L'informatique: un outil remarquable pour l'enseignement de la médecine interne générale [The informatics: a remarkable tool for teaching general internal medicine].

INTERMED training implies a three week course, integrated in the "primary care module" for medical students in the first master year at the school of medicine in Lausanne. INTERMED uses an innovative teaching method based on repetitive sequences of e-learning-based individual learning followed by collaborative learning activities in teams, named Team-based learning (TBL). The e-learning takes place in a web-based virtual learning environment using a series of interactive multimedia virtual patients. By using INTERMED students go through a complete medical encounter applying clinical reasoning and choosing the diagnostic and therapeutic approach. INTERMED offers an authentic experience in an engaging and safe environment where errors are allowed and without consequences.

Dix ans de revue de la littérature en médecine interne générale--un premier bilan [Ten years of literature review in general internal medicine--a first assessment].

A group of family physicians in an outpatient clinic in Switzerland prospectively followed scientific literature for ten years. What to remember among the numerous articles retrieved and which paper really changed our practice? If many readings are quickly forgotten, some of them marked our minds and changed our habits. This article is a summary of our efforts to keep the essential tools in clinical practice.

Customer-Related Internal Communication in a Global Matrix Organization

The objective of the thesis was to explore the nature and characteristics of customer-related internal communication in a global industrial matrix organization during a specific customer relationship, and how it could be improved. The theoretical part of the study views the field of the concepts of intra-organizational information and knowledge sharing. The theoretical part also views the internal communications influences to customer relationships, its problematic, and the suggestions to improve internal communication in literature. The empirical part of the study was conducted with the Content Analysis and the Social Network Analysis as research methods. The data was collected by interviews and a questionnaire. Internal communication was observed first generally within the organization from the point of view of a certain business, and secondly, during a specific customer relationship at personal level and at departmental level. The results of the study describe the nature and characteristics of internal communication in the organization. The results give 13 suggestions for improving internal communication in the organization. Although the study has been done in one specific organization, it also offers insights for other organizations as well as managers to improve their internal communication.

Are open mandibular fractures still an emergency?

INTRODUCTION: Early surgical management is often advocated for fractures of the tooth-bearing portion of the mandible. A 6-hour delay has been mentioned for the fixation of these fractures. Our aim was to bring this paradigm into question. METHODS: All patients referred to our department from September 2012 to May 2014 for fractures of the tooth-bearing portion of the mandible were retrospectively included. For each patient, age, gender, aetiology of the fracture, and characteristics of the fractures were recorded. Tobacco and/or alcohol addictions, diabetes and mandibular dental condition were taken into account. We also noticed the preoperative delay and the occurrence of complications such as: haematoma, infection, wound dehiscence, osteosynthesis failure and pseudarthrosis. RESULTS: Among the 47 patients referred, 36 were treated with a delay of more than 6hours (76.6%). In 88.8% of the cases, the reason for this delay was unavoidable. The mean delay time from trauma to surgery was 52hours (range: 7-312). Forty-nine percent of the patients had comorbidities. Complications occurred in 6 patients leading to an overall complication rate of 16.67%. A statistically significant higher complication rate was observed among smokers (P=0.006). No statistical relationship was found between the delay and the occurrence of complications (P=0.994). This study suggests that fractures of the tooth-bearing portion of the mandible should no longer be considered as an emergency that must be treated within a 6-hour delay.

Déclaration et traitement des événements indésirables en médecine interne [Incident-reporting electronic-based system in internal medicine].

How to recognize, announce and analyze incidents in internal medicine units is a daily challenge that is taught to all hospital staff. It allows suggesting useful improvements for patients, as well as for the medical department and the institution. Here is presented the assessment made in the CHUV internal medicine department one year after the beginning of the institutional procedure which promotes an open process regarding communication and risk management. The department of internal medicine underlines the importance of feedback to the reporters, ensures the staff of regular follow-up concerning the measures being taken and offers to external reporters such as general practioners the possibility of using this reporting system too.

Accélération de la guérison fracturaire par le tériparatide: série de 22 cas et revue de la littérature [Improvement of fracture healing with teriparatide: series of 22 cases and review of the literature].

La pseudarthrose est définie comme une fracture qui ne guérit pas sans intervention additionnelle neuf mois après le traumatisme et en l'absence de progression radiologique pendant les trois derniers mois. Les fractures ostéoporotiques sont à plus grand risque de complications chirurgicales. On se pose de plus en plus souvent la question d'ajouter un traitement médicamenteux pour accélérer le processus de guérison fracturaire. Il existe des données montrant que le tériparatide (anabolisant osseux issu de l'hormone parathyroïdienne) accélère la guérison osseuse et améliore le devenir fonctionnel, avec ou sans chirurgie, dans des situations de fractures typiques ou atypiques. Les risques liés à ce traitement sont faibles, mais la prescription nécessite l'accord de l'assurance-maladie dans cette indication. Nous rapportons notre expérience sur l'utilisation de cette molécule, hors indication officielle, dans des cas complexes de non-guérison fracturaire. Pseudoarthrosis is defined as a non healing fracture 9 months after trauma and without radiological progression within the last three months. Osteoporotic fractures have a greater risk of chirurgical complications. The question of giving a medical treatment in the purpose of accelerating fracture healing is an increasing concern. There are data showing that with teriparatide (bone anabolic treatment derived from the parathyroid hormone) bone healing and functional status are improved, with or without surgery, in the case of either typical or atypical fractures. The risks of this treatment are low but health insurance agreement is needed in this indication. We report our experience with the use of this molecule, out of the official indication, in complex situations of non healing fractures.

