Le théâtre éducatif – un outil au service de l'enseignement du FLE en cadre scolaire

L’objectif de ce mémoire est d’étudier le rôle que le théâtre éducatif peut avoir sur le développement de la compétence de communication orale dans l’enseignement du français langue étrangère (en abrégé FLE) en cadre scolaire. La recherche montre que le théâtre éducatif donne aux élèves la possibilité d’utiliser leurs compétences linguistiques en les préparant pour des situations réelles. Il leur donne aussi l’occasion de découvrir toutes les émotions et tous les mouvements physiques qui font partie d’une langue vivante.

Modèles de dépendance hiérarchique pour l’évaluation des passifs et la tarification en actuariat

Dans cette thèse on s’intéresse à la modélisation de la dépendance entre les risques en assurance non-vie, plus particulièrement dans le cadre des méthodes de provisionnement et en tarification. On expose le contexte actuel et les enjeux liés à la modélisation de la dépendance et l’importance d’une telle approche avec l’avènement des nouvelles normes et exigences des organismes réglementaires quant à la solvabilité des compagnies d’assurances générales. Récemment, Shi et Frees (2011) suggère d’incorporer la dépendance entre deux lignes d’affaires à travers une copule bivariée qui capture la dépendance entre deux cellules équivalentes de deux triangles de développement. Nous proposons deux approches différentes pour généraliser ce modèle. La première est basée sur les copules archimédiennes hiérarchiques, et la deuxième sur les effets aléatoires et la famille de distributions bivariées Sarmanov. Nous nous intéressons dans un premier temps, au Chapitre 2, à un modèle utilisant la classe des copules archimédiennes hiérarchiques, plus précisément la famille des copules partiellement imbriquées, afin d’inclure la dépendance à l’intérieur et entre deux lignes d’affaires à travers les effets calendaires. Par la suite, on considère un modèle alternatif, issu d’une autre classe de la famille des copules archimédiennes hiérarchiques, celle des copules totalement imbriquées, afin de modéliser la dépendance entre plus de deux lignes d’affaires. Une approche avec agrégation des risques basée sur un modèle formé d’une arborescence de copules bivariées y est également explorée. Une particularité importante de l’approche décrite au Chapitre 3 est que l’inférence au niveau de la dépendance se fait à travers les rangs des résidus, afin de pallier un éventuel risque de mauvaise spécification des lois marginales et de la copule régissant la dépendance. Comme deuxième approche, on s’intéresse également à la modélisation de la dépendance à travers des effets aléatoires. Pour ce faire, on considère la famille de distributions bivariées Sarmanov qui permet une modélisation flexible à l’intérieur et entre les lignes d’affaires, à travers les effets d’années de calendrier, années d’accident et périodes de développement. Des expressions fermées de la distribution jointe, ainsi qu’une illustration empirique avec des triangles de développement sont présentées au Chapitre 4. Aussi, nous proposons un modèle avec effets aléatoires dynamiques, où l’on donne plus de poids aux années les plus récentes, et utilisons l’information de la ligne corrélée afin d’effectuer une meilleure prédiction du risque. Cette dernière approche sera étudiée au Chapitre 5, à travers une application numérique sur les nombres de réclamations, illustrant l’utilité d’un tel modèle dans le cadre de la tarification. On conclut cette thèse par un rappel sur les contributions scientifiques de cette thèse, tout en proposant des angles d’ouvertures et des possibilités d’extension de ces travaux.

An Action Research Study Engaging in the Use of Storyboarding as Research-based Approach to Teaching to Identify Issues Faced when Working with People with Dementia from Minority Ethnic Communities

The common view that research informs teaching assumes a linear approach whereby teaching is considered an output of research. This paper reports the findings of an action research project that identified the issues and challenges faced by those working across health and social care when working with people with dementia from minority ethnic communities. It explored the research-teaching nexus by using an approach to teaching that was research-based as opposed to research-led. A storyboarding technique was used which involved identifying and dissecting real life experiences for discussion. The realisation that each story was unique to the individual demonstrated the benefits and importance of education and training for applying a person-centred approach to dementia care. This project also revealed the benefits of actively engaging course participants with research moving them from being recipients of research, to research- active. Such a process not only encouraged their intrinsic motivations but, also, critical thinking and reflective practice to support deep learning. Such findings demonstrate the benefits of linking teaching with research.

