Parental attitudes of inclusion

The purpose of this qualitative study was to develop an understanding of parents’ attitudes towards inclusion. This investigation focused on parental perspectives of inclusion based on their child’s receipt of educational services. Perceived implications of inclusion were relative to each participant; therefore, results could not be considered generalizable. This study employed purposive sampling in acquiring participants. Eligibility for this study included being the parent/guardian of a child who received special education services in school. Semi-structured interviews were used to collect data, allowing participants to tell their story about their experiences with inclusion. Parents in this study were eager to share their attitudes towards inclusion, speaking candidly about their children’s successes attributed to inclusion as well as issues experienced. Parents identified a number of outcomes of inclusion, namely, social interaction, self-esteem, instructional support, and normalcy.

Leader's reflections on knowledge, knowing and not knowing: an analysis of change over time

One commonality across the leadership and knowledge related literature is the apparent neglect of the leaders own knowledge. This thesis sought to address this issue through conducting exploratory research into the content of leader’s personal knowledge and the process of knowing it. The empirical inquiry adopted a longitudinal approach, with interviews conducted at two separate time periods with an extended time-interval between each. The findings from this research contrast with images of leadership which suggest leaders are in control of what they know, that they own their own knowledge. The picture that emerges is one of individuals struggling to keep abreast of the knowledge required to deal with the dynamics and uncertainties of organisational life. Much knowledge is tacit, provisional and perishable and the related process of knowing more organic, evolutionary and informal than any structured or orchestrated approach. The collective nature of knowing is a central feature, with these leaders embedded in networks of uncontrollable relationships. In view of the indeterminate nature of knowing, the boundary between what is known and what one needs to know is both amorphous and ephemeral, and the likelihood of knowledge-absences is escalated. A significant finding in this regard is the identification of two critical points where not-knowing is most likely (entry and exit from role) and the differing implications of each. Overtime the knowledge that is legitimised or prioritised is significantly altered as these leaders replace the dogmas that were previously held in high esteem with the lessons from their own experience. This experience brings increased self-knowledge and a deeper appreciation of the values and morals instilled in their early lives. In view of the above findings, this study makes theoretical contribution to a number of core literatures: authentic leadership, role transition and knowledge-absences. In terms of leadership development, the findings point to the necessity to prepare leaders for the challenges they will encounter at the pivotal stages of the leadership role.

Please Stop Rubbing Your Relationship In My Face(book): An Investigation of Online Romantic Social Comparison

It is well-documented that social networking sites such as Facebook set the stage for social comparison. Such comparison has been linked to a number of negative outcomes including envy, negative moods, and lower self-esteem. The present research aims to extend current understanding of online social comparison by investigating how it pertains to romantic relationships. I hypothesized that for individuals high in attachment anxiety (compared to those low in this construct), online romantic social comparison might be related to negative consequences—which, in the current project, was operationalized as lower mood/affect and state self-esteem. Further, I hypothesized that there would be an interaction between attachment anxiety and relationship insecurities on these negative outcomes, such that the expected difference of attachment anxiety would be more pronounced under conditions priming relationship insecurities, relative to a control condition. Two experiments were conducted, one of which focused on single individuals, and the second focusing on individuals who were themselves in dating relationships. The paradigms of each entailed experimental manipulation of a key relationship-related variable (for single individuals, pessimism for future relationships; for dating individuals, the presence or absence of rejection threat), subsequent exposure to romantic content from Facebook, and finally, measures of affect and state self-esteem. I discovered partial support for the hypothesis that some single individuals—particularly those with higher, rather than lower, attachment anxiety—do indeed report feeling more negative moods and lower state self-esteem following exposure to romantic online content, in contrast to single individuals who had instead viewed neutral online content. The association between attachment anxiety and negative outcome was especially pertinent if individuals had been primed to believe that their own future romantic prospects were grim, or if attention had been drawn to their singleness. Among dating individuals, less support for hypotheses was found; however, exploratory post-hoc analyses revealed a promising (albeit weak) trend indicating that reinvestigation of the current hypotheses would be prudent.

