La Plataforma Triásica Alpujárride (Zonas Internas de la Cordillera Bética, España)

A partir de estudios estratigráficos, centrados en la sucesión triásica alpujárride de la Sierra de Gádor (Almería, Cordillera Bética) y su correlación con otros sectores, proponemos una columna estratigráfica sintética para la Plataforma Triásica Alpujárride. Esta columna estaría dividida en dos formaciones: una metasiliciclástica basal (subdividida en tres miembros: inferior, intermedio y superior) y una metacarbonática suprayacente (subdivididida en seis miembros, numerados del 1 al 6 de muro a techo). Esta plataforma habría sufrido una evolución morfológica en tres fases: Fase 1 de rampa homoclinal (Anisiense-Ladiniense); Fase 2 de plataforma fallada (Ladiniense-Carniense); y Fase 3 de plataforma orlada (Noriense). Además, a partir del análisis sedimentario de las asociaciones de facies reconocidas en la sucesión triásica de la Sierra de Gádor proponemos su división en cuatro secuencias deposicionales para el intervalo comprendido entre el Anisiense y el Noriense. La primera secuencia comprendería los miembros inferior e intermedio de la formación metasiliciclástica; la segunda secuencia deposicional incluiría el miembro superior de la formación metasiliciclástica y los miembros 1 y 2 de la formación metacarbonática; la tercera secuencia constaría de los miembros 3 y 4, mientras que la cuarta secuencia estaría constituida por los miembros 5 y 6.

Monitorización de cultivos mediante PolSAR y técnicas de sistemas dinámicos

En las últimas décadas diversas técnicas basadas en teledetección mediante sistemas de microondas han servido para aumentar el conocimiento de la superficie terrestre. En concreto, los sistemas basados en Radar de Apertura Sintética (SAR) han demostrado ser una herramienta con un gran potencial en la monitorización de cultivos y de gran ayuda a las técnicas de cultivo de precisión (Precision Farming). En la actualidad existen técnicas de clasificación de cultivos basadas en adquisiciones SAR que permiten con elevada precisión determinar la cobertura espacial de diferentes cultivos sin embargo la estimación de parámetros biofísicos resulta más compleja con estas técnicas. Recientemente diversas estrategias han sido propuestas con el objetivo de determinar el estado de un cultivo, el estado fenológico, en un determinado instante basándose en el análisis de las características de las imágenes SAR polarimétricas (PolSAR). Estas primeras aproximaciones todavía se encuentran en una etapa de desarrollo temprana y por tanto es posible profundizar y analizar las diferentes alternativas a partir de ellas de manera que podamos obtener resultados más precisos y que puedan aportar información de valor añadido a las técnicas de cultivo de precisión. En este trabajo abordaremos la alternativa de aprovechar las series de imágenes SAR obtenidas en diferentes instantes en el ciclo de un cultivo para determinar el estado fenológico de un cultivo.

Alilación diastereoselectiva de N-terc-butilsulfinil iminas con bromuros alílicos: aplicación a la síntesis de heterociclos nitrogenados benzocondensados

