Modeling the Network of Dutch and Flemish Print Production, 1550-1750

The production of artistic prints in the sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Netherlands was an inherently social process. Turning out prints at any reasonable scale depended on the fluid coordination between designers, platecutters, and publishers; roles that, by the sixteenth century, were considered distinguished enough to merit distinct credits engraved on the plates themselves: invenit, fecit/sculpsit, and excudit. While any one designer, plate cutter, and publisher could potentially exercise a great deal of influence over the production of a single print, their individual decisions (Whom to select as an engraver? What subjects to create for a print design? What market to sell to?) would have been variously constrained or encouraged by their position in this larger network (Who do they already know? And who, in turn, do their contacts know?) This dissertation addresses the impact of these constraints and affordances through the novel application of computational social network analysis to major databases of surviving prints from this period. This approach is used to evaluate several questions about trends in early modern print production practices that have not been satisfactorily addressed by traditional literature based on case studies alone: Did the social capital demanded by print production result in centralized, or distributed production of prints? When, and to what extent, did printmakers and publishers in the Low countries favor international versus domestic collaborators? And were printmakers under the same pressure as painters to specialize in particular artistic genres? This dissertation ultimately suggests how simple professional incentives endemic to the practice of printmaking may, at large scales, have resulted in quite complex patterns of collaboration and production. The framework of network analysis surfaces the role of certain printmakers who tend to be neglected in aesthetically-focused histories of art. This approach also highlights important issues concerning art historians’ balancing of individual influence versus the impact of longue durée trends. Finally, this dissertation also raises questions about the current limitations and future possibilities of combining computational methods with cultural heritage datasets in the pursuit of historical research.

Collection-Level Subject Access in Aggregations of Digital Collections: Metadata Application and Use

Problems in subject access to information organization systems have been under investigation for a long time. Focusing on item-level information discovery and access, researchers have identified a range of subject access problems, including quality and application of metadata, as well as the complexity of user knowledge required for successful subject exploration. While aggregations of digital collections built in the United States and abroad generate collection-level metadata of various levels of granularity and richness, no research has yet focused on the role of collection-level metadata in user interaction with these aggregations. This dissertation research sought to bridge this gap by answering the question “How does collection-level metadata mediate scholarly subject access to aggregated digital collections?” This goal was achieved using three research methods: • in-depth comparative content analysis of collection-level metadata in three large-scale aggregations of cultural heritage digital collections: Opening History, American Memory, and The European Library • transaction log analysis of user interactions, with Opening History, and • interview and observation data on academic historians interacting with two aggregations: Opening History and American Memory. It was found that subject-based resource discovery is significantly influenced by collection-level metadata richness. The richness includes such components as: 1) describing collection’s subject matter with mutually-complementary values in different metadata fields, and 2) a variety of collection properties/characteristics encoded in the free-text Description field, including types and genres of objects in a digital collection, as well as topical, geographic and temporal coverage are the most consistently represented collection characteristics in free-text Description fields. Analysis of user interactions with aggregations of digital collections yields a number of interesting findings. Item-level user interactions were found to occur more often than collection-level interactions. Collection browse is initiated more often than search, while subject browse (topical and geographic) is used most often. Majority of collection search queries fall within FRBR Group 3 categories: object, concept, and place. Significantly more object, concept, and corporate body searches and less individual person, event and class of persons searches were observed in collection searches than in item searches. While collection search is most often satisfied by Description and/or Subjects collection metadata fields, it would not retrieve a significant proportion of collection records without controlled-vocabulary subject metadata (Temporal Coverage, Geographic Coverage, Subjects, and Objects), and free-text metadata (the Description field). Observation data shows that collection metadata records in Opening History and American Memory aggregations are often viewed. Transaction log data show a high level of engagement with collection metadata records in Opening History, with the total page views for collections more than 4 times greater than item page views. Scholars observed viewing collection records valued descriptive information on provenance, collection size, types of objects, subjects, geographic coverage, and temporal coverage information. They also considered the structured display of collection metadata in Opening History more useful than the alternative approach taken by other aggregations, such as American Memory, which displays only the free-text Description field to the end-user. The results extend the understanding of the value of collection-level subject metadata, particularly free-text metadata, for the scholarly users of aggregations of digital collections. The analysis of the collection metadata created by three large-scale aggregations provides a better understanding of collection-level metadata application patterns and suggests best practices. This dissertation is also the first empirical research contribution to test the FRBR model as a conceptual and analytic framework for studying collection-level subject access.