Representing Variability in Software Architecture

Software Architecture is a high level description of a software intensive system that enables architects to have a better intellectual control over the complete system. It is also used as a communication vehicle among the various system stakeholders. Variability in software-intensive systems is the ability of a software artefact (e.g., a system, subsystem, or component) to be extended, customised, or configured for deployment in a specific context. Although variability in software architecture is recognised as a challenge in multiple domains, there has been no formal consensus on how variability should be captured or represented. In this research, we addressed the problem of representing variability in software architecture through a three phase approach. First, we examined existing literature using the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) methodology, which helped us identify the gaps and challenges within the current body of knowledge. Equipped with the findings from the SLR, a set of design principles have been formulated that are used to introduce variability management capabilities to an existing Architecture Description Language (ADL). The chosen ADL was developed within our research group (ALI) and to which we have had complete access. Finally, we evaluated the new version of the ADL produced using two distinct case studies: one from the Information Systems domain, an Asset Management System (AMS); and another from the embedded systems domain, a Wheel Brake System (WBS). This thesis presents the main findings from the three phases of the research work, including a comprehensive study of the state-of-the-art; the complete specification of an ADL that is focused on managing variability; and the lessons learnt from the evaluation work of two distinct real-life case studies.

Redefining Urban Alleywalls: Urban Design for Active Public Space in Maynard Alley, Chinatown-International District, Seattle

Thesis (Master's)--University of Washington, 2016-06

Arbetsplatsförlagt lärande (APL) - handledares uppfattningar av vad elever ska lära sig samt vad och hur kunskapen ska bedömas

Inom ramen för gymnasieskolans yrkesprogram förläggs en del av elevens utbildning på en arbetsplats, APL. APL är betydelsefull för yrkesprogrammen eftersom hela utbildningen syftar till att knyta an till kommande yrkesroll och lära sig yrket tillsammans med redan yrkesverksamma. Bakgrunden till föreliggande studie är ett intresse för vilket lärande som pågår ute på arbetsplatserna och vad handledarna uppfattar som viktigt lärande för kommande yrkesutövning. Syftet med studien är att beskriva vad handledarna uppfattar att eleverna ska lära sig samt bedömning av elevernas kunskapsutveckling under APL. Studien är en kvalitativ studie och har omfattat intervjuer med 12 handledare med anknytning till gymnasieskolans bygg- och anläggningsprogram. Studien tar sin utgångspunkt i livsvärldsfenomenologin med fenomenografi som metodisk ansats för att beskriva handledarnas uppfattningar av APL. Resultatet av studien visar att handledarna beskriver att de inte har fått tillräckligt med kunskap och information från skolan om vad eleverna ska lära sig på APL. Detta kan innebära svårigheter att hitta passande arbetsuppgifter. Det råder vidare en brist på kunskap om vad och hur de bedömer elevernas lärande vilket leder till att eleverna bedöms på oklara grunder. Sammanfattningsvis visar således studien att det finns delar av APL som behöver förbättras och utvecklas för att nå en högre kvalitet i det arbetsplatsförlagda lärandet. Samarbetet skola och fö-retag måste förbättras, och fler handledare måste få en pedagogisk handledarutbildning.

Microturbinas em redes de abastecimento de água

Nos dias de hoje a sociedade exige níveis qualitativos de vida cada vez mais elevados, o que torna prioritária a conceção de sistemas eficientes, não poluidores, económicos e diversificados que permitam uma gestão integrada e racionalizada de recursos tão escasso como é o da água e da energia. Em sistemas de abastecimento de água, o uso de válvulas redutoras de pressão (VRP) visa a uniformização e controlo de pressões, promovendo uma perda de carga localizada que dissipa a energia hidráulica presente através da redução dos valores de pressão a jusante. Estas são fundamentais no controlo e redução de pressão. A utilização de microturbinas é uma alternativa sustentável para o controle de pressão e, simultaneamente, para a produção de energia elétrica. Trata-se de um método de mitigação para controlar as perdas referidas convergindo no âmbito da eficiência energética. Na perspetiva de promover um aproveitamento de energia nas redes de abastecimento de água, o presente trabalho sugere a substituição de válvulas redutoras de pressão (VRP) por microturbinas. Desse modo, apresenta-se um método automático de seleção de (i) local para implementação e (ii) projeto de microturbinas para sistemas de abastecimento de água. Para a modelação do funcionamento dos sistemas hidráulicos recorre-se ao simulador hidráulico EPANET. Esta ferramenta possibilita avaliação de caudais e pressões em todos os pontos da rede durante um determinado intervalo de tempo. A metodologia desenvolvida permite selecionar o local ideal no sistema hidráulico através de uma análise de cada secção conduta-nó escolhendo-se a melhor opção baseada na produção de energia. Depois da localização procede-se à seleção do tipo de turbina (Kaplan, Francis, Pelton e Cross-flow) que vai depender das características do sistema hidráulico. Na etapa seguinte apresenta-se os resultados obtidos pela turbina nomeadamente a produção de energia elétrica anual, o investimento necessário, o tempo de retorno e a rentabilização ao final de um período de 25 anos. Na última etapa da metodologia, de forma avaliar o comportamento do sistema final, realiza-se uma nova simulação da rede mas tendo em conta a introdução da microturbina no local. Apresentam-se alguns casos de estudo que validam a ferramenta desenvolvida. A metodologia desenvolvida é comparada com um caso de estudo real. Em ambos os exemplos simulados a metodologia aplicada permite obter soluções com ganhos energéticos significativos associados ao sistema. Apenas num dos exemplos se observaram que a implementação da microturbina no sistema hidráulico não seria economicamente rentável.