An integrative case study of positive youth development in a recreational community sport program

Participation in organized activities is associated with many markers of positive youth development (PYD) such as improved self-esteem, social competence, and academic achievement (Mahoney et al., 2009). Sport is an extra-curricular activity that is particularly popular among youth, as nearly three quarters of Canadian children and adolescents are engaged in organized sport or physical activity (CFLRI, 2012). Much of the research in this area has examined sport programs which are explicitly structured to promote life skills or PYD outcomes; however, the sustainability of such programs has recently been called into question (Turnnidge, Hancock, & Côté, 2014). The purpose of this program of research was to conduct an in-depth case study of a successful, sustainable community youth basketball league. Study 1 was a qualitative descriptive exploration of coaches’ perceptions of the basketball league. This study provided a general overview of the structure and perceived benefits of the league, from the perspective of current coaches. Coaches highlighted the unique emphasis that the league places on fun and positive immediate sport experiences. Study 2 expanded on selected themes from Study 1, namely, the salience of the league’s culture and tendency for former players to return to the league as volunteers. This study used an ethnographic approach wherein the first author volunteered as an assistant coach on a basketball team over the course of a six-month season. This approach enabled him to gain considerable first hand insight into the organizational culture of the basketball league. The third and final study adopted a quantitative approach using both systematic observation and questionnaires to investigate the relationship between PYD outcomes and observed athlete behaviour during basketball games. A cluster analysis revealed the presence of two distinct groups of athletes characterized by relatively high and low perceptions of PYD outcomes, which were also associated with varying behavioural characteristics during competition. The results of these three studies provide a detailed blueprint of a successful youth sport program that has been sustained over 60 years. While not without limitations, many characteristics of the league should prove useful in structuring youth sport programs in other contexts.

Psychometric properties of the Drive for Muscularity Scale in Malay men

The Drive for Muscularity Scale (DMS) is a widely used measure in studies of men’s body image, but few studies have examined its psychometric properties outside English-speaking samples. Here, we assessed the factor structure of a Malay translation of the DMS. A community sample of 159 Malay men from Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, completed the DMS, along with measures of self-esteem, body appreciation, and muscle discrepancy. Exploratory factor analysis led to the extraction of two factors, differentiating attitudes from behaviours, which mirrors the parent scale. Both factors also loaded on to a higher-order drive for muscularity factor. The subscales of the Malay DMS had adequate internal consistencies and good convergent validity, insofar as significant relationships were reported with self-esteem, body appreciation,muscle discrepancy, and body mass index. These results indicate that the Malay DMS has acceptable psychometric properties and can be used to assess body image concerns in Malay men.

Bodies in Nature: Associations between Exposure to Nature, Connectedness to Nature, and Body Image

Here, we sought to replicate previous work showing a relationship between connectedness to nature and body appreciation, and extend it by examining associations between exposure to natural environments and other body image-related variables. An online sample of 399 U.S. women and men (Mage = 34.55 years) completed measures of body appreciation, connectedness to nature, nature exposure, appearance investment, sociocultural attitudes toward appearance, and self-esteem. Path analysis showed that nature exposure and connectedness to nature, respectively, were associated with body appreciation in women and men, both directly and indirectly via self-esteem. Connectedness to nature also mediated the link between nature exposure and body appreciation. In men, but not women, the link between connectedness to nature and body appreciation was also mediated by appearance investment and internalisation of a muscular ideal. These results may point to novel methods for promoting more positive body image in adults through engagement with nature.

