968 resultados para 9-83


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Contents: Fisheries Subsidies. Status of fisheries subsidies talks at the WTO. Preferential Free Trade Agreements. Collapse of Doha Round results in rise of FTAs Update on EU Generalised System of Preferences regime Fisheries Trade-related Regulation. Soltai encounters quality problems. Update on Fiji seafood export ban to the EU. EU sanitary inspections in other developing countries Tuna Markets. Developments in the US debate on the mercury content of tuna. Other developments in the US market. Japanese tuna fisheries and seafood markets. Greenpeace tuna campaign moves to the UK. Thai Union predicts growth for 2008. (PDF contains 12 pages)

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Lei n. 9.503, de 23 de setembro de 1997, e legislação correlata.

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Research cruises were conducted in August-October 2007 to complete the third annual remotely operated vehicle (ROV)-based assessments of nearshore rocky bottom finfish at ten sites in the northern Channel Islands. Annual surveys at the Channel Islands have been conducted since 2004 at four sites and were expanded to ten sites in 2005 to monitor potential marine protected area (MPA)effects on baseline fish density. Six of the ten sites are in MPAs and four in nearby fished reference areas. In 2007 the amount of soft-only substrate on the 141 track lines surveyed was again estimated in real-time in order to target rocky bottom habitat. These real-time estimates of hard and mixed substrate for all ten sites averaged 57%, 1% more than the post-processed average of 56%. Surveys generated 69.9 km of usable video for use in finfish density calculations, with target rocky bottom habitat accounting for 56% (39.1 km) for all sites combined. The amount of rocky habitat sampled by site averaged 3.8 km and ranged from 3.3 km sampled at South Point, a State Marine Reserve (SMR) off Santa Rosa Island, to 4.7 km at Anacapa Island SMR. A sampling goal of 75 transects at all 10 sites was met using real-time habitat estimates combined with precautionary over-sampling by 10%. A total of seventy kilometers of sampling is projected to produce at least seventy-five 100 m2 transects per site. Thirteen of 26 finfish taxa observed were selected for quantitative evaluation over the time series based on a minimum criterion of abundance (0.05/100 m2). Ten of these 13 finfish appear to be more abundant at the state marine reserves relative to fished areas when densities were averaged across the 2005 to 2007 period. One of the species that appears to be more abundant in fished areas was señorita, a relatively small prey species that is not a commercial or recreational target. (PDF contains 83 pages.)

