Carbohydrate-based micelle clusters which enhance hydrophobic drug bioavailability by up to 1 order of magnitude

Amphiphilic chitosan-based polymers (M-w < 20 kDa) self-assemble in aqueous media at low micromolar concentrations to give previously unknown micellar clusters of 100-300 nm in size. Micellar clusters comprise smaller 10-30 nm aggregates, and the nanopolarity/drug incorporation efficiency of their hydrophobic domains can be tailored by varying the degree of lipidic derivatization and molecular weight of the carbohydrate. The extent of drug incorporation by these novel micellar clusters is 1 order of magnitude higher than is seen with triblock copolymers, with molar polymer/drug ratios of 1:48 to 1:67. On intravenous injection, the pharmacodynamic activity of a carbohydrate propofol formulation is increased by 1 order of magnitude when compared to a commercial emulsion formulation, and on topical ocular application of a carbohydrate prednisolone formulation, initial drug aqueous humor levels are similar to those found with a 10-fold dose of prednisolone suspension.

Thermal analysis of biodegradable microparticles containing ciprofloxacin hydrochloride obtained by spray drying technique

Thermal analysis has been extensively used to obtain information about drug-polymer interactions and to perform pre-formulation studies of pharmaceutical dosage forms. In this work, biodegradable microparticles of poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) containing ciprofloxacin hydrochloride (CP) in various drug:polymer ratios were obtained by spray drying. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the spray drying process on the drug-polymer interactions and on the stability of microparticles using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetry (TG) and derivative thermogravimetry (DTG) and infrared spectroscopy (IR). The results showed that the high levels of encapsulation efficiency were dependant on drug:polymer ratio. DSC and TG/DTG analyses showed that for physical mixtures of the microparticles components the thermal profiles were different from those signals obtained with the pure substances. Thermal analysis data disclosed that physical interaction between CP and PLGA in high temperatures had occurred. The DSC and TG profiles for drug-loaded microparticles were very similar to the physical mixtures of components and it was possible to characterize the thermal properties of microparticles according to drug content. These data indicated that the spray dryer technique does not affect the physicochemical properties of the microparticles. In addition, the results are in agreement with IR data analysis demonstrating that no significant chemical interaction occurs between CP and PLGA in both physical mixtures and microparticles. In conclusion, we have found that the spray drying procedure used in this work can be a secure methodology to produce CP-loaded microparticles. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Copingstrategier vid bröstcancer : Ur ett patient- och familjeperspektivEn systematisk litteraturstudie

Syftet med denna systematiska litteraturstudie var att undersöka vilka copingstrategier som kvinnor med bröstcancer, deras partners och barn använde. De vetenskapliga artiklar som ligger till grund för litteraturstudiens resultat söktes på databaserna Elin@Dalarna, Wiley InterScience och PubMed. De valda artiklarnas vetenskaplighet granskades med modifierade versioner av Willman, Stoltz & Bahtsevani och Forsberg & Wengströms granskningsmallar. Resultatet av denna litteraturstudie visade att det fanns olika copingstrategier som användes för hantering av kvinnors bröstcancer. Flera studiers forskningsresultat visade att de copingstrategier som kvinnor med bröstcancer använde var religion, acceptans, att ha ett positivt synsätt, förnekelse, emotionellt stöd och undvikande. Ytterligare copingstrategier som kvinnor använde var socialt stöd, aktiva copingstrategier, planering, att ventilera sig, humor och att sysselsätta sig med olika aktiviteter samt att ha ett oskäligt beteende. De copingstrategier som förekom hos kvinnornas partners var gruppstöd och kommunikation. Barn till kvinnor med bröstcancer använde sig av religion, kommunikation och stöd samt undvikande som copingstrategier.

Humorns betydelse i omvårdnaden : En systematisk litteraturstudie

Denna systematiska litteraturstudie syftade till att beskriva och kartlägga humorns betydelse i omvårdnadsarbetet med inriktning på humorns påverkan på patientens välbefinnande, sjuksköterskans kommunikation med patienter och närstående samt sjuksköterskans psykosociala arbetsmiljö. Tjugo vetenskapliga artiklar, vilka sökts huvudsakligen via fulltextbasen Electronic Library Information Navigator (ELIN), valdes ut utifrån titel, abstrakt och genomläsning, varefter de kvalitetsgranskades och genomgick textanalys utmynnande i sex temata. Dessa evidensgraderades utifrån artiklarnas kvalitet. Resultatet visade att humor upplevdes ha betydelse i omvårdnadsarbetet både för patient och sjuksköterska genom att göra det lättare att hantera känslor, bygga upp en positiv självbild och att bevara värdigheten. Humorn är ett verktyg i bemästring av sjukdom och hälsoproblem samt viktig för en god kommunikation mellan såväl sjuksköterska och patient som mellan vårdpersonal. Humorn upplevs vara en betydelsefull faktor för ett gott lagarbete samt en moderator för hierarkiska spänningar mellan yrkesgrupper och patienter-vårdpersonal. Som omvårdnadsteoretisk referensram valdes Joyce Travelbees teori om den mellanmänskliga kommunikationen där humor visade sig vara ett viktigt redskap. Studien ökar läsarens förståelse av humorns betydelse för patient, närstående och personal i omvårdnaden likaväl som för kommunikationen mellan berörda parter, med särskild tonvikt på sjuksköterskans profession.