En la presente Memoria se ha estudiado la adición estereoselectiva de diferentes bromuros alílicos mediada por indio a diferentes N-terc-butilsulfiniliminas (tBSiminas), pudiendo participar algunos de los derivados de aminas homoalílicas obtenidos en estos procesos en reacciones de ciclación intramolecular, a través de una N-arilación o una reacción de Heck, para acceder de manera estereoselectiva a estructuras más complejas. Finalmente, se ha demostrado la utilidad sintética de la metodología desarrollada aplicándola a la síntesis de algunos productos naturales y sus derivados. La Discusión de resultados aquí presentada se ha estructurado en las siguientes partes: - Alilación diastereoselectiva de tBS-cetiminas. La alilación de diferentes tBScetiminas con bromuro de alilo en presencia de indio a reflujo de THF dio lugar a los correspondientes derivados de homoalil aminas 5 con buenos rendimientos, en general, variando la diastereoselectividad encontrada con la naturaleza de las tBScetiminas de partida. Las relaciones diastereoméricas en el caso de las cetiminas aromáticas fueron moderadas (75:25-85:15 rd), teniendo lugar la alilación con total diastereoselectividad en el caso de las iminas alifáticas derivadas de metil cetonas (>98:2 rd). Por otro lado la diastereoselectividad fue baja en la alilación de iminas α,β-insaturadas no cíclicas y sorprendentemente muy elevada en los sistemas cíclicos de seis (5j) y siete (5k) eslabones (92:8 y 94:6 rd, respectivamente). - Alilación diastereoselectiva de tBS-iminas con bromuros alílicos sustituidos. La adición de reactivos de alilindio, generados a partir de bromuro de crotilo e indio, a tBS-aldiminas y –cetiminas se produjo con prácticamente total diastereoselectividad facial y buenas relaciones diastereoméricas anti/sin en el caso de tBS-iminas derivadas de benzaldehídos sustituidos y de cetonas. Sin embargo, la diastereoselectividad anti/sin fue prácticamente nula en el caso de los derivados de aldehídos alifáticos lineales. También se encontró que la adición mediada por indio de bromuro de ciclohexenilo a tBS-cetiminas tuvo lugar con alta diastereoselectividad. - Aplicaciones sintéticas de homoalilaminas con un grupo o-bromoarilo en su estructura. El tratamiento de diferentes derivados de homoalilamina 5 y 9 con un anillo aromático en su estructura, que porta a su vez en posición orto un átomo de bromo, bajo condiciones de reacción tipo Heck catalizadas por Pd, llevó a la formación de los compuestos cíclicos esperados de 5, 6 y 7 eslabones con buenos rendimientos. A su vez, también fue posible llevar a cabo la síntesis de diferentes compuestos heterocíclicos benzocondensados a través de reacciones de N-arilación intramolecular, catalizadas bien por compuestos de Cu o de Pd, en compuestos nitrogenados que portan anillos aromáticos orto-bromo sustituidos. - Síntesis estereoselectiva de alcaloides 2–alquiltetrahidroquinolínicos. Se llevó a cabo la síntesis de los productos naturales (–)-angustureína y (–)-cuspareína, siendo el primer paso de reacción en ambos casos la adición de reactivos organomagnesianos a las tBS-aldiminas 8p y ent-8p. Las síntesis se completaron tras 3 etapas adicionales: desulfinilación, N-arilación intramolecular y N-metilación, siendo los rendimientos globales del 49% y 17% respectivamente. También se preparó de manera alternativa la (–)-angustureína a partir de la N-metil-2-aliltetrahidroquinolina (23p) tras metátesis cruzada con (E)-3-hexeno e hidrogenación catalítica posterior del doble enlace olefínico. Por último y a partir del compuesto 23p, tras acoplamiento tipo Heck con 4-bromoveratrol, se llevó a cabo la síntesis de un derivado (24p) de la (–)-cuspareína.

Peregrinajes tras la arquitectura sacra moderna

La presente comunicación pretende ofrecer una visión sintética de la vasta producción arquitectónica religiosa de orientación cristiana que se ha producido desde el periodo de entreguerras que traza, en todas las ciudades, nuevas sendas de peregrinación y constituye un interesante patrimonio arquitectónico y cultural que permanece algo olvidado en su presencia y potencialidad. Esta panorámica contempla un análisis simbólico de estas construcciones de lo sagrado en atención a las metáforas de la inestabilidad del alma, la intensidad de la luz y el paso del tiempo, aspectos que se calibran y perciben simultáneamente por las sensaciones de todos los sentidos y no solo por el hegemónico de la vista. Arquitecturas de lo sagrado que sirven a la sociedad, a la cultura y a la ciudad. Sendas modernas de peregrinación tras la arquitectura sacra moderna.