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This technical memorandum documents the design, implementation, data preparation, and descriptive results for the 2006 Annual Economic Survey of Federal Gulf Shrimp Permit Holders. The data collection was designed by the NOAA Fisheries Southeast Fisheries Science Center Social Science Research Group to track the financial and economic status and performance by vessels holding a federal moratorium permit for harvesting shrimp in the Gulf of Mexico. A two page, self-administered mail survey collected total annual costs broken out into seven categories and auxiliary economic data. In May 2007, 580 vessels were randomly selected, stratified by state, from a preliminary population of 1,709 vessels with federal permits to shrimp in offshore waters of the Gulf of Mexico. The survey was implemented during the rest of 2007. After many reminder and verification phone calls, 509 surveys were deemed complete, for an ineligibility-adjusted response rate of 90.7%. The linking of each individual vessel’s cost data to its revenue data from a different data collection was imperfect, and hence the final number of observations used in the analyses is 484. Based on various measures and tests of validity throughout the technical memorandum, the quality of the data is high. The results are presented in a standardized table format, linking vessel characteristics and operations to simple balance sheet, cash flow, and income statements. In the text, results are discussed for the total fleet, the Gulf shrimp fleet, the active Gulf shrimp fleet, and the inactive Gulf shrimp fleet. Additional results for shrimp vessels grouped by state, by vessel characteristics, by landings volume, and by ownership structure are available in the appendices. The general conclusion of this report is that the financial and economic situation is bleak for the average vessels in most of the categories that were evaluated. With few exceptions, cash flow for the average vessel is positive while the net revenue from operations and the “profit” are negative. With negative net revenue from operations, the economic return for average shrimp vessels is less than zero. Only with the help of government payments does the average owner just about break even. In the short-term, this will discourage any new investments in the industry. The financial situation in 2006, especially if it endures over multiple years, also is economically unsustainable for the average established business. Vessels in the active and inactive Gulf shrimp fleet are, on average, 69 feet long, weigh 105 gross tons, are powered by 505 hp motor(s), and are 23 years old. Three-quarters of the vessels have steel hulls and 59% use a freezer for refrigeration. The average market value of these vessels was $175,149 in 2006, about a hundred-thousand dollars less than the average original purchase price. The outstanding loans averaged $91,955, leading to an average owner equity of $83,194. Based on the sample, 85% of the federally permitted Gulf shrimp fleet was actively shrimping in 2006. Of these 386 active Gulf shrimp vessels, just under half (46%) were owner-operated. On average, these vessels burned 52,931 gallons of fuel, landed 101,268 pounds of shrimp, and received $2.47 per pound of shrimp. Non-shrimp landings added less than 1% to cash flow, indicating that the federal Gulf shrimp fishery is very specialized. The average total cash outflow was $243,415 of which $108,775 was due to fuel expenses alone. The expenses for hired crew and captains were on average $54,866 which indicates the importance of the industry as a source of wage income. The resulting average net cash flow is $16,225 but has a large standard deviation. For the population of active Gulf shrimp vessels we can state with 95% certainty that the average net cash flow was between $9,500 and $23,000 in 2006. The median net cash flow was $11,843. Based on the income statement for active Gulf shrimp vessels, the average fixed costs accounted for just under a quarter of operating expenses (23.1%), labor costs for just over a quarter (25.3%), and the non-labor variable costs for just over half (51.6%). The fuel costs alone accounted for 42.9% of total operating expenses in 2006. It should be noted that the labor cost category in the income statement includes both the actual cash payments to hired labor and an estimate of the opportunity cost of owner-operators’ time spent as captain. The average labor contribution (as captain) of an owner-operator is estimated at about $19,800. The average net revenue from operations is negative $7,429, and is statistically different and less than zero in spite of a large standard deviation. The economic return to Gulf shrimping is negative 4%. Including non-operating activities, foremost an average government payment of $13,662, leads to an average loss before taxes of $907 for the vessel owners. The confidence interval of this value straddles zero, so we cannot reject, with 95% certainty, that the population average is zero. The average inactive Gulf shrimp vessel is generally of a smaller scale than the average active vessel. Inactive vessels are physically smaller, are valued much lower, and are less dependent on loans. Fixed costs account for nearly three quarters of the total operating expenses of $11,926, and only 6% of these vessels have hull insurance. With an average net cash flow of negative $7,537, the inactive Gulf shrimp fleet has a major liquidity problem. On average, net revenue from operations is negative $11,396, which amounts to a negative 15% economic return, and owners lose $9,381 on their vessels before taxes. To sustain such losses and especially to survive the negative cash flow, many of the owners must be subsidizing their shrimp vessels with the help of other income or wealth sources or are drawing down their equity. Active Gulf shrimp vessels in all states but Texas exhibited negative returns. The Alabama and Mississippi fleets have the highest assets (vessel values), on average, yet they generate zero cash flow and negative $32,224 net revenue from operations. Due to their high (loan) leverage ratio the negative 11% economic return is amplified into a negative 21% return on equity. In contrast, for Texas vessels, which actually have the highest leverage ratio among the states, a 1% economic return is amplified into a 13% return on equity. From a financial perspective, the average Florida and Louisiana vessels conform roughly to the overall average of the active Gulf shrimp fleet. It should be noted that these results are averages and hence hide the variation that clearly exists within all fleets and all categories. Although the financial situation for the average vessel is bleak, some vessels are profitable. (PDF contains 101 pages)