Att leva och arbeta i dödens närhet : Hälso- och sjukvårdspersonalens upplevelser i mötet med den döende patienten - En litteraturöversikt

Syfte: Syftet med denna litteraturstudie var att beskriva upplevelser hälso- och sjukvårdspersonalen hade i mötet med den döende patienten. Vidare var syftet att beskriva hur hälso- och sjukvårdspersonalen hanterade svårigheter som kunde uppstå i mötet med den döende patienten. Metod: Artikelsökningar genomfördes i databaserna PubMed, CINAHL och Science Direct. Inklusionskriterier var vetenskapliga artiklar publicerade mellan åren 2000 – 2011, tillgängliga i fulltext, skrivna på svenska eller engelska samt att målgruppen var patienter 19 år och äldre. Huvudresultat: Flertalet studier visade att erfarenhet av omvårdnadsarbete med döende patienter skapade kunskap och trygghet för hälso- och sjukvårdpersonalen. Detta bidrog till en positiv inställning till omvårdnad av döende. Vidare visade studier att hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal upplevde arbetet med döende emotionellt påfrestande. För att hantera dessa känslor samt den stress de orsakade hos hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal användes individuella copingstrategier. Slutsats: Erfarenhet av arbete med döende patienter resulterade i positiva känslor hos hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal. Bristande erfarenhet i vård av döende skapade känslor som rädsla, ensamhet, stress samt hjälplöshet. De upplevelser som skapade negativa känslor hanterades individuellt med hjälp av copingstrategier, exempelvis humor, distansering och med stöd från kollegor.

Humorforskning i svenska organisationer och arbetslivssammanhang : en litteraturöversikt

Research on humor in Swedish organizational and working life contexts: a literature review The objective of this study was to provide a more coherent picture of research on humor in Swedish organizational and working life contexts, where even non-strictly organizational studies were included due to their high relevance in the research area. A systematic review of the literature published during the last 15 years was used to summarize an obviously undeveloped research area in Sweden. Published peer-reviewed articles that primarily examine humor were analyzed. Seventeen representative articles have been found and systematically reviewed and compared focusing on four questions: purposes and contexts of the studies, theoretical approaches, methods and main results. The analysis identifies four focal points that describe current state of humor research in Sweden: 1) positive function of humor appears to be a predominant research issue while humor’s subversive function, power relations and negative functions are less represented, 2) limited comparative studies of different contexts 3) biased theoretical approaches and limited studies of theory developing approach 4) overrepresented qualitative research approach. The above issues were discussed in relation to relevant international humor research.

Fanfiction : la anonimicidad, el texto y el armario

This essay looks at slash, a genre within fanfiction, from the perspective of Sedgwick’s theory of the closet, which reflects on the concealing mechanisms associated with homosexuality. While the real author stays in the closet, disguised behind a pseudonym, slash texts present homosexual themes in a very explicit way, often relying on humor or subversive elements. Between these two spheres, the real author and the text, we can find what we call the author’s voice, conscious about the existing homophobic structures, a voice that uses different strategies to shield itself against them. Internet, with the possibility to stay anonymous, serves as a social closet where the masked authors create texts that subvert heteronormativity.

Grotesque in Dickens

Dickens's use of the grotesque in his novels undergoes a variety of changes. For convenience sake, and to better illustrate the developments of the grotesque, I divide the novels into three separate groups. The first group, the period of experiment, included the novels from Pickwick Papers through Barnaby Rudge; the second group, the period of transition, includes the novels from Martin Chuzzlewit through David Copperfield; and the third, the period of a new vision. included the novels from Bleak House through Edwin Drood. Basically, I see the development of the grotesque involving a change in Dickens's conceptions of society, as well as responding to complex changes in society itself; Dickens's vision loses much of its humor in the end, yet it also reflects a definite maturity.

