Identification et caractérisation de facteurs impliqués dans la réplication et la stabilité des génomes des organelles de plantes

Comparativement au génome contenu dans le noyau de la cellule de plante, nos connaissances des génomes des deux organelles de cette cellule, soit le plastide et la mitochondrie, sont encore très limitées. En effet, un nombre très restreint de facteurs impliqués dans la réplication et la réparation de l’ADN de ces compartiments ont été identifiés à ce jour. Au cours de notre étude, nous avons démontré l’implication de la famille de protéines Whirly dans le maintien de la stabilité des génomes des organelles. Des plantes mutantes pour des gènes Whirly chez Arabidopsis thaliana et Zea mays montrent en effet une augmentation du nombre de molécules d’ADN réarrangées dans les plastides. Ces nouvelles molécules sont le résultat d’une forme de recombinaison illégitime nommée microhomology-mediated break-induced replication qui, en temps normal, se produit rarement dans le plastide. Chez un mutant d’Arabidopsis ne possédant plus de protéines Whirly dans les plastides, ces molécules d’ADN peuvent même être amplifiées jusqu’à cinquante fois par rapport au niveau de l’ADN sauvage et causer un phénotype de variégation. L’étude des mutants des gènes Whirly a mené à la mise au point d’un test de sensibilité à un antibiotique, la ciprofloxacine, qui cause des bris double brin spécifiquement au niveau de l’ADN des organelles. Le mutant d’Arabidopsis ne contenant plus de protéines Whirly dans les plastides est plus sensible à ce stress que la plante sauvage. L’agent chimique induit en effet une augmentation du nombre de réarrangements dans le génome du plastide. Bien qu’un autre mutant ne possédant plus de protéines Whirly dans les mitochondries ne soit pas plus sensible à la ciprofloxacine, on retrouve néanmoins plus de réarrangements dans son ADN mitochondrial que dans celui de la plante sauvage. Ces résultats suggèrent donc une implication pour les protéines Whirly dans la réparation des bris double brin de l’ADN des organelles de plantes. Notre étude de la stabilité des génomes des organelles a ensuite conduit à la famille des protéines homologues des polymérases de l’ADN de type I bactérienne. Plusieurs groupes ont en effet suggéré que ces enzymes étaient responsables de la synthèse de l’ADN dans les plastides et les mitochondries. Nous avons apporté la preuve génétique de ce lien grâce à des mutants des deux gènes PolI d’Arabidopsis, qui encodent des protéines hautement similaires. La mutation simultanée des deux gènes est létale et les simples mutants possèdent moins d’ADN dans les organelles des plantes en bas âge, confirmant leur implication dans la réplication de l’ADN. De plus, les mutants du gène PolIB, mais non ceux de PolIA, sont hypersensibles à la ciprofloxacine, suggérant une fonction dans la réparation des bris de l’ADN. En accord avec ce résultat, la mutation combinée du gène PolIB et des gènes des protéines Whirly du plastide produit des plantes avec un phénotype très sévère. En définitive, l’identification de deux nouveaux facteurs impliqués dans le métabolisme de l’ADN des organelles nous permet de proposer un modèle simple pour le maintien de ces deux génomes.

Genomic variation in recombination patterns : implications for disease and cancer

Durant la méiose, il se produit des échanges réciproques entre fragments de chromosomes homologues par recombinaison génétique. Les chromosomes parentaux ainsi modifiés donnent naissance à des gamètes uniques. En redistribuant les mutations génétiques pour générer de nouvelles combinaisons, ce processus est à l’origine de la diversité haplotypique dans la population. Dans cette thèse, je présente des résultats décrivant l’implication de la recombinaison méiotique dans les maladies chez l’humain. Premièrement, l'analyse statistique de données de génotypage de familles québécoises démontre une importante hétérogénéité individuelle et sexe-spécifique des taux de recombinaisons. Pour la première fois chez l’humain, nous avons observé que le taux de recombinaison maternel diminue avec l'âge de la mère, un phénomène potentiellement impliqué dans la régulation du taux d’aneuploïdie associé à l’âge maternel. Ensuite, grâce à l’analyse de données de séquençage d’exomes de patients atteints de leucémie et de ceux de leurs parents, nous avons découvert une localisation anormale des évènements de recombinaison chez les enfants leucémiques. Le gène PRDM9, principal déterminant de la localisation des recombinaisons chez l’humain, présente des formes alléliques rares dans ces familles. Finalement, en utilisant un large spectre de variants génétiques identifiés dans les transcriptomes d’individus Canadiens Français, nous avons étudié et comparé le fardeau génétique présent dans les régions génomiques à haut et à faible taux de recombinaison. Le fardeau génétique est substantiellement plus élevé dans les régions à faible taux de recombinaison et nous démontrons qu’au niveau individuel, ce fardeau varie selon la population humaine. Grâce à l’utilisation de données génomiques de pointe pour étudier la recombinaison dans des cohortes populationnelles et médicales, ce travail démontre de quelle façon la recombinaison peut affecter la santé des individus.