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Executive Summary: This study describes the socio-economic characteristics of the U.S. Caribbean trap fishery that encompasses the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico and Territory of the U.S. Virgin Islands. In-person interviews were administered to one hundred randomly selected trap fishermen, constituting nearly 25% of the estimated population. The sample was stratified by geographic area and trap tier. The number of traps owned or fished to qualify for a given tier varied by island. In Puerto Rico, tier I consisted of fishermen who had between 1-40 fish traps, tier II was made up of fishermen who possessed between 41 and 100 fish traps, and tier III consisted of fishermen who held in excess of 100 fish traps. In St. Thomas and St. John, tier I was composed of fishermen who held between 1 and 50 fish traps, tier II consisted of fishermen who had between 51-150 fish traps and tier III was made up of fishermen who had in excess of 150 fish traps. Lastly, in St. Croix, tier I was made up of fishermen who had less than 20 fish traps and tier II consisted of fishermen who had 20 or more fish traps. The survey elicited information on household demographics, annual catch and revenue, trap usage, capital investment on vessels and equipment, fixed and variable costs, behavioral response to a hypothetical trap reduction program and the spatial distribution of traps. The study found that 79% of the sampled population was 40 years or older. The typical Crucian trap fisherman was older than their Puerto Rican and St. Thomian and St. Johnian counterparts. Crucian fishermen’s average age was 57 years whereas Puerto Rican fishermen’s average age was 51 years, and St. Thomian and St. Johnian fishermen’s average age was 48 years. As a group, St. Thomian and St. Johnian fishermen had 25 years of fishing experience, and Puerto Rican and Crucian fishermen had 30, and 29 years, respectively. Overall, 90% of the households had at least one dependent. The average number of dependents across islands was even, ranging between 2.8 in the district of St. Thomas and St. John and 3.4 in the district of St. Croix. The percentage utilization of catch for personal or family use was relatively low. Regionally, percentage use of catch for personal or family uses ranged from 2.5% in St. Croix to 3.8% in the St. Thomas and St. John. About 47% of the respondents had a high school degree. The majority of the respondents were highly dependent on commercial fishing for their household income. In St. Croix, commercial fishing made up 83% of the fishermen’s total household income, whereas in St. Thomas and St. John and Puerto Rico it contributed 74% and 68%, respectively. The contribution of fish traps to commercial fishing income ranged from 51% in the lowest trap tier in St. Thomas and St. John to 99% in the highest trap tier in St. Croix. On an island basis, the contribution of fish traps to fishing income was 75% in St. Croix, 61% in St. Thomas and St. John, and 59% in Puerto Rico. The value of fully rigged vessels ranged from $400 to $250,000. Over half of the fleet was worth $10,000 or less. The St. Thomas and St. John fleet reported the highest mean value, averaging $58,518. The Crucian and Puerto Rican fleets were considerably less valuable, averaging $19,831 and $8,652, respectively. The length of the vessels ranged from 14 to 40 feet. Fifty-nine percent of the sampled vessels were at least 23 feet in length. The average length of the St. Thomas and St. John fleet was 28 feet, whereas the fleets based in St. Croix and Puerto Rico averaged 21 feet. The engine’s propulsion ranged from 8 to 400 horsepower (hp). The mean engine power was 208 hp in St. Thomas and St. John, 108 hp in St. Croix, and 77 hp in Puerto Rico. Mechanical trap haulers and depth recorders were the most commonly used on-board equipment. About 55% of the sampled population reported owning mechanical trap haulers. In St. Thomas and St. John, 100% of the respondents had trap haulers compared to 52% in Puerto Rico and 20% in St. Croix. Forty-seven percent of the fishermen surveyed stated having depth recorders. Depth recorders were most common in the St. Thomas and St. John fleet (80%) and least common in the Puerto Rican fleet (37%). The limited presence of emergency position indication radio beacons (EPIRBS) and radar was the norm among the fish trap fleet. Only 8% of the respondents had EPIRBS and only 1% had radar. Interviewees stated that they fished between 1 and 350 fish traps. Puerto Rican respondents fished on average 39 fish traps, in contrast to St. Thomian and St. Johnian and Crucian respondents, who fished 94 and 27 fish traps, respectively. On average, Puerto Rican respondents fished 11 lobster traps, and St. Thomian and St. Johnian respondents