Contemporary Transformations of the Relations between Politics, Culture and Religion in Western Europe. Some Notes on the Spanish Case

According to Tilly, two laws shaped the process of transformation undergone by Western European societies since the Peace of Westphalia until the end of the 20th century: their increasing inner homogenisation and their growing heterogeneity between them. Cultural inner homogenisation affected, fi rst, those ethnic groups living within the territories of the said states. The second phase of homogenisation impinged on those groups that immigrated after World War II. This process followed different models according to the country considered, but the 1973 oil crisis revealed their general lack of success. During the last quarter of the 20th century and onwards, these European societies have been altered by two progressive and contradictory global logics: a process of cultural homogenisation at the world level (rather than society level) and a process of cultural re-creation led by those groups with an immigrant background, who have reacted against their integration shortcomings by searching for new sources of social and personal esteem in their respective cultural and religious traditions. This paper seeks to clarify these processes from a social differentiation and political representation theory perspective. The latter becomes indispensable, as the said processes have happened in a context in which the structure of relations (i.e. communication) between civil society and the democratic political sphere have experienced a radical crisis. In this way, the complex relations that exist between civil society, culture, religion and politics in these Western European societies are depicted.

Potencial de cambio en las capacidades humanas de los docentes de educación básica en la región socioeducactiva de Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, México

La investigación que se presenta fue desarrollada dentro del campo de los estudios regionales y con visión transdisciplinar. Tuvo como objetivo deconstruir conjuntamente con los participantes, las capacidades humanas regionales de nosotros los docentes de educación básica, en nuestros procesos de reflexión entre teoría y práctica, en los que se consideraron las condicionantes estructurales, en niveles macro y micro regionales, con el alcance de haber identificado el potencial de cambio en nuestra praxis de docente como acción ante nuestros alumnos, quienes configuran el tejido social de Tuxtla Gutiérrez. Desde una perspectiva sociocrítica, se tomó como punto de fuga o núcleo la teoría crítica con fundamento filosófico en la escuela de Fráncfort y con una postura epistemológica basada en el construccionismo por la estrecha relación sujeto-objeto en el estudio; por ende se empleó la metodología investigaciónacción a través de diversas técnicas e instrumentos. Los resultados fueron concentrados en categorías que facilitaron su discusión: primeramente con el potencial de cambio, que adquirió significado mediante el desarrollo de las capacidades de reflexión y conciencia del docente; luego se presentaron las capacidades humanas, de nosotros los docentes, en las que destacaron como base de otras, las capacidades de amor, autoestima y compromiso. Posteriormente, se describió la reflexión docente sobre la concepción del beneficio personal hacia el beneficio colectivo. Finalmente, se discutió sobre la proyección de la acción docente dentro de la relación alumno y región. Se concluyó que las capacidades humanas y el potencial de cambio, deconstruidos conjuntamente con los docentes participantes, fueron la respuesta del proceso investigativo en un determinado tiempo y espacio, como posibilidades de acción docente hacia la tan deseada transformación socioeducativa regional.

Diagnóstico del rendimiento académico de estudiantes de una escuela de educación superior en México

El objetivo del artículo es realizar un diagnóstico sobre la percepción de los factores que intervienen en el rendimiento académico de los estudiantes de cinco carreras universitarias en una escuela de educación superior en México, para así reconocer las áreas de oportunidad que permitan sugerir políticas y estrategias para elevar su rendimiento. Se utilizó una muestra de 1651 estudiantes, se obtuvieron los datos a partir de un cuestionario con treinta preguntas que estudian la percepción del rendimiento académico en escala tipo Likert. Se realizó un análisis factorial exploratorio que permitiera reducir los datos, facilitar la interpretación y validar el instrumento. Se identificaron tres factores: a) el rol de los profesores, b) la evaluación y c) la motivación de los estudiantes. Se llevó a cabo un análisis comparativo por carrera. Se encontró que los estudiantes perciben que la mayoría de los maestros no se preocupan por la condición de los jóvenes en situación de reprobación. Además, casi no motivan y carecen de expresiones de sentimientos de orgullo por los logros académicos de los estudiantes. La mitad de los participantes piensa que los docentes no cubren el temario en su totalidad. Se detectó que los estudiantes poseen una alta motivación siendo esto positivo porque son alumnos dedicados y responsables. Se concluye realizando una serie de sugerencias y explicando las implicaciones que tiene este trabajo para las instituciones de educación superior.

