Na 1 Nachlass Max Horkheimer, 634 - Aufsätze für die "Zeitschrift für Sozialforschung" und "Studies in Philosophy and Social Science" (p. IX 9.1-4-IX 10.1-7)

"Montaigne oder die Funktion der Skepsis" (GS 4, S.236-194), veröffentlicht in: Zeitschrift für Sozialforschung VII, 1938, S.1-54, englische Fassung des Aufsatzes, Typoskript, 69 Blatt; Exzerpte: Montaigne im Urteil der Nachwelt, Typoskripte, 29 Blatt; handschriftliche Stichworte zu Montaigne, 10 Blatt; 2 Zeitungsausschnitte; Leihscheine der Columbia University Library für Bücher über Montaigne; "Die Juden und Europa" (GS 4, S.308-331), veröffentlicht in: Studies in Philosophy and Social Science VIII, 1939, S. 115-137, a) Typoskript mit eigenhändigen Korrekturen, 31 Blatt, b) Typoskript mit eigenhändigen und handschriftlichen Korrekturen, 32 Blatt, c) Typoskript mit handschriftlichen Korrekturen, 27 Blatt, d) Typoskript mit handschriftlichen Korrekturen, Teilstücke, 16 Blatt, e) Typoskript mit eigenhändigen und handschriftlichen Korrekturen, 20 Blatt, f) überholte Formulierungen, Typoskript mit handschriftlichen Korrekturen, 10 Blatt; Bemerkungen zum Verhältnis von Liberalismus und Antisemitismus, a) Typoskript, 4 Blatt, b) Typoskript mit eigenhändigen Korrekturen, 9 Blatt (als Nachbemerkung zu: Ernst Engelberg: Exzerpt zu W. Frank und W. Grau), Typoskript, 1 Blatt; Exzerpte zu: Alvin Johnson, Honoré de Balzac, Guy de Maupassant, Paul Mahn, Marcel Proust, Anatole France, Marcel le Goff, Emile Zola, Typoskripte, 58 Blatt; Otto Kirchheimer: "Produktionswandel und Konzentrationstendenzen im Bankgewerbe", Typoskript, 2 Blatt; eigenhändige Adressennotiz, 1 Blatt; Otto Kirchheimer: "Reprivatisierungstendenzen des Faschismus", Typoskript mit eigenhändiger Ergänzung, 12 Blatt; Zeitungsausschnitte zur wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung, 1938, 8 Blatt;

Na 1 Nachlass Max Horkheimer, 671 - Dokumente zu "Studies in Prejudice" "Forschungsprojekte über Antisemitismus, Vorurteile, Autorität: Einzeluntersuchungen (p. IX 135-IX 136)

Über Probleme der Interpretation von Umfrageergebnissen, Datierung unklar, Typoskript, englisch, mit handschriftlichen und eigenhändigen Korrekturen, 2 Blatt; Über Zielsetzungen, Methoden und Inhalte der "Studies in Prejudice", Datierung unklar, um 1950, Typoskript, 3 Blatt; "Autorität und Familie" (GS 3, S. 336-417), 1932-1934; Materialien zur Veröffentlichung (Alcan, Paris 1936); Zur Sachverständigenerhebung: Horkheimer, Max bzw. Bouglé, Jeanne: Rundschreiben an Sachverständige, als Typoskript vervielfältigt, 3 Blatt; Fragebogen für Sachverständige, als Typoskript, vervielfältigt, 6 Blatt; Zur Erhebung bei Jugendlichen; Entwurf des Fragebogens, Typoskript mit handschriftlichen Korrekturen, 2 Blatt; Fragebögen, verschiedene Entwürfe, als Typoskript vervielfältigt und Drucke, 19 Blatt; Berichte über ausgefüllt Fragebögen aus der Schwez und Belgien, Typoskrip, 13 Blatt; "Anmerkungen für die Ausfüllung der Fragebögenpässe". Typoskript, 4 Blatt; "Zusätzliche Angabn in den Pässen für Jugendliche nach Vorschlag von Dr. Leichter". Typoskript, 1 Blatt; Anleitung zu zusätzlichen Interviews, Typoskript, 1 Blatt; "Questionaires de la jeunesse envoyés de la part du bureau de Paris le 3 juillet 1934". Typoskript, 1 Blatt; "Korrelationen", Liste, 5 Blatt; Auswertungskarte, 1 Blatt; Horkheimer, Max und Pollock, Friedrich: Stichworte zur Befragung, eigenhändige Notizen, 2 Blatt; Zur Erhebung bei Arbeitslosen: Vorbemerkung und Fragebogen, verschiedene Fassungen, Typoskript, vervielfältigt, 37 Blatt; Zur Vorbereitung und Gliederung der Untersuchung; "Untergliederung der Hauptthemen", Stichworte, Typoskript, 2 Blatt; "Die Familie", Stichworte, Typoskript, 4 Blatt; "Allgemeine Richtlinien für die Arbeit von H[ilde] W[eiss]". Typoskript, 2 Blatt; Horkheimer, Max: Zur Gliederung, eigenhändige Notizen, 1 Blatt; Sternheim, Andries: "Die Rolle des ökonomischen Motivs in der Familie der Gegenwart". Typoskript mit handschriftlichen Korrekturen, 59 Blatt [Bericht darüber in "Autoritätund Familie", Paris 1936, S. 575 ff]; Bibliographien zur Familienthematik, Typoskript, 12 Blatt; Burri, Eduard: "Offener Brief an das Institut für Sozialforschung Genf", Zeitungsdruck, Eidgenössische Nachrichten, 15.03.1934; Horkheimer, Max: "Wissenschaft und soziale Not", zwei Antwortschreiben an Eduard Burri, Zeitungsdruck, Eidgenössische Nachrichten, 04.04.1934;