El aplacado de piedra trasventilado. Comportamiento mecánico, condicionantes constructivos y formales, su durabilidad y lesiones

La evolución en el uso de los materiales pétreos y sistemas constructivos de fachada ventilada influye y condiciona el concepto del diseño de los cerramientos de fachada de los edificios y del proyecto arquitectónico. El objetivo de esta comunicación es identificar, analizar y valorar de forma sintética los principales condicionantes técnicos que deben considerarse en los aspectos constructivos que influyen en el proyecto de fachadas ventiladas de aplacado pétreo, interpretando sus prestaciones y su comportamiento mecánico. Para garantizar su calidad y durabilidad, se propone la aplicación práctica de métodos de cálculo y control de calidad tanto de los materiales pétreos como del sistema constructivo. La metodología empleada se basa tanto en ensayos en laboratorio de la piedra empleada como ensayos in situ del sistema constructivo ya ejecutado en obra, analizando las características físicas y comportamiento mecánico del aplacado en relación con las acciones a las que se ve sometido en un edificio. Los resultados obtenidos permiten verificar las elevadas tensiones y solicitaciones a las que se ven sometidos los aplacados pétreos trasventilados, y la importancia del adecuado proyecto y ejecución del cerramiento, mediante un correcto dimensionado y control de calidad de la obra. En conclusión, la fachada trasventilada pétrea supone la transformación del tradicional carácter masivo del uso de la piedra natural en arquitectura en una delgada piel expuesta a sus máximas prestaciones dentro de un conjunto de capas especializadas funcionalmente. Por ello, entender mejor y de forma sintética el específico comportamiento mecánico del aplacado pétreo y sus sistemas de anclaje en las fachadas ventiladas, sus principales causas de lesión, las características constructivas más destacables y las metodologías de cálculo y ensayo para garantizar su durabilidad, contribuirá a mejorar la calidad constructiva de las fachadas ventiladas, manteniendo y potenciando el uso de la piedra natural en la arquitectura moderna.

Modelo e instrumentos de evaluación integrativa de competencias, objetivos mediante los temas de Teoría e Historia de la Educación

Se ofrece la sistemática para proceder al diseño integrado de nociones de Teoría e Historia de la Educación, para formar a aspirantes al magisterio infantil y primario, relacionando tales constructos con la realidad convivencial de las aulas, tomando como logros las competencias generales y específicas que se plantean y pretendiendo seguir las vías marcadas por los objetivos. El desarrollo coimplica las actividades de aprendizaje con los procesos de evaluación (sumativa, formativa, sintética…). Se sigue una metodología fenomenológica con análisis lingüístico y hermenéutico, con la incorporación de aportes empíricos. Esto se efectúa en la relación de fuentes legales y definiciones del programa, mediando el modelo de universidad interdisciplinar, e incorporando un modelo empleado en investigaciones previas. Tras pasar a integrar cada tema con una secuencia de competencias, se elaboran los niveles procedimentales, base para confeccionar ejercicios (aprendizaje-evaluación). Tras incardinar los objetivos específicos, se procede a mostrar ejemplos de actividades integradoras. Al final de muestra la valoración del modelo efectuada por los alumnos.

Complexidade textual e progressão escolar em dois registos : um estudo de correlação baseado em um corpus quasi-longitudinal

Tese de doutoramento, Linguística (Linguística Educacional), Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Letras, 2016

Uso de água produzida na formulação de fluidos de perfuração

Drilling fluids have fundamental importance in the petroleum activities, since they are responsible for remove the cuttings, maintain pressure and well stability, preventing collapse and inflow of fluid into the rock formation and maintain lubrication and cooling the drill. There are basically three types of drilling fluids: water-based, non-aqueous and aerated based. The water-based drilling fluid is widely used because it is less aggressive to the environment and provide excellent stability and inhibition (when the water based drilling fluid is a inhibition fluid), among other qualities. Produced water is generated simultaneously with oil during production and has high concentrations of metals and contaminants, so it’s necessary to treat for disposal this water. The produced water from the fields of Urucu-AM and Riacho da forquilha-RN have high concentrations of contaminants, metals and salts such as calcium and magnesium, complicating their treatment and disposal. Thus, the objective was to analyze the use of synthetic produced water with similar characteristics of produced water from Urucu-AM and Riacho da Forquilha-RN for formulate a water-based drilling mud, noting the influence of varying the concentration of calcium and magnesium into filtered and rheology tests. We conducted a simple 32 factorial experimental design for statistical modeling of data. The results showed that the varying concentrations of calcium and magnesium did not influence the rheology of the fluid, where in the plastic viscosity, apparent viscosity and the initial and final gels does not varied significantly. For the filtrate tests, calcium concentration in a linear fashion influenced chloride concentration, where when we have a higher concentration of calcium we have a higher the concentration of chloride in the filtrate. For the Urucu’s produced water based fluids, volume of filtrate was observed that the calcium concentration influences quadratically, this means that high calcium concentrations interfere with the power of the inhibitors used in the formulation of the filtered fluid. For Riacho’s produced water based fluid, Calcium’s influences is linear for volume of filtrate. The magnesium concentration was significant only for chloride concentration in a quadratic way just for Urucu’s produced water based fluids. The mud with maximum concentration of magnesium (9,411g/L), but minimal concentration of calcium (0,733g/L) showed good results. Therefore, a maximum water produced by magnesium concentration of 9,411g/L and the maximum calcium concentration of 0,733g/L can be used for formulating water-based drilling fluids, providing appropriate properties for this kind of fluid.