L'année 2014 mise en perspective par les internistes hospitaliers [What is new in 2014 for the specialist in hospital internal medicine? The point of view of university hospital chief residents].

The year 2014 was rich in significant advances in all areas of internal medicine. Many of them have an impact on our daily practice and on the way we manage one problem or another. From the use of the ultrasound for the diagnosis of pneumonia to the choice of the site of venous access and the type of line, and the increasing complexity of choosing an oral anticoagulant agent, this selection offers to the readers a brief overview of the major advances. The chief residents in the Service of internal medicine of the Lausanne University hospital are pleased to share their readings.

Challenges to patient-centred care in a general internal medicine context: findings from an exploratory study

Introduction. If we are to promote more patient-centred approaches in care delivery, we have to better characterize the situations in which being patient-centred is difficult to achieve. Data from professionals in health and social care are important because they are the people charged with operationalizing patient-centred care (PCC) in their daily practice. However, empirical accounts from frontline care providers are still lacking, and it is important to gather experiences not only from doctors but also from the other care providers. Indeed, experiences from different professions can help inform our understanding of patient care, which is expected to be both patient-centred and collaborative. Methods. This study was based on the following research question: What factors make the provision of PCC difficult to achieve? Sample and setting. A purposeful sampling technique was used, allowing for a series of choices about the participants and their professional affiliation. Because patient-centredness is the focus, 3 professions appeared to be of special interest: general internists, nurses and social workers. The study was undertaken in the General Internal Medicine Division of a teaching hospital located in a North American context. Data Collection. To answer the research question, a methodological approach based on a theory called phenomenology was chosen. Accordingly, semi-structured interviews were used since they generate understanding of the meanings different individuals have of their lived world. Interviews with 8 physicians, 10 nurses and 10 social workers were eventually conducted. Data analysis. An inductive thematic analysis was employed to make sense of the interview data. Results. The thematic analysis allowed identifying various types of challenges to PCC. Although most of the challenges were perceived by all three groups of professionals, they were perceived to a different degree across the professions, which likely reflected the scope of practice of each profession. The challenges and their distribution across the professions are illustrated in Table 1. Examples of challenges are provided in Table 2. Discussion. There is a tension between what is supposed to be done - what stands in the philosophy of patient -centredness - and what is currently done - the real life with all the challenges to PCC. According to some participants' accounts, PCC clearly risks becoming a mere illusion for health care professionals on which too great pressures are imposed.

Complete internal audit of a mammography service in a reference institution for breast imaging

Objective Undertaking of a complete audit of the service of mammography, as recommended by BI-RADS®, in a private reference institution for breast cancer diagnosis in the city of São Paulo, SP, Brazil, and comparison of results with those recommended by the literature. Materials and Methods Retrospective, analytical and cross-sectional study including 8,000 patients submitted to mammography in the period between April 2010 and March 2011, whose results were subjected to an internal audit. The patients were followed-up until December 2012. Results The radiological classification of 7,249 screening mammograms, according to BI-RADS, was the following: category 0 (1.43%), 1 (7.82%), 2 (80.76%), 3 (8.35%), 4 (1.46%), 5 (0.15%) and 6 (0.03%). The breast cancer detection ratio was 4.8 cases per 1,000 mammograms. Ductal carcinoma in situ was found in 22.8% of cases. Positive predictive values for categories 3, 4 and 5 were 1.3%, 41.3% and 100%, respectively. In the present study, the sensitivity of the method was 97.1% and specificity, 97.4%. Conclusion The complete internal audit of a service of mammography is essential to evaluate the quality of such service, which reflects on an early breast cancer detection and reduction of mortality rates.

Labyrinthine fenestration for stapes fixation in chronic ear disease others than otosclerosis.

The objective of this study is to assess the results of labyrinthine fenestration for fixed stapes in chronic ear disease. Using a prospective database, pre- and postoperative audiometric data from patients undergoing labyrinthine fenestration for fixation of the stapes in chronic ear disease others than otosclerosis between 2002 and 2012 were evaluated. Twenty-three labyrinthine fenestrations in chronic ear disease were performed (17 malleo-stapedotomies, 4 incus-stapedotomies, 1 neo-malleus-stapedotomy, 1 TORP-stapedotomy). Overall, the mean short-term (2 months) and long-term (42 months) postoperative air-bone gap (0.5-3 kHz) were 17.5 and 16.5 dB, respectively; long-term air-bone gap of <20 dB was obtained in 73 % of patients. There was no significant difference in air-bone gap closure between tympanosclerotic and post inflammatory osteogenic fixation of the stapes (p = 0.267). Hearing benefit success using the 'Belfast rule of the thumb' was achieved in 48 %. Normal bilateral hearing was achieved in 17 % and bilateral symmetric hearing impairment in 26 %. Only in 4 %, bone conduction worsened by more than 5 dB. Labyrinthine fenestration is an option in selected cases of stapes fixation in chronic ear disease and provides hearing gain without significant risk for sensorineural hearing loss. In those already selected cases, hearing benefit success 'Belfast rule of the thumb' is achieved only in half of the cases. This and the possible alternatives, should therefore be discussed preoperatively.

