For better or worse: the effect of levodopa on speech in Parkinson's disease

While the beneficial effect of levodopa on traditional motor control tasks have been well documented over the decades. its effect on speech motor control has rarely been objectively examined and the existing literature remains inconclusive. This paper aims to examine the effect of levodopa on speech in patients with Parkinson's disease. It was hypothesized that levodopa would improve preparatory motor set related activity and alleviate hypophonia. Patients fasted and abstained from levodopa overnight. Motor examination and speech testing was performed the following day, pre-levodopa during their "off' state, then at hourly intervals post-medication to obtain the best "on" state. All speech stimuli showed a consistent tendency for increased loudness and faster rate during the "on" state, but this was accompanied by a greater extent of intensity decay. Pitch and articulation remained unchanged. Levodopa effectively upscaled the overall gain setting of vocal amplitude and tempo, similar to its well-known effect on limb movement. However, unlike limb movement, this effect on the final acoustic product of speech may or may not be advantageous, depending on the existing speech profile of individual patients. (C) 2007 Movement Disorder Society.

Action preparation helps and hinders perception of action.

Several theories of the mechanisms linking perception and action require that the links are bidirectional, but there is a lack of consensus on the effects that action has on perception. We investigated this by measuring visual event-related brain potentials to observed hand actions while participants prepared responses that were spatially compatible (e.g., both were on the left side of the body) or incompatible and action type compatible (e.g., both were finger taps) or incompatible, with observed actions. An early enhanced processing of spatially compatible stimuli was observed, which is likely due to spatial attention. This was followed by an attenuation of processing for both spatially and action type compatible stimuli, likely to be driven by efference copy signals that attenuate processing of predicted sensory consequences of actions. Attenuation was not response-modality specific; it was found for manual stimuli when participants prepared manual and vocal responses, in line with the hypothesis that action control is hierarchically organized. These results indicate that spatial attention and forward model prediction mechanisms have opposite, but temporally distinct, effects on perception. This hypothesis can explain the inconsistency of recent findings on action-perception links and thereby supports the view that sensorimotor links are bidirectional. Such effects of action on perception are likely to be crucial, not only for the control of our own actions but also in sociocultural interaction, allowing us to predict the reactions of others to our own actions.

Sadness in mothers’ ‘baby-talk’ predicts affective disorder in adolescent offspring

‘Baby-talk’ is common across cultures. It underpins infant vocal preferences, and helps regulate infant engagement. Its longer-term significance is unclear. In a longitudinal study, we found indications of ‘sadness’ in postnatally depressed mothers’ baby-talk statistically mediated effects of maternal depression on offspring adolescent affective disorder.

Voice, body and the transmission of the real in documentary theatre

This article analyses how listening is used to develop performances in Alecky Blythe’s verbatim theatre. Listening includes Blythe’s use of recorded oral interviews for devising performances, and also the actors’ creation of performance by precisely imitating an interviewee’s voice. The article focuses on listening, speaking and embodiment in London Road, Blythe’s recent musical play at London’s National Theatre, which adopted and modified theatre strategies used in her other plays, especially The Girlfriend Experience and Do We look Like Refugees. The article draws on interviews with performers and with Blythe herself, in its critical analysis of how voice legitimates claims to authenticity in performance. The work on Blythe is contextualised by brief comparative analyses. One is Clio Barnard’s film The Arbor, a ‘quasi-documentary’ on the playwright, Andrea Dunbar which makes use of an oral script to which the actors lip-sync. The other comparator is the Wooster Group’s Poor Theater, which attempts to recreate Grotowski's Akropolis via vocal impersonation. The article argues that voice in London Road both claims and defers authenticity and authority, inasmuch as voice signifies presence and embodied identity but the reworking of speech into song signals the absence of the real. The translation of voice into written surtitles works similarly in Do We Look Like Refugees. Blythe’s theatre, Barnard’s film and The Wooster Group’s performances are a useful framework for addressing questions of voice and identity, and authenticity and replication in documentary theatre. The article concludes by placing Blythe’s oral texts amid current debates around theatre’s textual practices.

War and culture studies in 2016. Putting 'translation' into the transnational?

The first issue of the 'Journal of War and Culture Studies' in 2008 mapped out the academic space which the discipline sought to occupy. Nearly a decade later, the location of war, traditionally within the nation-state, is being challenged in ways which arguably affect the analytical spaces of War and Culture Studies. The article argues for an overt engagement with a reconceptualization of the location of war as broader in both spatial and temporal terms than the nation-state. Within this framing, it identifies local 'contact zones' which are multi-vocal translational spaces, and calls for an incorporation of 'translation' into our analyses of war: translating identities, including associations of the material as well as of subjective identities, and espousing a conscious interdisciplinarity which might lead us to focus more on the performative than the representational. Putting 'translation' into the 'transnational' marks the spaces of War and culture studies as multilingual, making accessible the cultural products and cultural analyses of a much broader range of sources and reflections. The article calls for the discipline of Translation Studies to become a leading contributor to War and Culture Studies in the years to come.