Alice Rio, Legal practice and the written world in the Early Middle Ages: Frankish Formulae, c. 500-1000. (Cambridge Studies in Medieval Life and Thought), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2009; 299 pp. ISBN 978-0-521-51499-6

Fil: Peretó Rivas, Rubén.

Diatom studies in surface and downcore sediments off southern Sumatra and Java

A wealth of sedimentary records aimed at reconstructing late Quaternary changes in productivity and temperature have been devoted to understanding linkages between the Indo-Pacific Warm Pool (IPWP) and other distant oceanic areas. Most of these reconstructions are based, however, on biogeochemical and sedimentological proxies, with comparatively less attention devoted to microfossils. A high-resolution (<1 ka) study of diatom concentrations and the community at site GeoB10038-4, recovered off southern Sumatra (ca. 6°S, 103°E), closely tracks the variations of diatom concentrations in the westernmost IPWP during the last glacial-interglacial cycle. The diatom record provides evidence that diatom paleoproductivity was highest during interglacials, primarily due to the input of lithogenics and nutrients following the rise in sea level after full glacials. In addition, the co-variation of total diatom concentration and Northern Hemisphere forcing for Marine Isotope Stage 5 suggests a direct response of diatom productivity and upwelling intensity to boreal summer insolation. Temporal shifts of the diverse diatom community at site GeoB10038-4 correspond well with the present-day seasonal monsoon pattern and the strengthening and weakening phases of upwelling along the southern coast of Sumatra. Resting spores of Chaetoceros, typical of nutrient-rich waters, were dominant during periods of highest diatom paleoproductivity and responded to the strengthening of the SE monsoon, while diatoms of oligotrophic to mesotrophic waters characterized intermonsoon periods. The close correspondence between the dominance of upwelling diatoms and the boreal summer insolation resembles the present-day dynamics of diatom production. The observed interglacial highs and glacial lows of diatom productivity at site GeoB10038-4 is a unique pattern in the late Quaternary tropics.

Heat-flow studies in the Peru Trench subduction zone

New heat-flow values were obtained in the central Peru Trench area during site surveys and drilling of Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Leg 112 by measuring temperatures with ordinary surface heat-flow probes and in the drill holes and by estimating from bottom-simulating reflectors resulting from gas hydrates. The values determined by these methods are consistent with each other within the limits of error. When combined with existing data, heat-flow distribution from the trench to the coast was delineated. Heat flow is lower than 40 mW/m**2 at the bottom of the trench and 40 to 50 mW/m**2 on the landward slope. The low heat flow at the trench bottom can be explained partly by a high sedimentation rate. Heat flow is variable about where the Mendana Fracture Zone meets the trench. This low heat flow might result from hydrothermal circulation in the fracture zone, which some scientists believe is a new propagating rift. On the landward slope, no significant difference in heat flow is recognized between the northern side and the southern side of the fracture zone, in spite of differences in the age of the subducting plate and the tectonic history. Heat flow on the landward slope may be slightly higher than that in most other subduction zones.