Étude de faisabilité pour une mesure fiable de la mobilité après fracture du membre inférieur chez l'enfant

Introduction : Les fractures du membre inférieur (MI) de l'enfant traitées par immobilisation plâtrée engendrent une modification significative de la mobilité exacerbée en cas d'obésité. L'accéléromètre est un outil d'évaluation du degré d'activité physique (AP) de l'enfant scientifiquement validé. Il n'a jamais fait l'objet d'étude chez un enfant ayant souffert d'une fracture du MI. Le but de ce travail était d'identifier les problèmes dans l'utilisation d'un accéléromètre comme moyen de mesure de l'AP après fracture nécessitant une décharge du MI. Une adaptation de la réhabilitation post-traumatique en fonction du BMI pourrait alors être proposée. Méthode : Identification d'enfants âgés de 8 et 15 ans, victimes d'une fracture du membre inférieur, consultant aux urgences de l'Hôpital de l'Enfance d'octobre 2013 à mai 2014 et nécessitant une décharge post-traumatique. Etaient exclus les enfants polytraumatisés ou souffrants d'un déficit mental. Données pré-requises des patients: âge, poids, taille, sexe, mécanisme de l'accident, type de fracture et traitement. Proposition de port d'un Actiwatch® Spectrum au poignet et cheville pour la période de remobilisation en décharge. Identification des avantages et problèmes liés à l'usage de l'appareil durant les premiers 30 jours de la période de réhabilitation. Importance : L'absence totale d'étude sur la mobilité post-fracture, la complexité des problèmes liés à la marche en décharge, les contraintes de l'immobilisation plâtrée et la prévalence grandissante de l'obésité pédiatrique justifient la recherche d'un moyen fiable pour quantifier la mobilité d'un enfant en décharge après traumatisme du MI. Résultats : Sur 43 fractures du MI traitées à l'HEL durant la période de l'étude, 13 enfants identifiés, dont 1 exclu pour maladie psychiatrique, 1 refus de participation, 2 transferts immédiats, 2 non inclus pour causes pratiques. Sept garçons âgés de 11 à 16 ans ont accepté le port de l'Actiwatch® pour une durée variant entre 7 et 27 jours (moyenne 15). Nombre d'activités (NA) médians de 5 enfants: 171,79 ±105,37 [cpm]* à J1 et 219,48 ±145,52 [cpm] à J5. NA totales médianes sur 24h : 114'072±44'791 [cpm] à J1 et 234'452 ±134'775 [cpm] à J5. Une dynamique de regain de mobilité est mise en évidence avec intensités maximales et minimales du nombre d'activités pour chacun. La médiane du temps de sommeil des 5 enfants était de 716± 45,5 [mn]. Les problèmes rencontrés ont été d'ordre mécanique (Un Actiwatch® fut défectueux), d'ordre pratique (un perdu et rendu tardivement, un port intermittent, une réaction allergique au bracelet à 4j de port). Conclusions La compliance à l'utilisation de l'Actiwatch® sur toute la durée de la décharge n'était pas optimale. La mobilité moyenne des enfants était objectivable de par leur dynamique, leur intensité maximale et minimale et comparables vis-à-vis de certaines études. Une différence avec les sujets en surpoids est observable. La durée de sommeil de chaque enfant suggère que l'antalgie administrée en cours de traitement est suffisante. Utiliser ce capteur de manière prolongée et sur un grand collectif d'enfants serait un moyen fiable et simple d'objectiver la dynamique de reprise de l'activité physique chez ces patients. Profil de l'étude : observation de cas.

Glenohumeral interposition of rotator cuff stumps: a rare complication of traumatic rotator cuff tear

Abstract The present report describes a case where typical findings of traumatic glenohumeral interposition of rotator cuff stumps were surgically confirmed. This condition is a rare complication of shoulder trauma. Generally, it occurs in high-energy trauma, frequently in association with glenohumeral joint dislocation. Radiography demonstrated increased joint space, internal rotation of the humerus and coracoid process fracture. In addition to the mentioned findings, magnetic resonance imaging showed massive rotator cuff tear with interposition of the supraspinatus, infraspinatus and subscapularis stumps within the glenohumeral joint. Surgical treatment was performed confirming the injury and the rotator cuff stumps interposition. It is important that radiologists and orthopedic surgeons become familiar with this entity which, because of its rarity, might be neglected in cases of shoulder trauma.