998 resultados para Pos-harvest


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The present paper discusses the data obtained in shade and unshaded coffee plots at Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil. The results, analysed statistically, can be summarized as follows: a) unshaded plots produced 17% more than shaded ones; b) the percentage of coffee berry borer infestation was higher in shaded plots as compared with unshaded ones; c) the percentage of green (not ripened fruits) depends of the harvest time. When the harvest was retarded, the percentage of green fruits was higher in the shaded plots. When the percentage of green fruits was the same, both in shaded and unshaded plots, the percentage of ripened was higher and the percentage of dried fruits was lesser in the shaded plots as compared with unshaded ones; d) other comparisons as production of dried grains by the field fruits, relation between dried fruits and dried grains and cup-test by expert coffee-taster, did not show differences among shaded and unshaded plots.

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The authors discuss a formula for the determination of the most profitable level of fertilization (x*). This formula, presented by CAREY and ROBINSON (1953), can be written as: x*= (1/c) log cx u L10 + (1/c) log wu _______ ___ 1-10 x u t being c the growth factor in Mitscherlich's equation, x u a standard dressing of the nutrient, L 10 the Naeperian logarithm of 10, u the response to the standard dressing, w the unit price of the crop product, and i the unit price of the nutrient. This formula is a modification of one of the formulas of PIMENTEL GOMES (1953). One of its advantages is that is does not depend on A, the theoretical maximum harvest, which is not directly given by experimental data. But another advantage, proved in this. paper, is that the first term on the right hand side K= 1(/c) log cx u L 10 ____________ 1 - 10-cx u is practically independent of c, and approximately equivalent to (1/2) x u. So, we have approximately x* = (1/2) x u + (1/c) log wu . ____ x u t With experimental data we compute z = wu ____ x u t then using tables 1, 2 and 3, we may obtain Y - (1/c) log z and finally x* = (1/2) x u + Y. This is an easy way to determine the most profitable level of fertilization when experimental data on the response u to a dressing x u are available. Tables for the calculation of Y are included, for nitrogen, phosphorus, potash, and manure.

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I. This paper deals with an experiment carried out to evaluate the effect of the sugar cane upper end on the composition of the sugar cane harvest as a raw material for the sugar industry. The variety studied was Co 421. The authors intend to study other varieties in the future. The data were collected from plant cane, at intervals of two weeks, always from the same field, from a small central area of 3.000 square meters approximately. Sixty (60) stalks were cut in each occasion, randomly chosen from the whole area. They were afterwards separated into three groups of 20 stalks, one for each of the treatments, namely: a) Complete stalks, with no leaves or sheaths. b) Stalks harvested by the technique of REYNOSO, that is, as usually done in practice. c) Stalks with the tops completely cut out, that is, cut by technique of REYNOSO and then with 3 other top internodes eliminated. The treatments caused significant differences on the following technological characteristics: a) Weight b) Cane pol c) Available sucrose (pol) per cent cane d) Cane juice pol e) Saline coefficient of juice. II. Except for weight, all changes were favorable to treatment c, even if with differences relatively slight, in percentage. IIII. Treatment differences for cane fiber, brix, reducing sugars, juice ashes, coefficient of purity and glucose coefficient were not significant. IV. Time of harvest was an important factor affecting the composition of the cane and of the juice. V. On the average the available sucrose of cane for treatments, with an standard error of 0.13%, was: Treatment c 13.05% Treatment b 12.65% Treatment a 12.53% This shows that there is no sound basis for the heavy fines applied by some sugar mills to planters who do not cut low enough the tops of the cane stalks.

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This paper deals with data obtained in 1959 and 1960 in shaded and unshaded coffee plots at Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil. The results can be summarized as follows: a) the production, in shaded and unshaded plots, did not show differences statisticaly significant; b) the percentage of coffee berry borer infestation was higher in shaded plots as compared with unshaded ones; c) the percentage of green, ripened and dry fruits depends of the year and of the harvest time. In the same harvest time, both for shaded and for unshaded plots the percentages in the shaded plots were higher for green fruits and lesser for ripened and dry fruits; d) coffee fruits brought from the field in the harvest time yielding up in unshaded plots as compared with shaded ones; e) the relation grains/dry fruits was better in shaded plots.