Development of 18 Polymorphic Microsatellite Markers for Vinca minor (Apocynaceae) via 454 Pyrosequencing

• Premise of the study: Polymorphic microsatellite markers were developed in Vinca minor (Apocynaceae) to evaluate the level of clonality, population structure, and genetic diversity of the species within its native and introduced range. • Methods and Results: A total of 1371 microsatellites were found in 43,565 reads from 454 pyrosequencing of genomic V. minor DNA. Additional microsatellite loci were mined from publicly available cDNA sequences. After several rounds of screening, 18 primer pairs flanking di-, tri-, or tetranucleotide repeats were identified that revealed high levels of genetic diversity in two native Italian populations, with two to 11 alleles per locus. Clonal growth predominated in two populations from the introduced range in Germany. Five loci successfully cross-amplified in three additional Vinca species. • Conclusions: The novel polymorphic microsatellite markers are promising tools for studying clonality and population genetics of V. minor and for assessing the historical origin of Central European populations.

Low genetic diversity and functional constraint in loci encoding Plasmodium vivax P12 and P38 proteins in the Colombian population

Background Plasmodium vivax is one of the five species causing malaria in human beings, affecting around 391 million people annually. The development of an anti-malarial vaccine has been proposed as an alternative for controlling this disease. However, its development has been hampered by allele-specific responses produced by the high genetic diversity shown by some parasite antigens. Evaluating these antigens’ genetic diversity is thus essential when designing a completely effective vaccine. Methods The gene sequences of Plasmodium vivax p12 (pv12) and p38 (pv38), obtained from field isolates in Colombia, were used for evaluating haplotype polymorphism and distribution by population genetics analysis. The evolutionary forces generating the variation pattern so observed were also determined. Results Both pv12 and pv38 were shown to have low genetic diversity. The neutral model for pv12 could not be discarded, whilst polymorphism in pv38 was maintained by balanced selection restricted to the gene’s 5′ region. Both encoded proteins seemed to have functional/structural constraints due to the presence of s48/45 domains, which were seen to be highly conserved.

Búsqueda de selección en el polimorfismo 677C>T (c.665C>T) del gen de la metilentetrahidrofolato reductasa (MTHFR) en una población Colombiana

Se realizó un estudio genético – poblacional en dos grupos etarios de población colombiana con la finalidad de evaluar las diferencias genéticas relacionadas con el polimorfismo MTHFR 677CT en busca de eventos genéticos que soporten la persistencia de este polimorfismo en la especie humana debido que este ha sido asociado con múltiples enfermedades. De esta manera se genotipificaron los individuos, se analizaron los genotipos, frecuencias alélicas y se realizaron diferentes pruebas genéticas-poblacionales. Contrario a lo observado en poblaciones Colombianas revisadas se identificó la ausencia del Equilibrio Hardy-Weinberg en el grupo de los niños y estructuras poblacionales entre los adultos lo que sugiere diferentes historias demográficas y culturales entre estos dos grupos poblacionales al tiempo, lo que soporta la hipótesis de un evento de selección sobre el polimorfismo en nuestra población. De igual manera nuestros datos fueron analizados junto con estudios previos a nivel nacional y mundial lo cual sustenta que el posible evento selectivo es debido a que el aporte de ácido fólico se ha incrementado durante las últimas dos décadas como consecuencia de las campañas de fortificación de las harinas y suplementación a las embarazadas con ácido fólico, por lo tanto aquí se propone un modelo de selección que se ajusta a los datos encontrados en este trabajo se establece una relación entre los patrones nutricionales de la especie humana a través de la historia que explica las diferencias en frecuencias de este polimorfismo a nivel espacial y temporal.  