Updating Beliefs: Are economic agents inspired by rational action or according to ones hopes and fears?.

The purpose of this investigationwas to simulate a real life scenarioand explore the way economicagents update their beliefs. Do theyupdate according to what theyhope? Or do they update inspired byrational behavior?We mimicked the environment whicha recently high school graduate faceswhen entering college to see how astudent updates his beliefs in regardsto his classroom position. We examinedhow economic agents envisagethemselves through and through collegeand see if they update their beliefsabout a hypothesis A in the lightof new evidence B, or if they updatetheir beliefs subject to what theychoose they hope. In this sense weexplored the possibility of setting asidethe neoclassical assumption thatagents are anything more than hyperrational naïve optimizers acting on perfect (and in some cases, limited information)in order to turn back to anolder tradition in economic theory, thatis agents are recognizably human.

Factibilidad de relanzamiento de la revista de manualidades Costureando

Este es un trabajo de carácter académico que busca identificar la viabilidad del relanzamiento de la revista de manualidades “Costureando”, nacida en la ciudad de Medellín y enfocada a un público específico: mujeres de estratos 4, 5 y 6 de Colombia, amantes a las manualidades y a las actividades de sano entretenimiento. En este documento se presenta el producto mencionado anteriormente y sobre él se hace un análisis enfocado a entender su viabilidad de venta en el mercado actual. Este análisis se logra a través del planteamiento de unos objetivos específicos que orientan la recolección de información, para ser respondidos a través de unas conclusiones y recomendaciones finales; que nacen de los resultados de investigaciones en fuentes secundarias, observaciones en puntos de venta, encuestas a una muestra poblacional y entrevistas con expertos.

Entropy feature extraction of EEG signals for automatic person identification

The use of human brain electroencephalography (EEG) signals for automatic person identi cation has been investigated for a decade. It has been found that the performance of an EEG-based person identication system highly depends on what feature to be extracted from multi-channel EEG signals. Linear methods such as Power Spectral Density and Autoregressive Model have been used to extract EEG features. However these methods assumed that EEG signals are stationary. In fact, EEG signals are complex, non-linear, non-stationary, and random in nature. In addition, other factors such as brain condition or human characteristics may have impacts on the performance, however these factors have not been investigated and evaluated in previous studies. It has been found in the literature that entropy is used to measure the randomness of non-linear time series data. Entropy is also used to measure the level of chaos of braincomputer interface systems. Therefore, this thesis proposes to study the role of entropy in non-linear analysis of EEG signals to discover new features for EEG-based person identi- cation. Five dierent entropy methods including Shannon Entropy, Approximate Entropy, Sample Entropy, Spectral Entropy, and Conditional Entropy have been proposed to extract entropy features that are used to evaluate the performance of EEG-based person identication systems and the impacts of epilepsy, alcohol, age and gender characteristics on these systems. Experiments were performed on the Australian EEG and Alcoholism datasets. Experimental results have shown that, in most cases, the proposed entropy features yield very fast person identication, yet with compatible accuracy because the feature dimension is low. In real life security operation, timely response is critical. The experimental results have also shown that epilepsy, alcohol, age and gender characteristics have impacts on the EEG-based person identication systems.

Writing Violence: the legal, moral and aesthetic Implications of creative non-fiction.