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This paper deals with data obtained in 1961 and 1962 in shaded and unshaded coffee plots at Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil. The results can be summarized as follows: a - the production, in shaded and unshaded plots, did not show differences statistically significant; b - the percentage of coffee berry borer infestation was higher in shaded plots as compared with unshaded ones; c - coffee fruits brought from the field in the harvest time yielding up in sunshaded plots as compared with shaded ones.

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I. This paper deals with an experiment carried out to evaluate the effect of sugar cane upper end on the composition of the stalks and juice of sugar cane harvest as a raw material for the sugar industry. The variety studied was CB 41-76. The data were collected from plant cane at intervals of a two weeks, always from the same field, from a small central area of 3.000 square meters approximately, 60 stalks were cut in each occasion, randomly chosen from the whole area. They were afterwards separated into three groups of 20 stalks one for each of the treatments, namely: a) Complete stalk, with no leaves or sheaths. b) Stalks harvested by the technique of REYNOSO, that is, as usually done in practice. c) Stalks with the tops completely cut out, that is, cut by the techinique of REYNOSO and then with 3 other top internodes eliminated. The treatments caused significant differences on the weight of cane and coefficient of purity of juice, but the percentual differences between the average treatments a and c is 13% and 2%, respectively. II. Treatment differences for cane pol, cane fibre, brix, juice pol, reducing sugars, juice ashes, glucose coefficient, saline coefficient and available sucrose (pol) per cent were not significant. III. Time of harvest was an important factor affecting the composition of the cane and the juice. This paper shows that there is no sound basis for the heavy fines applied some sugar mills to planters who do not cut low enough the tops of the cane stalks.

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In the present work it was sougth to correlate the coloration of the fruit of Ananas comosus variety Perola with the pulp quality, aiming at the orientation of the fruit grower to the correct time of harvest. Pineapple fruit was chosen in 5 stages of maturation recognized by its external characteristics, principally its color. The fruits of each stage of maturation were analysed, determining the. weight, the percentage of soluble solids, and relation of acid to soluble solids. At the same time a test was made classifying the fruits as acid, regular, good, excellent, and spoiled. A correlation was found between the external coloration of the fruit and the degree of maturation. Concluding from this that the best time to harvest the variety Perola is in the third stage in the regions closest to the market and in the second stage in the regions which are farther away. For the cannery industry the fruit should be harvest in the first stage.

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This paper deals with data obtained in 1963, 1964, 1965 e 1966 in shaded and unshaded coffee plots at Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil. The results can be summarized as follows: a. the production, in shaded and unshaded plots, did not show differences statisticaly significant; b. the percentage of coffee berry borer infestations was higher in shaded plots as compared with unshaded ones; c. the percentage of green, ripened and dry fruits depends on the year and on the harvest time.

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This research, deals with the effects of exogenous growth regulators on infection by microorganisms on soybean (Glycine max cv. Davis) seeds. To study the influence of the chemicals, soybean plants were sprayed with gibberellic acid (GA) 100 ppm, (2-chloroethyl) trimethylammonium chloride (CCC) 2,000 ppm, succinic acid-2,2-dimethy1hydrazide (SADH) 4,000 ppm, indolylacetic acid (IAA) 100 ppm, 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA) 20 ppm (three applications), and Agrostemin (1g/10 ml/ 3 1). Application of growth regulators did not affect infect ion by microorganisms on soybean seeds. The prominent fungus isolated was Phomopsis sojae. Alternaria and Fusarium spp. were isolated from seeds. The presence of a bacterium on the seeds was observed. The delay in harvest and high humidity increased the number of seeds from which Phomopsis was recovered.