Avaliação do efeito da inibição do reparo de sítios abásicos na resposta inflamatória celular

Base excision repair (BER) proteins has been associated with functions beyond DNA repair. Apurynic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (APE1) is a multifunctional protein involved in a plethora of cellular activities, such as redox activation of transcription factors, RNA processing and DNA repair. Some studies have described the action of the protein 8-oxoguanine (OGG1) in correcting oxidized lesions in promoters as a step in the transcription of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Despite being especially important in redox activation of transcription factors such as nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and AP- 1, the repair activity of APE1 has not yet been associated with the inflammatory response. In this study, experimental and bioinformatic analysis approaches have been used to investigate the relationship between inhibition of the repair of abasic sites in DNA by MX, a synthetic molecule designed to inhibt the repair activity of APE1, and the modulation of the inflammatory response. The results showed that treatment of monocytes with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and MX reduced the expression of cytokines, chemokines and toll-like receptors, and negatively regulated biological immune processes, as macrophages activation, and NF-κB and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) and interferon pathways, without inducing cell death. The transcriptomic analysis suggests that LPS/MX treatment induces mitochondrial dysfunction, endoplasmic reticulum stress and activation of autophagy pathways, probably activated by impairment of cellular energy and/or the accumulation of nuclear and mitochondria DNA damage. Additionally, it is proposed that the repair activity of APE1 is required for transcription of inflammatory genes by interaction with abasic sites at specific promoters and recruitment of transcriptional complexes during inflammatory signaling. This work presents a new perspective on the interactions between the BER activity and the modulation of inflammatory response, and suggests a new activity for APE1 protein as modulator of the immune response in a redox-independent manner.

Aplicação de géis de goma guar no processo de clarificação de salmouras e águas produzidas

Produced water is considered the main effluent of the oil industry, due to their increased volume in mature fields and its varied composition. The oil and grease content (TOG) is the main parameter for the final disposal of produced water. In this context, it is of great significance to develop an alternative method based on guar gum gel for the treatment of synthetic produced water, and using as the differential a polymer having high hydrophilicity for clarifying waters contaminated with oil. Thus, this study aims to evaluate the efficiency of guar gum gels in the remotion of oil from produced water. Guar gum is a natural polymer that, under specific conditions, forms three-dimensional structures, with important physical and chemical properties. By crosslinking the polymer chains by borate ions in the presence of salts, the effect salting out occurs, reducing the solubility of the polymer gel in water. As a result, there is phase separation with the oil trapped in the collapsed gel. The TOG was quantified from the spectroscopy in the ultraviolet and visible region. The system was proven to be highly efficient in the removal of dispersed oil from water produced synthetically, reaching removal percentages above 90%.

Padrões de ordenação de constituintes das construções V2/V3 superficiais em cartas pessoais brasileiras dos séculos 19 e 20