Results of biogeochemical studies in the Russian Arctic seas: isotope and radioisotope data

Comprehensive biogeochemical studies including determination of isotopic composition of organic carbon in both suspended matter and surface layer (0-1 cm) bottom sediments (more than 260 determinations of d13C-Corg) were carried out for five Arctic shelf seas: White, Barents, Kara, East Siberian, and Chukchi Seas. The aim of this study is to elucidate causes that change isotopic composition of particulate organic carbon at the water-sediment boundary. It is shown that isotopic composition of organic carbon in sediments from seas with high river run-off (White, Kara, and East Siberian Seas) does not inherit isotopic composition of organic carbon in particles precipitating from the water column, but is enriched in 13C. Seas with low river run-off (Barents and Chukchi Seas) show insignificant difference between d13C-Corg values in both suspended load and sediments because of low content of isotopically light allochthonous organic matter in suspended matter. Biogeochemical studies with radioisotope tracers (14CO2, 35S, and 14CH4) revealed existence of specific microbial filter formed from heterotrophic and autotrophic organisms at the water-sediment boundary. This filter prevents mass influx of products of organic matter decomposition into the water column, as well as reduces influx of OM contained in suspended matter from water into sediments.

Election Studies in India

The election system is the pillar of Indian democracy. The system consists of various levels of elections to the Lok Sabha (the House of Representatives of the Union), State Legislative Assemblies, and Panchayati Raj Institutions (local self-governing bodies under State Governments). This article includes a review of studies related to the elections of Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies conducted up to the present time. Studies are divided into those based on aggregate data and those based on survey data of the individual electorate. This division has the advantage of providing data that may be used in different analytical areas. Voter turnout and votes polled by party are the two main variables to be explained. This review article thus shows what has been explained in voting behaviour in India up to the present time.

