylbenzene with two trans double bonds (trans-DPDSB) grown by vapor deposition, are observed. The trans-DPDSB crystal is irradiated by the third harmonic (355 nm) of a Nd:YAG laser. The FWHM of the narrowed spectra can reach 6 nm for the crystal when the pumping energy is 400 mu J/pulse. The threshold value for an optically pumped laser is approximately 350 mu J/pulse.

Chain propagation kinetics on melt grafting reaction

Graft copolymerization in the molten state is of fundamental importance as a probe of chemical modification and reactive compatibilization. However, few grafting kinetic studies on reactive extrusion have been carried out because of the inherent difficulties, as expected. In this work, we have studied chain propagation kinetics on melt grafting using pre-irradiated linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) and three monomers, acrylic acid (AA), methacrylic acid (MAA), and methyl methacrylate (MMA), as the model system. We measured the apparent chain propagation rate coefficients of grafting (k(p,g)) and homopolymerization (k(p,h)) at an initial stage for the melt grafting by FT-IR spectroscopy and electron spin resonance spectroscopy. It was observed that the convective mixing affected the rate coefficients. The magnitude of k(p,h) and k(p,g) were in the same order, but k(p,h) was slightly larger than k(p,g) The k(p,g) of the three grafting systems increased in the order: LLDPE/MMA < LLDPE/MAA < LLDPE/AA. These results are explained in terms of phase separation, solubility, and inherent reactivity of the monomer.