fished 46 lobster traps. None of the Crucian respondents fished lobster traps. The number of fish traps built or purchased ranged between 0 and 175, and the number of lobster traps built or bought ranged between 0 and 200. Puerto Rican fishermen on average built or purchased 30 fish traps and 14 lobster traps, and St. Thomian and St. Johnian fishermen built or bought 30 fish traps and 11 lobster traps. Crucian fishermen built or bought 25 fish traps and no lobster traps. As a group, fish trap average life ranged between 1.3 and 5 years, and lobster traps lasted slightly longer, between 1.5 and 6 years. The study found that the chevron or arrowhead style was the most common trap design. Puerto Rican fishermen owned an average of 20 arrowhead traps. St. Thomian and St. Johnian and Crucian fishermen owned an average of 44 and 15 arrowhead fish traps, respectively. The second most popular trap design was the square trap style. Puerto Rican fishermen had an average of 9 square traps, whereas St. Thomian and St. Johnian fishermen had 33 traps and Crucian fishermen had 2 traps. Antillean Z (or S) -traps, rectangular and star traps were also used. Although Z (or S) -traps are considered the most productive trap design, fishermen prefer the smaller-sized arrowhead and square traps because they are easier and less expensive to build, and larger numbers of them can be safely deployed. The cost of a fish trap, complete with rope and buoys, varied significantly due to the wide range of construction materials utilized. On average, arrowhead traps commanded $94 in Puerto Rico, $251 in St. Thomas and St. John, and $119 in St. Croix. The number of trips per week ranged between 1 and 6. However, 72% of the respondents mentioned that they took two trips per week. On average, Puerto Rican fishermen took 2.1 trips per week, St. Thomian and St. Johnian fishermen took 1.4 trips per week, and Crucian fishermen took 2.5 trips per week. Most fishing trips started at dawn and finished early in the afternoon. Over 82% of the trips lasted 8 hours or less. On average, Puerto Rican fishermen hauled 27 fish traps per trip whereas St. Thomian and St. Johnian fishermen and Crucian fishermen hauled 68 and 26 fish traps per trip, respectively. The number of traps per string and soak time varied considerably across islands. In St. Croix, 84% of the respondents had a single trap per line, whereas in St. Thomas and St. John only 10% of the respondents had a single trap per line. Approximately, 43% of Puerto Rican fishermen used a single trap line. St. Thomian and St. Johnian fishermen soaked their traps for 6.9 days while Puerto Rican and Crucian fishermen soaked their traps for 5.7 and 3.6 days, respectively. The heterogeneity of the industry was also evidenced by the various economic surpluses generated. The survey illustrated that higher gross revenues did not necessarily translate into higher net revenues. Our analysis also showed that, on average, vessels in the trap fishery were able to cover their cash outlays, resulting in positive vessel income (i.e., financial profits). In Puerto Rico, annual financial profits ranged from $4,760 in the lowest trap tier to $32,467 in the highest tier, whereas in St. Thomas and St. John annual financial profits ranged from $3,744 in the lowest tier to $13,652 in the highest tier. In St. Croix, annual financial profits ranged between $9,229 and $15,781. The survey also showed that economic profits varied significantly across tiers. Economic profits measure residual income after deducting the remuneration required to keep the various factors of production in their existing employment. In Puerto Rico, annual economic profits ranged from ($9,339) in the lowest trap tier to $ 8,711 in the highest trap tier. In St. Thomas and St. John, annual economic profits ranged from ($7,920) in the highest tier to ($18,486) in the second highest tier. In St. Croix, annual economic profits ranged between ($7,453) to $10,674. The presence of positive financial profits and negative economic profits suggests that higher economic returns could be earned from a societal perspective by redirecting some of these scarce capital and human resources elsewhere in the economy. Furthermore, the presence of negative economic earnings is evidence that the fishery is overcapitalized and that steps need to be taken to ensure the long-run economic viability of the industry. The presence of positive financial returns provides managers with a window of opportunity to adopt policies that will strengthen the biological and economic performance of the fishery while minimizing any adverse impacts on local fishing communities. Finally, the document concludes by detailing how the costs and earnings information could be used to develop economic models that evaluate management proposals. (PDF contains 147 pages)