A Validated Methodology for Genetic Identification of Tuna Species (Genus Thunnus)

Tuna species of the genus Thunnus, such as the bluefin tunas, are some of the most important and yet most endangered trade fish in the world. Identification of these species in traded forms, however, may be difficult depending on the presentation of the products, which may hamper conservation efforts on trade control. In this paper, we validated a genetic methodology that can fully distinguish between the eight Thunnus species from any kind of processed tissue. Methodology: After testing several genetic markers, a complete discrimination of the eight tuna species was achieved using Forensically Informative Nucleotide Sequencing based primarily on the sequence variability of the hypervariable genetic marker mitochondrial DNA control region (mtDNA CR), followed, in some specific cases, by a second validation by a nuclear marker rDNA first internal transcribed spacer (ITS1). This methodology was able to distinguish all tuna species, including those belonging to the subgenus Neothunnus that are very closely related, and in consequence can not be differentiated with other genetic markers of lower variability. This methodology also took into consideration the presence of introgression that has been reported in past studies between T. thynnus, T. orientalis and T. alalunga. Finally, we applied the methodology to cross-check the species identity of 26 processed tuna samples. Conclusions: Using the combination of two genetic markers, one mitochondrial and another nuclear, allows a full discrimination between all eight tuna species. Unexpectedly, the genetic marker traditionally used for DNA barcoding, cytochrome oxidase 1, could not differentiate all species, thus its use as a genetic marker for tuna species identification is questioned

Els límits i les relacions entre els peixos acanthopterygii: filogènia molecular de mugilomorpha i atherinomorpha

Sovint, la sistemàtica, basada principalment en caràcters morfològics, no es correspon amb els processos evolutius relacionats amb l'aparició dels grups d'organismes. En l'actualitat, la utilització de les dades moleculars es fa indispensable per a una revisió i millora de la classificació biològica de diversos organismes, com els peixos Acanthopterygii. A la sèrie Mugilomorpha la incongruència entre la taxonomia i la filogènia sorgeix de l'elevada semblança morfològica trobada per part dels seus membres. Pel que fa referència a la sèrie Atherinomorpha, la problemàtica principal resideix en determinar la seva proximitat evolutiva respecte a la sèrie anterior i en establir les relacions filogenètiques dins de la mateixa. Per tant, s'hi ha volgut estimar tant la divergència genètica dins de cada sèrie com inferir les relacions filogenètiques entre ambdues mitjançant la seqüenciació directa del DNA de les regions mitocondrials corresponents al tRNA-Phe, 12S rRNA, COI, cytb, tRNA-Thr, tRNA-Pro i regió control.

Lack of myostatin results in excessive muscle growth but impaired force generation

The lack of myostatin promotes growth of skeletal muscle, and blockade of its activity has been proposed as a treatment for various muscle-wasting disorders. Here, we have examined two independent mouse lines that harbor mutations in the myostatin gene, constitutive null (Mstn(-/-)) and compact (Berlin High Line, BEH(c/c)). We report that, despite a larger muscle mass relative to age-matched wild types, there was no increase in maximum tetanic force generation, but that when expressed as a function of muscle size (specific force), muscles of myostatin-deficient mice were weaker than wild-type muscles. In addition, Mstn(-/-) muscle contracted and relaxed faster during a single twitch and had a marked increase in the number of type IIb fibers relative to wild-type controls. This change was also accompanied by a significant increase in type IIB fibers containing tubular aggregates. Moreover, the ratio of mitochondrial DNA to nuclear DNA and mitochondria number were decreased in myostatin-deficient muscle, suggesting a mitochondrial depletion. Overall, our results suggest that lack of myostatin compromises force production in association with loss of oxidative characteristics of skeletal muscle.