Early Development and Putative Primordial Germ Cells Characterization in Dogs

Contents Previously, three distinct populations of putative primordial germ cells (PGCs), namely gonocytes, intermediate cells and pre-spermatogonia, have been described in the human foetal testis. According to our knowledge, these PGCs have not been studied in any other species. The aim of our study was to identify similar PGC populations in canine embryos. First, we develop a protocol for canine embryo isolation. Following our protocol, 15 canine embryos at 21-25 days of pregnancy were isolated by ovaryhysterectomy surgery. Our data indicate that dramatic changes occur in canine embryo development and PGCs specification between 21 to 25 days of gestation. At that moment, only two PGC populations with distinct morphology can be identified by histological analyses. Cell population 1 presented round nuclei with prominent nucleolus and a high nuclear to cytoplasm ratio, showing gonocyte morphology. Cell population 2 was often localized at the periphery of the testicular cords and presented typical features of PGC. Both germ cell populations were positively immunostained with anti-human OCT-4 antibody. However, at day 25, all cells of population 1 reacted positively with OCT-4, whereas in population 2, fewer cells were positive for this marker. These two PGCs populations present morphological features similar to gonocytes and intermediate cells from human foetal testis. It is expected that a population of pre-spermatogonia would be observed at later stages of canine foetus development. We also showed that anti-human OCT-4 antibody can be useful to identify canine PGC in vivo.

Genetic variation and population structure of the endangered Hyacinth Macaw (Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus): implications for conservation

The Hyacinth Macaw (Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus) is one of 14 endangered species in the family Psittacidae occurring in Brazil, with an estimated total population of 6,500 specimens. We used nuclear molecular markers (single locus minisatellites and microsatellites) and 472 bp of the mitochondrial DNA control region to characterize levels of genetic variability in this species and to assess the degree of gene flow among three nesting sites in Brazil (Pantanal do Abobral, Pantanal de Miranda and Piaui). The origin of five apprehended specimens was also investigated. The results suggest that, in comparison to other species of parrots, Hyacinth Macaws possess relatively lower genetic variation and that individuals from two different localities within the Pantanal (Abobral and Miranda) belong to a unique interbreeding population and are genetically distinct at nuclear level from birds from the state of Piaui. The analyses of the five apprehended birds suggest that the Pantanal is not the source of birds for illegal trade, but their precise origin could not be assigned. The low genetic variability detected in the Hyacinth Macaw does not seem to pose a threat to the survival of this species. Nevertheless, habitat destruction and nest poaching are the most important factors negatively affecting their populations in the wild. The observed genetic structure emphasizes the need of protection of Hyacinth Macaws from different regions in order to maintain the genetic diversity of this species.

Neurofilament heavy subunit in cerebrospinal fluid: A biomarker of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis?

The objectives of this study were to investigate the presence of the three neurofilament subunits, ubiquitin, proteasome and 3-nitrotyrosine, in CSF samples of ALS patients. CSF samples were obtained by lumbar puncture from 10 ALS patients and six controls. All samples were analysed by Western blotting. Results revealed that neurofilament heavy subunit was identified in 70% of ALS cases and we conclude that this subunit may be a promising biomarker for clinical diagnosis of ALS.

Relative entropy measures applied to healthy and pathological voice characterization

Nowadays, noninvasive methods of diagnosis have increased due to demands of the population that requires fast, simple and painless exams. These methods have become possible because of the growth of technology that provides the necessary means of collecting and processing signals. New methods of analysis have been developed to understand the complexity of voice signals, such as nonlinear dynamics aiming at the exploration of voice signals dynamic nature. The purpose of this paper is to characterize healthy and pathological voice signals with the aid of relative entropy measures. Phase space reconstruction technique is also used as a way to select interesting regions of the signals. Three groups of samples were used, one from healthy individuals and the other two from people with nodule in the vocal fold and Reinke`s edema. All of them are recordings of sustained vowel /a/ from Brazilian Portuguese. The paper shows that nonlinear dynamical methods seem to be a suitable technique for voice signal analysis, due to the chaotic component of the human voice. Relative entropy is well suited due to its sensibility to uncertainties, since the pathologies are characterized by an increase in the signal complexity and unpredictability. The results showed that the pathological groups had higher entropy values in accordance with other vocal acoustic parameters presented. This suggests that these techniques may improve and complement the recent voice analysis methods available for clinicians. (C) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Classification of Parkinson’s Disease using MultiPass Lvq,Logistic Model Tree,K-Star for Audio Data set : Classification of Parkinson Disease using Audio Dataset