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(PDF contains 5 pages.)

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Executive Summary: Tropical marine ecosystems in the Caribbean region are inextricably linked through the movement of pollutants, nutrients, diseases, and other stressors, which threaten to further degrade coral reef communities. The magnitude of change that is occurring within the region is considerable, and solutions will require investigating pros and cons of networks of marine protected areas (MPAs), cooperation of neighboring countries, improved understanding of how external stressors degrade local marine resources, and ameliorating those stressors. Connectivity can be broadly defined as the exchange of materials (e.g., nutrients and pollutants), organisms, and genes and can be divided into: 1) genetic or evolutionary connectivity that concerns the exchange of organisms and genes, 2) demographic connectivity, which is the exchange of individuals among local groups, and 3) oceanographic connectivity, which includes flow of materials and circulation patterns and variability that underpin much of all these exchanges. Presently, we understand little about connectivity at specific locations beyond model outputs, and yet we must manage MPAs with connectivity in mind. A key to successful MPA management is how to most effectively work with scientists to acquire the information managers need. Oceanography connectivity is poorly understood, and even less is known about the shape of the dispersal curve for most species. Dispersal kernels differ for various systems, species, and life histories and are likely highly variable in space and time. Furthermore, the implications of different dispersal kernels on population dynamics and management of species is unknown. However, small dispersal kernels are the norm - not the exception. Linking patterns of dispersal to management options is difficult given the present state of knowledge. The behavioral component of larval dispersal has a major impact on where larvae settle. Individual larval behavior and life history details are required to produce meaningful simulations of population connectivity. Biological inputs are critical determinants of dispersal outcomes beyond what can be gleaned from models of passive dispersal. There is considerable temporal and spatial variation to connectivity patterns. New models are increasingly being developed, but these must be validated to understand upstream-downstream neighborhoods, dispersal corridors, stepping stones, and source/sink dynamics. At present, models are mainly useful for providing generalities and generating hypotheses. Low-technology approaches such as drifter vials and oceanographic drogues are useful, affordable options for understanding local connectivity. The “silver bullet” approach to MPA design may not be possible for several reasons. Genetic connectivity studies reveal divergent population genetic structures despite similar larval life histories. Historical stochasticity in reproduction and/or recruitment likely has important, longlasting consequences on present day genetic structure. (PDF has 200 pages.)

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Apresenta a lei que estabelece as diretrizes e bases da educação nacional.

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The First SPARK-STREAM Workshop on Livelihoods and Languages took place in Bangkok, Thailand, from 9-11 April 2003. It was the first activity in a SPARK-STREAM learning and communications process around livelihoods and languages. (PDF contains 53 pages)

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Estimates of length at birth and early postnatal growth are made for the northern and southern populations of the offshore spotted dolphin in the offshore eastern tropical Pacific. Length at birth is estimated to be 85.4 cm for the northern population and 83.2 cm for the southern population. Analyses of series of monthly distributions of length revealed two cohorts born each year in the northern population, at least in the northern inshore part of its geographic range, but only one cohort born each year in the southern population. Growth curves fitted to the means of the monthly distributions of length gave estimates of length at 1 year of 126.2 and 132.6 cm and length at 2 years of 154.3 and 154.9 cm for the two cohorts in the northern population. and length at 1 year of 127.9 cm for the southern population. A growth curve fitted to lengths and ages (in dental growth layer groups) from the northern population gave estimates of lengths at 1 and 2 years of 123.0 and 143.0 cm, respectively.

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在我国生物力学是门新兴学科,它既是医学和生物医学工程发展的需要,也是力学学科发展的必然生物力学以医学、生理学、生物学的学要为出发点和归宿,把力学的和生物学的方法有机地结合起来,去解决这些学科工程中所需解决的问题
本书详细介绍了这方面的有关知识和研究成果
附录与关键词: 生物力学 概论 生物力学