Electromagnetic Instability Studies in Fusion Plasmas Edge

Este trabajo esta dedicado al estudio de las estructuras macroscópicas conocidas en la literatura como filamentos o blobs que han sido observadas de manera universal en el borde de todo tipo de dispositivos de fusión por confinamiento magnético. Estos filamentos, celdas convectivas elongadas a lo largo de las líneas de campo que surgen en el plasma fuertemente turbulento que existe en este tipo de dispositivos, parecen dominar el transporte radial de partículas y energía en la región conocida como Scrape-off Layer, en la que las líneas de campo dejan de estar cerradas y el plasma es dirigido hacia la pared sólida que forma la cámara de vacío. Aunque el comportamiento y las leyes de escala de estas estructuras son relativamente bien conocidos, no existe aún una teoría generalmente aceptada acerca del mecanismo físico responsable de su formación, que constituye una de las principales incógnitas de la teoría de transporte del borde en plasmas de fusión y una cuestión de gran importancia práctica en el desarrollo de la siguiente generación de reactores de fusión (incluyendo dispositivos como ITER y DEMO), puesto que la eficiencia del confinamiento y la cantidad de energía depositadas en la pared dependen directamente de las características del transporte en el borde. El trabajo ha sido realizado desde una perspectiva eminentemente experimental, incluyendo la observación y el análisis de este tipo de estructuras en el stellarator tipo heliotrón LHD (un dispositivo de gran tamaño, capaz de generar plasmas de características cercanas a las necesarias en un reactor de fusión) y en el stellarator tipo heliac TJ-II (un dispositivo de medio tamaño, capaz de generar plasmas relativamente más fríos pero con una accesibilidad y disponibilidad de diagnósticos mayor). En particular, en LHD se observó la generación de filamentos durante las descargas realizadas en configuración de alta _ (alta presión cinética frente a magnética) mediante una cámara visible ultrarrápida, se caracterizó su comportamiento y se investigó, mediante el análisis estadístico y la comparación con modelos teóricos, el posible papel de la Criticalidad Autoorganizada en la formación de este tipo de estructuras. En TJ-II se diseñó y construyó una cabeza de sonda capaz de medir simultáneamente las fluctuaciones electrostáticas y electromagnéticas del plasma. Gracias a este nuevo diagnóstico se pudieron realizar experimentos con el fin de determinar la presencia de corriente paralela a través de los filamentos (un parámetro de gran importancia en su modelización) y relacionar los dos tipos de fluctuaciones por primera vez en un stellarator. Así mismo, también por primera vez en este tipo de dispositivo, fue posible realizar mediciones simultáneas de los tensores viscoso y magnético (Reynolds y Maxwell) de transporte de cantidad de movimiento. ABSTRACT This work has been devoted to the study of the macroscopic structures known in the literature as filaments or blobs, which have been observed universally in the edge of all kind of magnetic confinement fusion devices. These filaments, convective cells stretching along the magnetic field lines, arise from the highly turbulent plasma present in this kind of machines and seem to dominate radial transport of particles and energy in the region known as Scrapeoff Layer, in which field lines become open and plasma is directed towards the solid wall of the vacuum vessel. Although the behavior and scale laws of these structures are relatively well known, there is no generally accepted theory about the physical mechanism involved in their formation yet, which remains one of the main unsolved questions in the fusion plasmas edge transport theory and a matter of great practical importance for the development of the next generation of fusion reactors (including ITER and DEMO), since efficiency of confinement and the energy deposition levels on the wall are directly dependent of the characteristics of edge transport. This work has been realized mainly from an experimental perspective, including the observation and analysis of this kind of structures in the heliotron stellarator LHD (a large device capable of generating reactor-relevant plasma conditions) and in the heliac stellarator TJ-II (a medium-sized device, capable of relatively colder plasmas, but with greater ease of access and diagnostics availability). In particular, in LHD, the generation of filaments during high _ discharges (with high kinetic to magnetic pressure ratio) was observed by means of an ultrafast visible camera, and the behavior of this structures was characterized. Finally, the potential role of Self-Organized Criticality in the generation of filaments was investigated. In TJ-II, a probe head capable of measuring simultaneously electrostatic and electromagnetic fluctuations in the plasma was designed and built. Thanks to this new diagnostic, experiments were carried out in order to determine the presence of parallel current through filaments (one of the most important parameters in their modelization) and to related electromagnetic (EM) and electrostatic (ES) fluctuations for the first time in an stellarator. As well, also for the first time in this kind of device, measurements of the viscous and magnetic momentum transfer tensors (Reynolds and Maxwell) were performed.

Considerations on the success rate in aeronautical engineering studies in Spain

The relationship between different learning evaluation methods and the academic success in an aeronautical engineering degree in Spain is analysed. The study is based on data about the evolution of academic achievement obtained along the last ten year, along which the evaluation and learning’s methods have suffered huge changes.

Estudios de especiación de arsénico y acumulación de metales en muestras de interés medioambiental : Arsenic speciation and metal accumulation studies in environmental samples