Population genetic models can be used to study the evolution of the interacting behaviours of parents and their progeny

An example of the evolution of the interacting behaviours of parents and progeny is studied using iterative equations linking the frequencies of the gametes produced by the progeny to the frequencies of the gametes in the parental generation. This population genetics approach shows that a model in which both behaviours are determined by a single locus can lead to a stable equilibrium in which the two behaviours continue to segregate. A model in which the behaviours are determined by genes at two separate loci leads eventually to fixation of the alleles at both loci but this can take many generations of selection. Models of the type described in this paper will be needed to understand the evolution of complex behaviour when genomic or experimental information is available about the genetic determinants of behaviour and the selective values of different genomes. (c) 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

A two-locus forensic match probability for subdivided populations

A two-locus match probability is presented that incorporates the effects of within-subpopulation inbreeding (consanguinity) in addition to population subdivision. The usual practice of calculating multi-locus match probabilities as the product of single-locus probabilities assumes independence between loci. There are a number of population genetics phenomena that can violate this assumption: in addition to consanguinity, which increases homozygosity at all loci simultaneously, gametic disequilibrium will introduce dependence into DNA profiles. However, in forensics the latter problem is usually addressed in part by the careful choice of unlinked loci. Hence, as is conventional, we assume gametic equilibrium here, and focus instead on between-locus dependence due to consanguinity. The resulting match probability formulae are an extension of existing methods in the literature, and are shown to be more conservative than these methods in the case of double homozygote matches. For two-locus profiles involving one or more heterozygous genotypes, results are similar to, or smaller than, the existing approaches.

Viable Calves Produced by Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer Using Meiotic-Blocked Oocytes

Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) has had an enormous impact on our understanding of biology and remains a unique tool for multiplying valuable laboratory and domestic animals. However, the complexity of the procedure and its poor efficiency are factors that limit a wider application of SCNT. In this context, oocyte meiotic arrest is an important option to make SCNT more flexible and increase the number of cloned embryos produced. Herein, we show that the use of butyrolactone I in association with brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) to arrest the meiotic division for 24 h prior to in vitro maturation provides bovine (Bos indicus) oocytes capable of supporting development of blastocysts and full-term cloned calves at least as efficiently as nonarrested oocytes. Furthermore, the procedure resulted in cloned blastocysts with an 1.5- and twofold increase of POU5F1 and IFNT2 expression, respectively, which are well-known markers of embryonic viability. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number was diminished by prematuration in immature oocytes (718,585 +/- 34,775 vs. 595,579 +/- 31,922, respectively, control and treated groups) but was unchanged in mature oocytes (522,179 +/- 45,617 vs. 498,771 +/- 33,231) and blastocysts (816,627 +/- 40,235 vs. 765,332 +/- 51,104). To our knowledge, this is the first report of cloned offspring born to prematured oocytes, indicating that meiotic arrest could have significant implications for laboratories working with SCNT and in vitro embryo production.

A molecular phylogeny of the stingless bee genus Melipona (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

Stingless bees (Meliponini) constitute a diverse group of highly eusocial insects that occur throughout tropical regions around the world. The meliponine genus Melipona is restricted to the New World tropics and has over 50 described species. Melipona, like Apis, possesses the remarkable ability to use representational communication to indicate the location of foraging patches. Although Melipona has been the subject of numerous behavioral, ecological, and genetic studies, the evolutionary history of this genus remains largely unexplored. Here, we implement a multigene phylogenetic approach based on nuclear, mitochondrial, and ribosomal loci, coupled with molecular clock methods, to elucidate the phylogenetic relationships and antiquity of subgenera and species of Melipona. Our phylogenetic analysis resolves the relationship among subgenera and tends to agree with morphology-based classification hypotheses. Our molecular clock analysis indicates that the genus Melipona shared a most recent common ancestor at least similar to 14-17 million years (My) ago. These results provide the groundwork for future comparative analyses aimed at understanding the evolution of complex communication mechanisms in eusocial Apidae. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Morphology, molecular phylogeny, and taxonomic inconsistencies in the study of Bradypus sloths (Pilosa: Bradypodidae)