目录

第一节 历史的源流
第一章 生物力学概说
目录
第二节 背景和需要
第三节 全景鸟瞰
第二章 生物力学的力学基础
第一节 运动和力
2、1、1质点系动力学和刚体动力学基础
2、1、2刚体动力学在生物力学中的应用
2、1、3量纲和单位
2、2、1连续性假说
第二节 连续介质力学基本知识
2、2、2描述连续介质运动的两种方法
2、2、3应力
2、2、4应变·应变率
2、2、5变形功和应变能
2、2、6弹性和粘弹性
2、3、1流变学的方法学的一般原理
第三节 本构关系——流变学的主题
2、3、2Hooke(胡克)弹性体
2、3、3牛顿流体和非牛顿流体
2、3、4线性粘弹性体
2、4、1生命现象和流体运动
第四节 生物流体力学基础
2、4、2不同层次和不同系统中的生理流动问题
2、4、3流体力学的基本原理
2、4、4流体力学的基本方程
2、4、5量纲分析·相似参数
2、4、6生物流体力学的相似性问题
第五节 生物传质及其热力学基础
2、5、1热力学的基础定律
2、5、2扩散
2、5、3渗透·滤过
2、5、4组织间质中的渗流
2、5、5通过细胞膜的物质输运
结语:符号和语法
第三章 活组织的力学性质
第一节 骨的力学性质
3、2、1软组织的结构要素
第二节 软组织的力学性质
3、2、2软组织力学性质的实验方法
3、2、3软组织力学行为的一般特点
3、2、4软组织的本构方程
3、3、1血管壁的构造
第三节 血管的力学性质
3、3、2动脉血管的力学性质
3、3、3静脉血管的力学性质
3、3、4微血管的力学性质
第四节 关节 软骨的力学性质
3、4、1准线性粘弹性本构关系
3、4、2关节软骨的两相模型
3、5、1流体的粘弹性
第五节 生物粘弹性流体
3、5、2关节滑液的粘弹性
结语:生物流变学的理论和实践意义
第四章 肌肉力学基础
第一节 骨胳肌、心肌和平滑肌
第二节 骨胳肌的微结构和收缩机理
第三节 Hill方程和Hill模型
4、3、1Hill模型(双元素)
4、3、2三元素模型
4、4、1静息状态下心肌的力学性质
第四节 心肌的力学性质
4、4、2Hill模型应用于心肌
第五节 平滑肌的力学性质
结语:需要新概念、新技术
第五章 血液流变学导论
第一节 血液的流变特性
5、1、1宏观血液流变学的方法学原理
5、1、2血浆的粘度
5、1、3血液的粘性
5、1、4血液的粘弹性
第二节 血液非牛顿特性的细观和微观说明
第三节 红细胞的运动和变形
5、3、1红细胞的几何形状
5、3、2红细胞沉降——血沉
5、3、3红细胞的可变形性
5、3、4红细胞膜的力学性质
5、3、5红细胞聚集
5、4、1Fahreus—Lindqvist效应和Fahraeus效应
第四节 血液在微血管里的流变特性
5、4、2毛细血管内红细胞的运动和阻力
5、4、3毛细血管和毛细血管网络内红细胞的分布(比积的变化)
5、4、4表观粘度和相对粘度
5、5、1白细胞的力学性质
第五节 白细胞的流变行为
5、5、2白细胞在微血管里的流变行为
5、6、1血小板的活性与流变学因素
第六节 血小板功能行为的流变学问题
5、6、2凝血过程中血液的粘弹性
第七节 血液的本构方程
5、7、1几类粘弹性本构方程的述评
5、7、2可能的选择
结语:愿望和现实
第六章 心脏力学
第一节 心脏的构造和功能
第二节 心脏和心瓣的液体力学问题
6、2、1心脏和心瓣流体力学的若干基本问题
6、2、2二尖瓣的运动及其流场
6、2、3主动脉瓣的运动及其流场
6、3、1左心室的压力—容积关系
第三节 心脏的力学模型和泵功能
6、3、2左心室的应力和应变
6、3、3心脏的泵功能
6、4、1左心与动脉系统的相互作用
第四节 心脏与血管系统的相互作用
6、4、2左心系统和右心系统之间的相互作用
第五节 人造心脏瓣膜的生物力学问题
6、5、1人工心瓣的流体力学性能的检测和评价
6、5、2人工心瓣的疲劳寿命问题
结语:生物力学在生物医学工程中的位置
第七章 血液循环的力学规律
7、1、1分枝血管系统的阻力分布
第一节 动脉系统的阻力分布和分枝形态-Poiseuille定律的应用
7、1、2血管分枝形态的优化分析
7、2、1弹性直圆柱管里的定常层流
第二节 可变形管道内的定常流动
7、2、2血管的应力状态和弹性不稳定性
7、2、3可瘪管流动
7、2、4可变形管道内小扰动的传播
7、2、5三种流动的比较
7、2、6可变形管定常流动的稳定性问题
第三节 动脉血管里的脉动流和脉搏波
7、3、1脉搏波
7、3、2直圆柱管内的振荡流
第四节 脉搏波在动脉血管系统里的传播
7、4、1传输线理论——线性模型
7、4、2非线性数值模型
7、4、3中医脉象与脉搏波
7、5、1大动脉中流动的一般特点
第五节 大动脉里的流动
7、5、2动脉粥样硬化与血液流动的动力特性
7、5、3弯曲对大血管流动的影响
7、5、4分枝管道的流动
7、5、5动脉狭窄的流体力学问题
7、5、6血管分枝、弯曲、截面积突变部位红细胞和血小板的运动
第六节 静脉血管里的流动
7、6、1静脉血管的力学性质
7、6、2静脉中的脉动流和波动
7、6、3瓣膜对静脉血流的影响
第七节 微循环力学
7、7、1微循环的几种构造模式
7、7、2微循环力学参数的在体观测
7、7、3微循环力学问题概述
7、7、4毛细血流与周围组织之间的物质输运
第八节 肺血流的力学规律
7、8、1肺血管系统的几何形态
7、8、2肺血管力学性质
7、8、3肺毛细血管组织内的流动——片流模型
7、8、4肺毛细血管组织中血液的表观粘度
7、8、5肺血流的阻力
7、8、6理论的实验检验
结语:一个必然的趋势
第八章 呼吸力学
第一节 呼吸道内的空气流动
8、1、1呼吸道的阻力
8、1、2上呼吸道里的流动
8、1、3呼吸系统的动力学行为
第二节 支气管里的对流扩散
第三节 肺泡内气体的扩散
第四节 肺泡和毛细血流之间的气体交换
8、4、1通过膜的气体扩散
8、4、2肺泡—红细胞之间的气体交换
8、4、3扩散容量的实验测定
8、4、4肺通气量与血流量的关系
第五节 肺功能的宏观评价
第六节 肺呼气流量极限
第九章 器官力学的几个不同方面
第一节 耳蜗力学
9、1、1耳蜗的解剖特点和超微结构
9、1、2耳蜗管内的波传播
9、1、3小振幅下的非线性响应
第二节 脊柱力学
9、2、1脊柱的力学性质
9、2、2腰椎的受力分析
9、2、3脊柱的冲击损伤
9、3、1冲击和弹性波
第三节 肺的冲击损伤
9、3、2冲击载荷引起的肺水肿
9、3、3关于冲击损伤引起肺水肿的机理
结语:方法·概念·诀窃
第十章 应力和生长
第一节 从零应力状态到应力——生长假说
10、2、1心脏肥大
10、2、2肺的重建
第二节 软组织和器官的重建
10、2、3血管的重建
第三节 结构—功能适应性原理在骨生物力学中的体现
10、3、1骨折的愈合
10、3、2骨组织的重建
10、4、1血液流动对血管内皮细胞的影响
第四节 流体动力对细胞生长的影响
10、4、2流体动力对离体培养的血管内皮细胞生长的影响
结语:未来的新天地