In line with the model of grammar competition (Kroch, 1989; 2001), according to which the change in the syntactic domains is a process that develops via competition between different grammars, we describe and analyze the superficial constructions V2 / V3 in matrices / roots sentences of brazilian personal letters of the 19th and 20th centuries. The corpus, composed by 154 personal letters of Rio de Janeiro and Rio Grande do Norte, is divided into three century halves: (i) latter half of the 19th century; (ii) first half of the 20th century; and (iii) latter half of the 20th century. Our focus was the observation of the nature of preverbal constituents in superficial constructions V2 (verb in second position in the sentence) and V3 (verb in third position in the sentence), with a special attention on the position of the subject. Based on the various diachronical studies about the Portuguese ordination standards (Ambar (1992); Ribeiro (1995, 2001); Paixão de Sousa (2004); Paiva (2011), Coelho and Martins (2009, 2012)), our study sought to realize what are empirical ordination standards that involve superficial constructions V2 / V3 and how these patterns structure syntactically within a formal theoretical perspective (Chomsky, 1981; 1986), more specifically, in accordance with studies of Antonelli (2011), and Costa & Galves (2002). The survey results show that the data from the second half of the 19th century – unlike the first and second half of the 20th century data – have a greater balance in relation to the syntactic nature of preverbal constituent (contiguous or not), so that, in this period, the occurrence of orders with the subject in a preverbal position arrives at, at most, 52% (231/444 data); while in the 48% (213/444 data) remaining, the preverbal constituents are represented by a non-subject constituent, almost always an adverbial adjunct. Seen the results, we advocate that the brazilian personal letters of the 19th century have ordination patterns associated with a V2 system and an SV system, configuring, therefore, a possible competition process between different grammars that instantiate or a V2 system or an SV system. In other words, the brazilian letters of the 19th century instantiate a competition between the grammar of Classic Portuguese (a V2 system) and the grammars of Brazilian Portuguese and European Portuguese (an SV system). Therefore, that period is subject to the completion of two distinct parametric markings: (i) verb moved to the Fin core (grammar of Classic Portuguese) and (ii) verb moved to the T core (grammar of Brazilian Portuguese /European Portuguese). On the other hand, in the personal letters of the 20th century (first and second halves), there is a clear increase in ordenation patterns associated with the SV system, which shows more stable.

Estudo de métodos de tratamento de efluentes (troca iônica e eletroquímico) separados e sequenciais para eliminação de derivados de petróleo

The produce of waste and the amount of the water produced coming from activities of petroleum production and extraction has been a biggest challenge for oil companies with respect to environmental compliance due to toxicity. The discard or the reuse this effluent containing organic compounds as BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene) can cause serious environmental and human health problems. Thus, the objective this paper was study the performance of two process (separately and sequential) in one synthetic effluent for the benzene, toluene and xylene removal (volatile hydrocarbons presents in the produced water) through of electrochemical treatment using Ti/Pt electrode and exchange resin ionic used in the adsorption process. The synthetic solution of BTX was prepared with concentration of 22,8 mg L-1, 9,7 mg L-1 e 9,0 mg L-1, respectively, in Na2SO4 0,1 mol L-1. The experiments was developed in batch with 0.3 L of solution at 25ºC. The electrochemical oxidation process was accomplished with a Ti/Pt electrode with different current density (J = 10, 20 e 30 mA.cm-2). In the adsorption process, we used an ionic exchange resin (Purolite MB 478), using different amounts of mass (2,5, 5 and 10 g). To verify the process of technics in the sequential treatment, was fixed the current density at 10 mA cm-2 and the resin weight was 2.5 g. Analysis of UV-VIS spectrophotometry, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and gas chromatography with selective photoionization detector (PID) and flame ionization (FID), confirmed the high efficiency in the removal of organic compounds after treatment. It was found that the electrochemical process (separate and sequential) is more efficient than absorption, reaching values of COD removal exceeding 70%, confirmed by the study of the cyclic voltammetry and polarization curves. While the adsorption (separately), the COD removal did not exceed 25,8%, due to interactions resin. However, the sequential process (electrochemical oxidation and adsorption) proved to be a suitable alternative, efficient and cost-effectiveness for the treatment of effluents petrochemical.

Síntese, estrutura e propriedades de polímeros de coordenação à base de íons lantanídeos e ácidos benzenodicarboxílicos