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a degenerative illness whose cardinal symptoms include rigidity, tremor, and slowness of movement. In addition to its widely recognized effects PD can have a profound effect on speech and voice.The speech symptoms most commonly demonstrated by patients with PD are reduced vocal loudness, monopitch, disruptions of voice quality, and abnormally fast rate of speech. This cluster of speech symptoms is often termed Hypokinetic Dysarthria.The disease can be difficult to diagnose accurately, especially in its early stages, due to this reason, automatic techniques based on Artificial Intelligence should increase the diagnosing accuracy and to help the doctors make better decisions. The aim of the thesis work is to predict the PD based on the audio files collected from various patients.Audio files are preprocessed in order to attain the features.The preprocessed data contains 23 attributes and 195 instances. On an average there are six voice recordings per person, By using data compression technique such as Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) number of instances can be minimized, after data compression, attribute selection is done using several WEKA build in methods such as ChiSquared, GainRatio, Infogain after identifying the important attributes, we evaluate attributes one by one by using stepwise regression.Based on the selected attributes we process in WEKA by using cost sensitive classifier with various algorithms like MultiPass LVQ, Logistic Model Tree(LMT), K-Star.The classified results shows on an average 80%.By using this features 95% approximate classification of PD is acheived.This shows that using the audio dataset, PD could be predicted with a higher level of accuracy.

The Björling 'Opera' : A children's Nursery Academy and an Italian Conservatory in Miniature

The aim in this chapter is to develop a deeper understanding about the informal Björling 'School' in Sweden. Contextually the example is related to the micro history of opera education contributing to the macro perspective illuminating a provincial example of the concept of domestic opera schooling. The specific focus was on Karl David Björling (1873-1926), the teaching parent of the Swedish tenor Jussi Björling (1911-1960) and his brothers Gösta and Olle.   The Björling family model of opera schooling belongs to the classical canon of domestic home education which was common during the epoch. The phenomenon is also within the field of opera singing an important reference to the historical context of the Nordic opera history of vocal education.   The uniqueness concerning the Björling School seems to be the rigorous and exceptionally early training. David Björling’s pedagogy was rooted in earlier German theories of musical upbringing. It's clear from his results that he was familiar with the neo-humanistic ideal on which reformed music education was based. Of a specific interest is the term Gesang als Unterricht as a concept for developing childrens musical and memorising capacities.   Conceptually the roots of the Björling model are in the eighteenth-century Romantic view of prodigies and their abilities. The extensive touring is connected to the promotion of wonder-children, and David Björling’s educational style to the conservative Master-pupil tradition.   David Björling's vocal ideal was a part of the contemporary debate about “The decadence of the singing art”, and seems to have its roots in an older Italian tradition. There are recurring similarities between his educational methods and the didactic principles of the Lamperti School: Enjoying a revival around the late 1800s and early 1900s, it has been called the natural or the national school. Nevertheless, through authentic experiences and gramophone recordings the Italian tenor Enrico Caruso became David Björling’s pedagogical role model.

O professor de música e a desafinação

Anais do XIX Congresso Anual da ANPPOM, disponível em CD-rom

A PERFORMANCE DE NEY MATOGROSSO: INOVAÇÃO NA CANÇÃO MIDIÁTICA EM DOIS MOMENTOS

Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Mestrado em Comunicação da Universidade Municipal de São Caetano do Sul como requisito parcial para a obtenção do título de Mestre em Comunicação.

As modificações da voz e os efeitos de sentido nos telejornais

Este estudo tem como objetivo analisar os recursos vocais utilizados nos telejornais como coadjuvantes de efeitos de sentido pretendidos com a divulgação da notícia. Os recursos vocais estudados foram a média e a variação da freqüência vocal em enunciados proferidos por apresentadores de telejornais brasileiros. Foram analisados 43 enunciados, de 12 apresentadores (6 homens e 6 mulheres), de 6 telejornais, abrangendo 3 redes de televisão. Os enunciados foram classificados em 2 tipos de notícias: positivas e negativas. Na análise descritiva contextualizada foram analisadas também chamadas e editoriais, descrevendo-se as estratégias vocais pertinentes a cada contexto. Para uma melhor clareza deste estudo, foram utilizados como procedimentos estatísticos tabelas e gráficos da média das freqüências médias encontradas e a média da variação. Foi realizada análise acústica computadorizada da freqüência média e variação de cada enunciado e a análise descritiva contextualizada de 18 desses enunciados. O quadro teórico básico deste trabalho integra elementos da teoria semiótica francesa, da fonoaudiologia e alguns aspectos da retórica. Buscou-se descrever, através dos pressupostos das três áreas, o discurso dos telejornais demonstrando sua estratégia de construção de verdade, os procedimentos utilizados neste fazer e o papel da voz neste processo. Os resultados confirmam a presença da relação voz e efeitos de sentido nos telejornais. Nas notícias positivas, houve um aumento da média das freqüências, já nas negativas houve um decréscimo, tanto nos homens como nas mulheres. A variação das médias das freqüências foi mais significante nas locuções das mulheres. Conclui-se que a voz tem um papel importante como estratégia de persuasão na busca de credibilidade da notícia e é largamente utilizada pelos apresentadores de telejornais.