This study focuses on morphological and molecular data analyses, misidentifications, and phylogenetic inconsistencies regarding Bradypus variegatus (the brown-throated sloth) and B. tridactylus (the pale-throated sloth). Misidentifications were recorded on 75 of 313 museum specimens of Bradypus. Almost 90% of the misidentified specimens were B. variegatus from north-central Brazil, erroneously attributed to B. tridactylus. These misidentified specimens are reported in taxonomic reviews as the southernmost records of B. tridactylus. A history of confusing nomenclature regarding sloth species exists, and these particular misidentifications could be attributable to the similarity in face and throat color between B. variegatus from north-central Brazil and B. tridactylus. The molecular phylogeny of morphologically confirmed sloth specimens exhibits 2 monophyletic lineages representing B. variegatus and B. tridactylus. The split time between these 2 lineages was estimated at 6 million years ago (mya), contradicting previous studies that estimated this divergence to be 0.4 mya. Taxonomic inconsistencies were detected when comparing the molecular phylogeny to previously published DNA sequences ascribed to B. tridactylus. Misidentification or introgression could underlie such phylogenetic incongruities. Regardless of their causes, these discrepancies lead to misstatements regarding geographic distribution, phylogeny, and taxonomy of B. variegatus and B. tridactylus.

Independent fusions and recent origins of sex chromosomes in the evolution and diversification of glass knife fishes (Eigenmannia)

The genus Eigenmannia comprises several species groups that display a surprising variety of diploid chromosome numbers and sex-determining systems. In this study, hypotheses regarding phylogenetic relationships and karyotype evolution were investigated using a combination of molecular and cytogenetic methods. Phylogenetic relationships were analyzed for 11 cytotypes based on sequences from five mitochondrial DNA regions. Parsimony-based character mapping of sex chromosomes confirms previous suggestions of multiple origins of sex chromosomes. Molecular cytogenetic analyses involved chromosome painting using probes derived from whole sex chromosomes from two taxa that were hybridized to metaphases of their respective sister cytotypes. These analyses showed that a multiple XY system evolved recently (<7 mya) by fusion. Furthermore, one of the chromosomes that fused to form the neo-Y chromosome is fused independently to another chromosome in the sister cytotype. This may constitute an efficient post-mating barrier and might imply a direct function of sex chromosomes in the speciation processes in Eigenmannia. The other chromosomal sex-determination system investigated is shown to have differentiated by an accumulation of heterochromatin on the X chromosome. This has occurred in the past 0.6 my, and is the most recent chromosomal sex-determining system described to date. These results show that the evolution of sex-determining systems can proceed very rapidly. Heredity (2011) 106, 391-400; doi:10.1038/hdy.2010.82; published online 23 June 2010

Comparative Cytogenetics and Molecular Phylogeography in the Group Astyanax altiparanae - Astyanax aff. bimaculatus (Teleostei, Characidae)

The genus Astyanax comprises small characin fish of the neotropical region. The so-called `yellow-tailed characins` compose one of the most widely distributed Astyanax groups. A. altiparanae and A. aff. bimaculatus, are evolutionarily closely related and commonly found in several Brazilian hydrographic basins. In the present work, chromosomal data of specimens of A. altiparanae and A. aff. bimaculatus from 4 hydrographic basins in the states of Sao Paulo (Upper Tiete, Paranapanema, Ribeira de Iguape) and Rio de Janeiro (Guapimirim) are shown. All the populations showed 50 chromosomes, with different karyotypic formula. Although only a single Ag-NOR bearing chromosome pair was observed, all populations possess multiple cistrons of 18S rDNA. FISH with the 5S rDNA probe showed single signals at the interstitial position of one metacentric chromosome pair. C-bands are distributed in the terminal and interstitial regions of several chromosomes. However, the As-51 satDNA are frugally located in a few chromosomes of fishes from Upper Tiete, Paranapanema and Guapimirim Rivers, being absent in individuals of A. aff. bimaculatus from Ribeira de Iguape River basin. Beside these 4 populations, molecular phylogeography studies were also performed in individuals from Middle and Lower Tiete River basin and from 2 additional collection sites in the Paranapanema and Ribeira de Iguape River basins. The phylogeographic analysis using 2 mtDNA regions (totalizing 1.314 bp of ND2 and ATPase6/8 genes) of 8 populations of the group of `yellow-tailed characins` from 3 major hydrographic basins showed structuring of populations, suggesting a correlation between chromosomal (nuclear) and molecular (mitochondrial) data. Copyright (C) 2011 S. Karger AG, Basel