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Guía para el uso de Gretl en un curso introductorio de Econometría y/o análisis de datos

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Galeria dos brasileiros illustres traz retratos copiados do natural e litografados das principais figuras brasileiras da política, ciências e letras, com biografias redigidas por diversos escritos da época, por alguns dos próprios biografados ou por membros de suas famílias. Considerada a mais importante de Sisson, esta obra teve tiragem reduzida e muitos exemplares foram desmanchados por antiquários que emolduravam os retratos, vendendo-os por alto preço. Segundo Borba de Moraes, "é muito difícil encontrar-se hoje em dia um exemplar perfeito e em boas condições" e que "só muito raramente aparece um exemplar à venda."

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In today’s changing research environment, RDM is important in all stages of research. The skills and know-how in RDM that researchers and research support staff need, should be nurtured all though their career. At the end of 2015, KE initiated a project to compare approaches in RDM training within the partnership’s five member countries. The project was structured around two strands of activity: In the last months of 2015 a survey was conducted to collect information on current practice around RDM training, in order to provide an overview of the RDM training landscape. In February 2016 a workshop was held to share successful approaches to RDM training and capacity building provided within institutions and by infrastructure. The report describes the outputs of both the analysis of the survey and the outcomes of the workshop. The document provides an evidence base and informed suggestions to help improve RDM training practices in KE partner countries and beyond.