Reconhecimento automático de locutor utilizando medidas de invariantes dinâmicas não-lineares

As técnicas utilizadas em sistemas de reconhecimento automático de locutor (RAL) objetivam identificar uma pessoa através de sua voz, utilizando recursos computacionais. Isso é feito a partir de um modelamento para o processo de produção da voz. A modelagem detalhada desse processo deve levar em consideração a variação temporal da forma do trato vocal, as ressonâncias associadas à sua fisiologia, perdas devidas ao atrito viscoso nas paredes internas do trato vocal, suavidade dessas paredes internas, radiação do som nos lábios, acoplamento nasal, flexibilidade associada à vibração das cordas vocais, etc. Alguns desses fatores são modelados por um sistema que combina uma fonte de excitação periódica e outra de ruído branco, aplicadas a um filtro digital variante no tempo. Entretanto, outros fatores são desconsiderados nesse modelamento, pela simples dificuldade ou até impossibilidade de descrevê-los em termos de combinações de sinais, filtros digitais, ou equações diferenciais. Por outro lado, a Teoria dos Sistemas Dinâmicos Não-Lineares ou Teoria do Caos oferece técnicas para a análise de sinais onde não se sabe, ou não é conhecido, o modelo detalhado do mecanismo de produção desses sinais. A análise através dessa teoria procura avaliar a dinâmica do sinal e, assumindo-se que tais amostras provêm de um sistema dinâmico não-linear, medidas qualitativas podem ser obtidas desse sistema. Essas medidas não fornecem informações precisas quanto ao modelamento do processo de produção do sinal avaliado, isto é, o modelo analítico é ainda inacessível. Entretanto, pode-se aferir a respeito de suaO problema analisado ao longo deste trabalho trata da busca de novos métodos para extrair informações úteis a respeito do locutor que produziu um determinado sinal de voz. Com isso, espera-se conceber sistemas que realizem a tarefa de reconhecer um pessoa automaticamente através de sua voz de forma mais exata, segura e robusta, contribuindo para o surgimento de sistemas de RAL com aplicação prática. Para isso, este trabalho propõe a utilização de novas ferramentas, baseadas na Teoria dos Sistemas Dinâmicos Não-Lineares, para melhorar a caracterização de uma pessoa através de sua voz. Assim, o mecanismo de produção do sinal de voz é analisado sob outro ponto de vista, como sendo o produto de um sistema dinâmico que evolui em um espaço de fases apropriado. Primeiramente, a possibilidade de utilização dessas técnicas em sinais de voz é verificada. A seguir, demonstra-se como as técnicas para estimação de invariantes dinâmicas não-lineares podem ser adaptadas para que possam ser utilizadas em sistemas de RAL. Por fim, adaptações e automatizações algorítmicas para extração de invariantes dinâmicas são sugeridas para o tratamento de sinais de voz. A comprovação da eficácia dessa metodologia se deu pela realização de testes comparativos de exatidão que, de forma estatisticamente significativa, mostraram o benefício advindo das modificações sugeridas. A melhora obtida com o acréscimo de invariantes dinâmicas da forma proposta no sistema de RAL utilizado nos testes resultou na diminuição da taxa de erro igual (EER) em 17,65%, acarretando um intrínseco aumento de processamento. Para sinais de voz contaminados com ruído, o benefício atingido com o sistema proposto foi verificado para relações sinal ruído (SNRs) maiores que aproximadamente 5 dB. O avanço científico potencial advindo dos resultados alcançados com este trabalho não se limita às invariantes dinâmicas utilizadas, e nem mesmo à caracterização de locutores. A comprovação da possibilidade de utilização de técnicas da Teoria do Caos em sinais de voz permitirá expandir os conceitos utilizados em qualquer sistema que processe digitalmente sinais de voz. O avanço das técnicas de Sistemas Dinâmicos Não-Lineares, como a concepção de invariantes dinâmicas mais representativas e robustas, implicará também no avanço dos sistemas que utilizarem esse novo conceito para tratamento de sinais vocais.