You know how I know you're gay? : masculinity and homophobia in mainstream comedy

You Know How I Know You're Gay?: Masculinity and Homophobia in Contemporary Mainstream Comedy is a three-part senior scholars project that consists of a critical analysis of homophobic humor in contemporary mainstream comedy, an original feature-length comedy script entitled Don 't Be that Freshman, and a DVD of selected scenes from Don't Be that Freshman. The critical analysis first establishes the existence of homophobic humor in mainstream comedy and then links this homophobia to masculine anxiety, applying the ideas set forth in Michael Kimmel's essay, "Masculinity as Homophobia," to contemporary, mainstream, homosocial comedies. The paper goes on to examine audience reactions to this homophobic humor, focusing on audience members who enjoy these movies, yet consider themselves to be accepting of homosexuality and against homophobia. I discuss ways of resistance and the importance of opposing homophobic humor, and finally, I look at comedy as a potentially transgressive medium that could be used to fight homophobia and social inequality. The critical analysis, therefore, leads into Don't Be that Freshman, a film that uses progressive humor to oppose homophobia and expose the potential dangers and pitfalls of conforming to social constructions of gender. Don't Be that Freshman is a film about three pairs of college roommates in their first semester at college who become each other's first friends on campus. It is a character-driven comedy that attempts to normalize non-heterosexual sexual orientation and gender non-conformity, to advocate a type of living that does not conform to problematic social constructions and cultural ideologies, and at the same time to appeal to a mainstream audience. The film version is twenty-five minutes long and consists of ten scenes from the script.

Do quadrinho político ao filosófico: a trajetória do cartunista Laerte

Um dos principais artistas brasileiros, Laerte Coutinho tem produzido continuamente cartuns e histórias em quadrinhos desde o início dos anos 1970. O trabalho do cartunista pode ser encontrado nas páginas de jornais alternativos e da grande imprensa, em revistas, publicações sindicais e sites. Este texto apresenta e analisa seu trabalho ao longo das últimas quatro décadas, evidenciando as temáticas de sua obra, que abarcam conteúdos políticos, de sátira social e de reflexão filosófica e comportamental.

O autodeboche na propaganda televisiva contemporânea como estratégia de criação e inovação

Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós-graduação da Universidade Municipal de São Caetano do Sul como requisito parcial para a obtenção do título de Mestre em Comunicação

Horror cinematográfico e experimentação de Michael Jackson na música pop e no videoclipe

Dissertação de mestrado apresentado ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Comunicação da USCS - Universidade Municipal de São Caetano do Sul.

Comentários e dissonâncias em filmes publicitários no Youtube

Dissertação apresentada para obtenção de título de Mestrado em Comunicação da Universidade Municipal de São Caetano do Sul

Atributos físicos e químicos de um argissolo e rendimento de culturas em função do seu revolvimento na reaplicação de calcário no sistema plantio direto

As alterações da qualidade estrutural do solo pelo uso continuado do sistema plantio direto ocorre junto com o processo de sua (re)acidificação. Em algumas circunstâncias, ocorre também compactação superficial devido ao tráfego de máquinas, que necessita ser corrigida pela mobilização do solo. Assim, avaliou-se os efeitos acumulados e a curto prazo de mobilizar ou não o solo por ocasião das reaplicações de calcário sobre os atributos físicos e químicos no perfil do solo e o rendimento de culturas em diferentes preparos de solo. Foi utilizado um experimento de 12 anos no sistema plantio direto (SPD) e preparo convencional (PC) instalado em Argissolo Vermelho Distrófico típico na EEA-UFRGS. Determinou-se os atributos físicos (densidade, porosidade e estabilidade de agregados) e químicos (pH em água, índice SMP, teor de matéria orgânica, cálcio, magnésio e alumínio trocáveis e CTC efetiva) em três camadas (0,0-2,5; 2,5-7,5 e 7,5-15,0 cm) do solo e a produtividade das culturas de milho e aveia + ervilhaca. O SPD por quatro anos após o revolvimento recuperou os atributos físicos do solo à condição original. O revolvimento propiciou condições mais favoráveis de densidade e porosidade do solo, mas diminuiu a estabilidade de agregados, que não retornou à condição original após doze meses. Os atributos físicos do solo foram mais uniformes no PC, mas com menor estabilidade de agregados na camada superficial. O PC propiciou a situação menos desejável para os atributos químicos do solo. O efeito da aplicação superficial de calcário no SPD consolidado (oito e doze anos) atingiu a profundidade de 15 cm em doze meses, nos atributos químicos. As diferenças nos atributos físicos e químicos do solo decorrentes dos sistemas de manejo não foram suficientes para afetar a produtividade das culturas.