Se ha estudiado la determinación de especies de arsénico y de contenidos totales de arsénico y metales pesados, específicamente cadmio, cromo, cobre, níquel, plomo y cinc, en muestras de interés medioambiental por su elevada capacidad acumuladora de metales, concretamente algas marinas comestibles y plantas terrestres procedentes de suelos contaminados por la actividad minera. La determinación de contenidos totales se ha llevado a cabo mediante espectrometría de emisión atómica con plasma de acoplamiento inductivo (ICP‐AES), así como por espectrometría de fluorescencia atómica con generación de hidruros (HG‐AFS), para bajos contenidos de arsénico. Las muestras fueron mineralizadas en medio ácido y calentamiento en horno de microondas. Los métodos fueron validados a través de su aplicación a materiales de referencia de matriz similar a la de las muestras, certificados en contenidos totales de los elementos seleccionados. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron su elevada capacidad de bioabsorción, especialmente en relación a los elevados contenidos de arsénico encontrados en algunas especies de algas pardas (Phaeophytas). En las plantas, se calcularon los factores de translocación, acumulación y biodisponibilidad de los elementos estudiados, permitiendo identificar a la especie Corrigiola telephiifolia como posible acumuladora de plomo e hiperacumuladora de arsénico. La determinación de especies de arsénico hidrosolubles en las muestras objeto de estudio, se llevó a cabo por cromatografía líquida de alta eficacia (HPLC) acoplado a ICP‐AES, HG‐ICP‐AES y HG‐AFS, incluyendo una etapa previa de foto‐oxidación. Los métodos desarrollados, mediante intercambio aniónico y catiónico, permitieron la diferenciación de hasta once especies de arsénico. Para el análisis de las muestras, fue necesaria la optimización de métodos de extracción, seleccionándose la extracción asistida por microondas (MAE) con agua desionizada. Asimismo, se realizaron estudios de estabilidad de arsénico total y de las especies hidrosolubles presentes en las algas, tanto sobre la muestra sólida como en sus extractos acuosos, evaluando las condiciones de almacenamiento adecuadas. En el caso de las plantas, la aplicación del diseño factorial de experimentos permitió optimizar el método de extracción y diferenciar entre las especies de arsénico presentes en forma de iones sencillos de mayor movilidad y el arsénico más fuertemente enlazado a componentes estructurales. Los resultados obtenidos permitieron identificar la presencia de arseniato (As(V)) y arsenito (As(III)) en las plantas, así como de ácido monometilarsónico (MMA) y óxido de trimetilarsina (TMAO) en algunas especies. En la mayoría de las algas se encontraron especies tóxicas, tanto mayoritarias (arseniato) como minoritarias (ácido dimetilarsínico (DMA)), así como hasta cuatro arsenoazúcares. Los resultados obtenidos y su estudio a través de la legislación vigente, mostraron la necesidad de desarrollar una reglamentación específica para el control de este tipo de alimentos. La determinación de especies de arsénico liposolubles en las muestras de algas se llevó a cabo mediante HPLC, en modo fase inversa, acoplado a espectrometría de masas con plasma de acoplamiento inductivo (ICP‐MS) y con ionización por electrospray (ESI‐MS), permitiendo la elucidación estructural de estos compuestos a través de la determinación de sus masas moleculares. Para ello, fue necesaria la puesta a punto de métodos extracción y purificación de los extractos. La metodología desarrollada permitió identificar hasta catorce especies de arsénico liposolubles en las algas, tres de ellas correspondientes a hidrocarburos que contienen arsénico, y once a arsenofosfolípidos, además de dos especies desconocidas. Las masas moleculares de las especies identificadas fueron confirmadas mediante cromatografía de gases acoplada a espectrometría de masas (GC‐MS) y espectrometría de masas de alta resolución (HR‐MS). ABSTRACT The determination of arsenic species and total arsenic and heavy metal contents (cadmium, chromium, cooper, nickel, lead and zinc) in environmental samples, with high metal accumulator capacity, has been studied. The samples studied were edible marine algae and terrestrial plants from soils polluted by mining activities. The determination of total element contents was performed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP‐AES), as well as by hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry (HG‐AFS) for low arsenic contents. The samples studied were digested in an acidic medium by heating in a microwave oven. The digestion methods were validated against reference materials, with matrix similar to sample matrix and certified in total contents of the elements studied. The results showed the high biosorption capacity of the samples studied, especially regarding the high arsenic contents in some species of brown algae (Phaeophyta division). In terrestrial plants, the translocation, accumulation and bioavailability factors of the elements studied were calculated. Thus, the plant species Corrigiola telephiifolia was identified as possible lead accumulator and arsenic hyperaccumulator. The determination of water‐soluble arsenic species in the samples studied was carried out by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled to ICP‐AES, HG‐ICP‐AES and HG‐AFS, including a prior photo‐oxidation step. The chromatographic methods developed, by anion and cation exchange, allowed us to differentiate up to eleven arsenic species. The sample analysis required the optimization of extraction methods, choosing the microwave assisted extraction (MAE) with deionized water. On the other hand, the stability of total arsenic and water‐soluble arsenic species in algae, both in the solid samples and in the water extracts, was studied, assessing the suitable storage conditions. In the case of plant samples, the application of a multivariate experimental design allowed us to optimize the extraction method and differentiate between the arsenic species present as simple ions of higher mobility and the arsenic more strongly bound to structural components. The presence of arsenite (As(III)) and arsenate (As(V)) was identified in plant samples, as well as monomethylarsonic acid (MMA) and trimethylarsine oxide (TMAO) in some cases. Regarding algae, toxic arsenic species were found in most of them, both As(V) and dimethylarsinic acid (DMA), as well as up to four arsenosugars. These results were discussed according to the current legislation, showing the need to develop specific regulations to control this kind of food products. The determination of lipid‐soluble arsenic species in alga samples was performed by reversed‐phase HPLC coupled to inductively coupled plasma and electrospray mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS and ESI‐MS), in order to establish the structure of these compounds by determining the corresponding molecular masses. For this purpose, it was necessary to develop an extraction method, as well as a clean‐up method of the extracts. The method developed permitted the identification of fourteen lipid‐soluble arsenic compounds in algae, corresponding to three arsenic‐hydrocarbons and eleven arsenosugarphospholipids, as well as two unknown compounds. Accurate mass measurements of the identified compounds were performed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) and high resolution mass spectrometry (HR‐MS).