Institutional resistances before school mediation. An inquiry in the conflict settings

This paper deals with the conceptions of the different school actors about the meaning and the implications of mediation in their schools, drawing on data from a qualitative approach carried out as part of a wider project to map mediation perspectives and practices in Catalonia. The authors analyze the scope of the situations regarded as suitable or unsuitable for the introduction of restorative practices, as well as the resistance to change in the practice of conflict resolutions and in the democratization of school culture.

Correlation between anxiety and academic self-concept in interpreter trainees

This paper focuses on two basic issues: the anxiety-generating nature of the interpreting task and the relevance of interpreter trainees’ academic self-concept. The first has already been acknowledged, although not extensively researched, in several papers, and the second has only been mentioned briefly in interpreting literature. This study seeks to examine the relationship between the anxiety and academic self-concept constructs among interpreter trainees. An adapted version of the Foreign Language Anxiety Scale (Horwitz et al., 1986), the Academic Autoconcept Scale (Schmidt, Messoulam & Molina, 2008) and a background information questionnaire were used to collect data. Students’ t-Test analysis results indicated that female students reported experiencing significantly higher levels of anxiety than male students. No significant gender difference in self-concept levels was found. Correlation analysis results suggested, on the one hand, that younger would-be interpreters suffered from higher anxiety levels and students with higher marks tended to have lower anxiety levels; and, on the other hand, that younger students had lower self-concept levels and higher-ability students held higher self-concept levels. In addition, the results revealed that students with higher anxiety levels tended to have lower self-concept levels. Based on these findings, recommendations for interpreting pedagogy are discussed.

Opvoedstijl en Externaliserend Probleemgedrag en de Mediërende Rol van het Zelfbeeld bij Dak- en Thuisloze Jongeren in Utrecht

Het doel van dit onderzoek betrof het verkrijgen van meer zicht op de relatie tussen de opvoedstijl en externaliserend probleemgedrag en de mediërende rol van het zelfbeeld daarbij bij dak- en thuisloze jongeren in Utrecht in de leeftijd van 18 tot en met 25 jaar. Het onderzoek is uitgevoerd middels een ad hoc survey met een eenmalige meting onder dak- en thuisloze jongeren in Utrecht in de leeftijd van 18 tot en met 25 jaar. De respondenten zijn benaderd bij een voorziening in Utrecht waar ambulante hulp wordt geboden aan deze doelgroep in deze leeftijdscategorie. In totaal namen 89 respondenten deel aan het onderzoek waarvan er 79 overbleven na het verwijderen van respondenten met missende data. De populatie bestond uit 51 jongens met een gemiddelde leeftijd van 23 jaar en 28 meisjes met een gemiddelde leeftijd van 22 jaar. Het zelfbeeld is gemeten met de Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (Rosenberg, 1989), het externaliserende probleemgedrag met de Self-Report Delinquency Scale (SRD; West & Farrington, 1973), en de verkregen opvoedstijl met de Parenting Style Index (PSI; Steinberg, Lamborn, Darling, Mounts & Dornbusch,1994). Uit de resultaten van het onderzoek kwam bij de relatie van ouderlijke steun met externaliserend probleemgedrag een partiële mediatie naar voren door het zelfbeeld. Bij de relatie van ouderlijke controle met externaliserend probleemgedrag bleek geen mediatie op te treden door het zelfbeeld. Een hoge mate van ouderlijke steun leidde tot een hoger zelfbeeld, maar ouderlijke controle had geen effect op het zelfbeeld. Daarnaast werd gevonden dat een hoge mate van ouderlijke steun en controle, alsmede het hebben van een hoog zelfbeeld leidde tot minder externaliserend probleemgedrag.