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A trial was carried out on an eight old coffee plantation with visible zinc problems. The plantation was situated nearly the city of Jaú (22º30'S, 48º30'W). State of São Paulo, Brazil. The soil is classified as medium texture Oxisol of low base saturation (Latossol Vermelho Amarelo - fase arenosa). The pulverization program started in november 1977, followed in march and July 1978 (heavy harvest) and ended in march and July 1979 (light harvest). Is should be mentioned that a well reconized characteristic of arábica coffe is its habit of biennial bearing, a very heavy harvest is most often followed by a light load the next year. The following treatments and amounts of chemicals per cova hole (4 trees) were tested in accordance with a random block design: 1. 1 g of zinc (zinc sulphate, 0.5%) 2. 3 g of nitrogen (urea, 1.3%) 3. 1 g of zinc + 3 g of nitrogen (zinc sulphate 0.5% + urea 1.3%) 4. 0.25 g, 0.50 g, 1.00 g, 2.00 g of zinc plus 0.75 g, 1.50 g, 3.00 g and 6.00 of nitrogen (correspondent to NZN* 15-0-0-5 as 0.75%, 1-5%, 3.0% and 6.0% by v/v). Foliar absorption data were obtained by collecting the 3rd and 4th pairs of the coffee leaves and analysed them for N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn. The main results may be summarized as follows: 1. The maximum calculated yields of clean coffee were obtained by the applications of 5.84 1 of NZN (1.13%) per hectare. 2. The applications of zinc sulphate (0.5%) and urea (1.3%) together or separate did not affected the coffee bean production. 3. The applications of 15.0 1 of NZN per hectare reduced the coffee yields. 4. Leaf damages and burning symptoms were observed by the applications of urea (1.3%) plus zinc sulphate (0.5%) and larger doses than 7.5 1 of NZN per hectare. 5. Leaf tissue analysis show that the concentrations of the elements were affecred by the age of the leaves and by the yields of the coffee trees. 6. The applications of increasing doses of NZN causes an increase in the concentration of zinc, manganese and boron in the leaves and decreased the concentration in calcium and potassium the leaves. 7. The concentration of zinc in the leaves associated with the heavy harvest, in July, was 70.0 ppm.

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Mangoes, cv. Imperial, were exposed, in post harvest, to the following methods of ripening: 1) sawdust burning; 2) alcohol vaporization; 3) calcium carbide (acetylene), 4) vapour of ethylene; and, 5) immersion in ethefon. All methods resulted in acceleration of ripening, when compared to controls. Calcium carbide, ethelene and ethefon were the best, methods. Alcohol vaporization also showed good results sawdust burning method showing low efficiency.

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Mature fruits of mango 'Paheri' were treated immediately after harvest with ethefon at 0 - 250 - 500 - 1.000 and 2.000 ppm. Fruit ripening was accelerated by all treatments , the time to maturity being reduced from 48 to 72 hours, when compared with controls. Maturation was evaluated, by external colour of fruits, soluble solids and acid contents.

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A field experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of ethephon and urea on ripening of fruits and leaf abscission of coffee plant. Ethephon (2-chloroethane phosphonic acid) sprays were applied to green Coffea arábica berries 26 days before counting date in concentrations of 0.5 and 0.25 ml/1 from Ethrel (240 a.i./l). The chemical accelerated the onset of fruit ripening at both concentrations. The efficacy of ethephon was increased adding urea. Ethephon 0.5 ml/1 promoted abscission of leaves and low concentration reduced shedding of leaves. The treatments did not affect the growth and production on the next harvest.

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Two nutrient foliar sprays, namely Ferti-Foliage (21-21 -21) and Wuxal (9-9-7), were applied to peanut plants under field conditions. Both were applied 23 days after germination of seeds, at the beginning of flowering, and during flowering. Other treatments were application of NPK fertilizer (9-30-16, 250 kg/ha) into the soil and check (no fertilizer). The experiment was carried out on a latosolic B "Terra Roxa" soil, sowing being made on March 6th and harvest on July 10th. Statistical analysis showed no significant differences amongst treatments. However, certain treatments had better yields. For instance, application of Ferti-Foliage showed a tendency to increasing number of pods per plant and number of seeds per pod. Same product when applied at the beginning of flowering had a tendency to increase production of seeds and of forage. Application of NPK (9-30-16) into the soil showed similar results.

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Com o objetivo de combater o ácaro da leprose foi montado um campo experimental com os seguintes tratamentos: A) testemunha; B) clofentezina, 9,45g; C) clofentezina, 9,45g + alquenóis multimetílicos, 0,4g; D) quinometionato, 25,Og; E) quinometionato, 37,5g; F) piretróide RU-1.000, l,76g; G) piretróide RU-1.0Q0, 2,0g; H) dicofol, 37,0g (tratamento padrão). As quantidades citadas são de ingredientes ativos em 1000 litros de calda (Tabela 1). Cada laranjeira foi pulverizada com 6 litros de calda, aplicada com pulverizador costal motorizado. Foram feitas 6 avaliações: a prévia (03 dias antes da pulverização) e 5 pos-aplicaçao (05, 14, 18, 26 e 35 dias após a aplicação). Pela análise dos resultados obtidos verifica-se que os tratamentos B, F, G e H. foram os mais eficientes. Os resultados da redução real podem ser observados na Tabela 2.