Participatory modelling to support decision making in water management under uncertainty: Two comparative case studies in the Guadiana river basin, Spain.

A participatory modelling process has been conducted in two areas of the Guadiana river (the upper and the middle sub-basins), in Spain, with the aim of providing support for decision making in the water management field. The area has a semi-arid climate where irrigated agriculture plays a key role in the economic development of the region and accounts for around 90% of water use. Following the guidelines of the European Water Framework Directive, we promote stakeholder involvement in water management with the aim to achieve an improved understanding of the water system and to encourage the exchange of knowledge and views between stakeholders in order to help building a shared vision of the system. At the same time, the resulting models, which integrate the different sectors and views, provide some insight of the impacts that different management options and possible future scenarios could have. The methodology is based on a Bayesian network combined with an economic model and, in the middle Guadiana sub-basin, with a crop model. The resulting integrated modelling framework is used to simulate possible water policy, market and climate scenarios to find out the impacts of those scenarios on farm income and on the environment. At the end of the modelling process, an evaluation questionnaire was filled by participants in both sub-basins. Results show that this type of processes are found very helpful by stakeholders to improve the system understanding, to understand each others views and to reduce conflict when it exists. In addition, they found the model an extremely useful tool to support management. The graphical interface, the quantitative output and the explicit representation of uncertainty helped stakeholders to better understand the implications of the scenario tested. Finally, the combination of different types of models was also found very useful, as it allowed exploring in detail specific aspects of the water management problems.

Histopathological Defects in Intestine in Severe Spinal Muscular Atrophy Mice Are Improved by Systemic Antisense Oligonucleotide Treatment

Funding: This study is supported by the National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust and University College London (FM and HZ), the Medical Research Council grant (grant reference MR/L013142/1, FM), SMA-Europe grant (FM and HZ) and Great Ormond Street Hospital Children’s Charity grants (FM and JM). JEM is supported by Great Ormond Street Hospital Children’s Charity. PS is supported by Bill Marshall Fellowship and The CP Charitable Trust at Great Ormond Street Hospital and UCL. SHP is supported by SMA Trust and Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research.

Phenotype-genotype studies in kuru: Implications for new variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease

The PRNP polymorphic (methionine/valine) codon 129 genotype influences the phenotypic features of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy. All tested cases of new variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (nvCJD) have been homozygous for methionine, and it is conjectural whether different genotypes, if they appear, might have distinctive phenotypes and implications for the future “epidemic curve” of nvCJD. Genotype-phenotype studies of kuru, the only other orally transmitted transmissible spongiform encephalopathy, might be instructive in predicting the answers to these questions. We therefore extracted DNA from blood clots or sera from 92 kuru patients, and analyzed their codon 129 PRNP genotypes with respect to the age at onset and duration of illness and, in nine cases, to detailed clinical and neuropathology data. Homozygosity at codon 129 (particularly for methionine) was associated with an earlier age at onset and a shorter duration of illness than was heterozygosity, but other clinical characteristics were similar for all genotypes. In the nine neuropathologically examined cases, the presence of histologically recognizable plaques was limited to cases carrying at least one methionine allele (three homozygotes and one heterozygote). If nvCJD behaves like kuru, future cases (with longer incubation periods) may begin to occur in older individuals with heterozygous codon 129 genotypes and signal a maturing evolution of the nvCJD “epidemic.” The clinical phenotype of such cases should be similar to that of homozygous cases, but may have less (or at least less readily identified) amyloid plaque formation.