Relatie van Eigenwaarde en Motivatie met Employability bij Werklozen

Dit onderzoek gaat over de relatie tussen zelfwaardering en employability en het mediërende effect van motivatie bij werklozen. Employability wordt gedefinieerd als loopbaanonderzoek en -planning, loopbaanidentiteit, sociaal en menselijk kapitaal (Koen, 2013). Verondersteld wordt dat eigenwaarde een positieve relatie met deze dimensies van employability laat zien. Als mediator wordt motivatie voor werkhervatting genomen. Deze wordt onderscheiden in autonome en gecontroleerde motivatie, gebaseerd op de Zelf Determinatie Theorie (ZDT) van Deci en Ryan (2002). Dit model geeft aan dat autonome motivatie, waarbij werklozen zelf graag weer willen werken, duidt op een sterke zelfdeterminatie en gecontroleerde motivatie, waarbij werklozen zich gedwongen voelen tot werkhervatting, op een zwakke zelfdeterminatie duidt. De onderzoeksgroep bestaat uit 90 werklozen die een re-integratietraject volgden. De deelnemers hebben, gedurende activiteiten van het re-integratiebedrijf, de vragenlijsten ingevuld. Zelfwaardering is gemeten met de Nederlandstalige Rosenberg Self-EsteemScale. Employability is gemeten met de schalen van Koen, Klehe en Van Vianen (2013) gebaseerd op het model van Fugate, Kinicki en Ashforth (2004). De kwaliteit van motivatie (autonoom en gecontroleerd) voor werkhervatting zijn gemeten met schalen die samengesteld zijn door Koen (2013) gebaseerd op de JS-SRQ. Er zijn significant positieve verbanden gevonden tussen eigenwaarde en loopbaanplanning, sociaal en menselijk kapitaal. Verder zijn er significante mediërende effecten gevonden van autonome motivatie voor werkhervatting op de verbanden tussen eigenwaarde enerzijds en loopbaanonderzoek, loopbaanplanning, loopbaanidentiteit en menselijk kapitaal anderzijds. Er zijn geen significant mediërende effecten van gecontroleerde motivatie voor werkhervatting op de hoofdeffecten gevonden.

Doing Relationships and Sexuality Education with Young People in State Care

Background: Existing literature indicates that young people in state carehave particular sexual health needs that include addressing their social andemotional well-being, yet little has been published as to how thesecomponents of sex education are actually delivered by service-providers.Objective: To analyse the processes involved in delivering relationship andsexuality education to young people in state care from the perspectives ofa sample of service-providers with a role in sexual health care delivery.Design: Qualitative methodological strategy.Setting: Service-delivery sites at urban and rural locations in Ireland.Method: Twenty-two service-providers were interviewed in depth, and datawere analysed using a qualitative analytical strategy resembling modifiedanalytical induction.Findings: Participants proffered their perceptions and examples of theirpractices of sex education in relation to the following themes: (1)acknowledging the multi-dimensional nature of sexual health in the case ofyoung people in care; (2) personal and emotional development educationto address poor self-esteem, emotional disconnectedness and an inabilityto recognise and express emotions; (3) social skills’ education as part of arepertoire of competencies needed to negotiate relationships and safer sex;(4) the application of positive social skills embedded in everyday socialsituations; and (5) factual sexuality education.Conclusion: Insights into service providers’ perceptions of the multidimensionalnature of the sexual health needs of young people in statecare, and the ways in which these service-providers justified their practicemake visible the complex character of sex education and the degree of skillrequired to deliver it to those in state care.

What is health and what is important for its achievement? : A qualitative study on adolescent boys’ perceptions and experiences of health

Few qualitative studies have explored adolescent boys’ perceptions of health. Aim: The aim of this study was therefore to explore how adolescent boys understand the concept of health and what they find important for its achievement Methods: Grounded theory was used as a method to analyse interviews with 33 adolescent boys aged 16 to 17 years attending three upper secondary schools in a relatively small town in Sweden. Results: There was a complexity in how health was perceived, experienced, dealt with, and valued. Although health on a conceptual level was described as ‘holistic’, health was experienced and dealt with in a more dualistic manner, one in which the boys were prone to differentiate between mind and body. Health was experienced as mainly emotional and relational, whereas the body had a subordinate value. The presence of positive emotions, experiencing self-esteem, balance in life, trustful relationships, and having a sense of belonging were important factors for health while the body was experienced as a tool to achieve health, as energy, and as a condition. Conclusion: Our findings indicate that young, masculine health is largely experienced through emotions and relationships and thus support theories on health as a social construction of interconnected processes.