Metal Organic Frameworks (MOFs) are hybrids materials, often crystalline, consisting of metal or metal clusters, connected by polytopic organic ligands repetitively, leading to structures, usually porous. In this work, MOFs based on lanthanide ions (La3+ and Gd3+) and dicarboxylate type of ligands (isophthalic and terephthalic acids), were synthesized by hydrothermal, solvothermal and hydro(solvo)thermal methods. The effects of the synthetic route as well as the type of heating, conventional or by microwave, on the structure and properties of MOFs were studied. The powder samples obtained were characterized by X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, thermal analysis and scanning electron microscopy. The results suggest that the addition of an organic or inorganic base is needed to promote the deprotonation of the ligand, since in the samples prepared by the hydrothermal method, without the use of a base, no formation of the metalorganic framework was observed. On the other hand, the presence of DMF as solvent or cosolvent, afforded the deprotonation of the ligand with the consequent formation of MOFs. At least two different crystalline structures were identified for the samples prepared with terephthalic acid. These samples are isostructural with those reported for phases Eu(1,3-BDC)DMF, Eu2(1,4-BDC)3 (DMF)2 and Tb(1,4-BDC)H2O. The presence of water in the reaction medium in the hydro(solvo)thermal method, provoked the growth of the structure different from that observed in the absence of water. This can be explained by the difference in the coordination mode of water and DMF to lanthanide ions. Although not identified by XRD, the samples prepared with isophthalic acid, also present metalorganic structures, which was confirmed by the presence of the characteristic displacement of the carbonyl group band in their infrared spectra, compared to the spectrum of the pure ligand. This shift was also observed in the samples prepared with terephthalic acid. Thermal analisys shows that the metal organic frameworks do not collapse occurs at a temperature below 430°C.The analysis of scanning electron microscopy suggests that the morphology of powders is highly dependent on the type of heating used, conventional or by microwave.

Estudo da produção eletroquímica de espécies de cloro ativo para tratamento de efluentes sintéticos

The treatment of wastewater is essential to human health. One of the most important steps is the disinfection treatment which uses chlorine to eliminate bacteria as required by environmental agencies. However, the identification of potentially toxic byproducts generated by this method, such as trihalomethanes, has stimulated the development of new alternative disinfection technologies. Among them, heterogeneous photocatalysis, TiO2 photocatalysis and electrochemical disinfection are considered suitable alternatives to the chlorination method. Thus, the present dissertation analyzes the evolution of active chlorine species in a synthetic NaCl solution and it is tested to treat a synthetic solution of the dye Reactive Blue 19 using boron-doped diamond (BDD) and ruthenium oxide (Ti/Ru0.3Ti0.7O2) as anodes. The indirect electrochemical process was discussed in terms of mineralization of the total organic load and percentage of color removal in order to evaluate the applicability of electrochemical technology. Electrochemical experiments were carried out with different current densities (25, 50 and 75 mA.cm-2) during 120 minutes. On the other hand, other important parameter in this study was the influence of the proportion sp3/sp2 on BDD anode on the performance of the evolution of active chlorine species which was investigated by electrolytic techniques (linear polarization), with the intention of determining the related training oxidizing species and consumption energy to chemical or electrochemical reactions. From the results, it can be noted that the BDD electrode showed better efficiency throughout the electrochemical process.

Estudo da produção eletroquímica de espécies de cloro ativo para tratamento de efluentes sintéticos

The treatment of wastewater is essential to human health. One of the most important steps is the disinfection treatment which uses chlorine to eliminate bacteria as required by environmental agencies. However, the identification of potentially toxic byproducts generated by this method, such as trihalomethanes, has stimulated the development of new alternative disinfection technologies. Among them, heterogeneous photocatalysis, TiO2 photocatalysis and electrochemical disinfection are considered suitable alternatives to the chlorination method. Thus, the present dissertation analyzes the evolution of active chlorine species in a synthetic NaCl solution and it is tested to treat a synthetic solution of the dye Reactive Blue 19 using boron-doped diamond (BDD) and ruthenium oxide (Ti/Ru0.3Ti0.7O2) as anodes. The indirect electrochemical process was discussed in terms of mineralization of the total organic load and percentage of color removal in order to evaluate the applicability of electrochemical technology. Electrochemical experiments were carried out with different current densities (25, 50 and 75 mA.cm-2) during 120 minutes. On the other hand, other important parameter in this study was the influence of the proportion sp3/sp2 on BDD anode on the performance of the evolution of active chlorine species which was investigated by electrolytic techniques (linear polarization), with the intention of determining the related training oxidizing species and consumption energy to chemical or electrochemical reactions. From the results, it can be noted that the BDD electrode showed better efficiency throughout the electrochemical process.