This essay began as a hybrid critical/creative paper that was presented as part of an all-female panel discussing the intersections between writing and extreme violence. My own paper was on the relationship between my creative nonfiction novel The Museum of Atheism and the real life murder of six-year-old beauty queen, JonBenet Ramsey. This essay is an attempt to represent the writing process of the creative nonfiction author, and to consider the ways in which critical theory can be used to highlight, or conversely obscure, fictional writing. In addition to considering the effect of using a real story, a true crime, as the basis for a semi-fictional work, this essay will also consider the relationship I had as a writer to my publisher, editor and agent, and their interventions in the writing process to ensure that facts were deliberately skewed or warped in order to avoid litigation. Finally, I will consider my own relationship to the material, and the impact that this had on the writing process.

Crime and Punishment.

The study of Victorian crime and punishment is a rich area of research that has attracted the interest not only of literary scholars but also of social historians, legal historians, and criminologists. Related scholarship therefore often situates itself at the intersection of traditional disciplinary boundaries, facilitating interdisciplinary conversation. Crime and punishment was a pressing issue for the Victorians and provoked a wealth of responses from contemporaneous commentators in literature, culture, and science. As a new phase of industrialization brought immense wealth for some and abject poverty for others, Victorian urban centers in particular were afflicted by crime. Without an effective system of social welfare in place, social inequality and deprivation drove women, men, and children into petty crime and more serious offenses, resulting in severe punishment ranging from incarceration via penal transportation to hanging. Public executions, not abolished until 1868, attracted huge crowds of spectators, including authors such as Charles Dickens and William Thackeray, who wrote about these experiences. A forerunner of the popular press, street literature conveyed and illustrated these events for a broad audience. Execution broadsides of famous cases, printing the alleged last lamentations of convicts on the scaffold in verse, are estimated to have sold by the million. As the legal system was undergoing reform (comprising changes in legal evidence procedure, divorce law, women’s property rights, and punishment for sexual offenses, for example), sensational trials caused furor and stimulated commentary in literature and the media. Crime and punishment was discussed in a range of literary and popular genres, poetry, and reformist writing. The “Newgate School” of fiction was accused of glamorizing crime, and the popular penny dreadfuls were feared to corrupt public morals. Sensational fiction in the 1860s, which often drew on real-life criminal cases and newspaper reports, depicted the supposedly respectable middle-class family home as a center of transgression. Similarly, detective fiction typically focused on crime in the world of the middle classes. For the student new to the subject of crime and punishment, this area’s interdisciplinary nature can pose an initial challenge.

Security and Trust in Distributed Computation

We propose three research problems to explore the relations between trust and security in the setting of distributed computation. In the first problem, we study trust-based adversary detection in distributed consensus computation. The adversaries we consider behave arbitrarily disobeying the consensus protocol. We propose a trust-based consensus algorithm with local and global trust evaluations. The algorithm can be abstracted using a two-layer structure with the top layer running a trust-based consensus algorithm and the bottom layer as a subroutine executing a global trust update scheme. We utilize a set of pre-trusted nodes, headers, to propagate local trust opinions throughout the network. This two-layer framework is flexible in that it can be easily extensible to contain more complicated decision rules, and global trust schemes. The first problem assumes that normal nodes are homogeneous, i.e. it is guaranteed that a normal node always behaves as it is programmed. In the second and third problems however, we assume that nodes are heterogeneous, i.e, given a task, the probability that a node generates a correct answer varies from node to node. The adversaries considered in these two problems are workers from the open crowd who are either investing little efforts in the tasks assigned to them or intentionally give wrong answers to questions. In the second part of the thesis, we consider a typical crowdsourcing task that aggregates input from multiple workers as a problem in information fusion. To cope with the issue of noisy and sometimes malicious input from workers, trust is used to model workers' expertise. In a multi-domain knowledge learning task, however, using scalar-valued trust to model a worker's performance is not sufficient to reflect the worker's trustworthiness in each of the domains. To address this issue, we propose a probabilistic model to jointly infer multi-dimensional trust of workers, multi-domain properties of questions, and true labels of questions. Our model is very flexible and extensible to incorporate metadata associated with questions. To show that, we further propose two extended models, one of which handles input tasks with real-valued features and the other handles tasks with text features by incorporating topic models. Our models can effectively recover trust vectors of workers, which can be very useful in task assignment adaptive to workers' trust in the future. These results can be applied for fusion of information from multiple data sources like sensors, human input, machine learning results, or a hybrid of them. In the second subproblem, we address crowdsourcing with adversaries under logical constraints. We observe that questions are often not independent in real life applications. Instead, there are logical relations between them. Similarly, workers that provide answers are not independent of each other either. Answers given by workers with similar attributes tend to be correlated. Therefore, we propose a novel unified graphical model consisting of two layers. The top layer encodes domain knowledge which allows users to express logical relations using first-order logic rules and the bottom layer encodes a traditional crowdsourcing graphical model. Our model can be seen as a generalized probabilistic soft logic framework that encodes both logical relations and probabilistic dependencies. To solve the collective inference problem efficiently, we have devised a scalable joint inference algorithm based on the alternating direction method of multipliers. The third part of the thesis considers the problem of optimal assignment under budget constraints when workers are unreliable and sometimes malicious. In a real crowdsourcing market, each answer obtained from a worker incurs cost. The cost is associated with both the level of trustworthiness of workers and the difficulty of tasks. Typically, access to expert-level (more trustworthy) workers is more expensive than to average crowd and completion of a challenging task is more costly than a click-away question. In this problem, we address the problem of optimal assignment of heterogeneous tasks to workers of varying trust levels with budget constraints. Specifically, we design a trust-aware task allocation algorithm that takes as inputs the estimated trust of workers and pre-set budget, and outputs the optimal assignment of tasks to workers. We derive the bound of total error probability that relates to budget, trustworthiness of crowds, and costs of obtaining labels from crowds naturally. Higher budget, more trustworthy crowds, and less costly jobs result in a lower theoretical bound. Our allocation scheme does not depend on the specific design of the trust evaluation component. Therefore, it can be combined with generic trust evaluation algorithms.

Sociocultural context as a facilitator of student learning of function concepts in mathematics

In Costa Rica, many secondary students have serious difficulties to establish relationships between mathematics and real-life contexts. They question the utilitarian role of the school mathematics. This fact motivated the research object of this report which evidences the need to overcome methodologies unrelated to students’ reality, toward new didactical options that help students to value mathematics, reasoning and its  applications, connecting it with their socio-cultural context. The research used a case study as a qualitative methodology and the social constructivism as an educational paradigm in which the knowledge is built by the student; as a product of his social interactions. A collection of learning situations was designed, validated, and implemented. It allowed establishing relationships between mathematical concepts and the socio-cultural context of participants. It analyzed the impact of students’socio-cultural context in their mathematics learning of basic concepts of real variable functions, consistent with the Ministry of Education (MEP) Official Program.  Among the results, it was found that using students’sociocultural context improved their motivational processes, mathematics sense making, and promoted cooperative social interactions. It was evidenced that contextualized learning situations favored concepts comprehension that allow students to see mathematics as a discipline closely related with their every-day life.

Teaching Sight-Reading to Undergraduate Choral Ensemble Singers: Lessons from Successful Learners

This study was designed to investigate professional choral singers’ training, perceptions on the importance of sight-reading skill in their work, and thoughts on effective pedagogy for teaching sight-reading to undergraduate choral ensemble singers. Participants in this study (N=48) included self-selected professional singers and choral conductors from the Summer 2015 Oregon Bach Festival’s Berwick Chorus and conducting Master Class. Data were gathered from questionnaire responses and audio recorded focus group sessions. Focus group data showed that the majority of participants developed proficiency in their sight-reading skills from instrumental study, aural skills classes, and through on-the-job training at a church job or other professional choral singing employment. While participants brought up a number of important job skills, sightreading was listed as perhaps the single most important skill that a professional choral singer could develop. When reading music during the rehearsal process, the data revealed two main strategies that professional singers used to interpret the pitches in their musical line: an intervallic approach and a harmonic approach. Participants marked their scores systematically to identify problem spots and leave reminders to aid with future readings, such as marking intervals, solfege syllables, or rhythmic counts. Participants reported using a variety of skills other than score marking to try to accurately find their pitches, such as looking at other vocal or instrumental lines, looking ahead, and using knowledge about a musical style or time period to make more intuitive “guesses” when sight-reading. Participants described using additional approaches when sight-reading in an audition situation, including scanning for anchors or anomalies and positive self-talk. Singers learned these sight-reading techniques from a variety of sources. Participants had many different ideas about how best to teach sight-reading in the undergraduate choral ensemble rehearsal. The top response was that sight-reading needed to be practiced consistently in order for students to improve. Other responses included developing personal accountability, empowering students, combining different teaching methods, and discussing real-life applications of becoming strong sight-readers. There was discussion about the ultimate purpose of choir at the university level and whether it is to teach musicianship skills or produce excellent performances.