Availability, Data Privacy and Copyrights – Opening Knowledge via Contracts and Pilots

Availability, Data Privacy and Copyrights – Opening Knowledge via Contracts and Pilots, discusses how in Aviisi-project of National Library of Finland, the digital contents, and their availability topics dealt together with pilot organizations

Impacto de la accesibilidad y urbanización en el patrimonio edificado de las tenencias (pueblos) de Morelia Michoacán, México

Los valores del patrimonio edificado en las tenencias del municipio de Morelia distan mucho de ser los de la zona de monumentos de la capital, ya que tienen que ver con la cultura popular, el saber colectivo y las tradiciones constructivas. El artículo explica que como reflejo de los cambios en la economía, cultura y desarrollo de sus habitantes, las tenencias experimentan un proceso de transformación y hasta la pérdida de su patrimonio edificado. Las unidades de análisis se seleccionaron con el Índice de Accesibilidad e Interacción Espacial; posteriormente se explican los indicadores de Accesibilidad y Urbanización, y finalmente estos datos se correlacionan con el indicador de transformación del patrimonio. Medir y conocer las características de los factores que transforman el patrimonio cultural edificado es una manera anticipada de conservarlo como una manifestación cultural, histórica, de una forma de vida y un elemento de identidad.

La correspondencia entre la construcción de experiencias auténticas y la interpretación del patrimonio. Reflexiones desde la autenticidad existencial

En este artículo se aborda la relación entre el concepto de autenticidad y el patrimonio cultural. Se analizan los puntos de encuentro entre ambos términos que se consideran claves para entender los diferentes turismos culturales en la actualidad, caracterizados por la especial relevancia que se le atribuye al componente emocional y sensorial. Estas experiencias se enmarcan en las nuevas tendencias de comportamiento y de motivación que se observan desde el lado de la demanda turística, fruto del contexto social que determina las características de los turistas, sus preferencias y las prácticas turísticas que desean desarrollar, en las que el componente sensorial y emocional constituye uno de los aspectos más relevantes que pueden definir al turismo cultural contemporáneo. En este sentido, se incide en las evidentes posibilidades que ofrece la interpretación del patrimonio para la creación de experiencias patrimoniales que podrían ser denominadas como auténticas. [en] This paper addresses the relationship between the concepts authenticity and cultural heritage. Key common aspects between both terms are explored to understand the current types of cultural tourism characterised by the special relevance given to the emotional and sensory components. These experiences are framed by the new behavioural and motivational demand patterns where the sensory and emotional components are some of the most relevant aspects defining contemporary cultural tourism. Thus, the evident opportunities offered by the heritage interpretation discipline to create authentic “heritage experiences” are explored.

Receção estética do texto e promoção da educação literária : trabalho colaborativo interdisciplinar

Dissertação apresentada à Escola Superior de Educação do Instituto Politécnico de Castelo Branco para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Mestre em Supervisão e Avaliação Escolar.

Contributos para o estudo da biblioteca particular de José do Canto

Dissertação de Mestrado, Tradução e Assessoria Linguística, 23 de Maio de 2016, Universidade dos Açores.

Avvicinamento alla storia dell'architettura giapponese. Dal periodo Nara al periodo Meiji

The book analyzes the history of Japanese Architecture between Nara Period (710-784) and Meiji Period (1867-1912). The book is organized in two part: "The History" and "The Cultural Heritage" with a reflexion about the restoration of the Temples and Shrines. The book is the result of an international research work at the Kyoto University.

Umowa międzynarodowa w sferze kultury - wybrane aspekty ustrojowo-prawne

W artykule omówiono rolę bilateralnych i multilateralnych umów międzynarodowych w ochronie oraz popularyzacji dziedzictwa kulturowego. Wskazano na potrzebę respektowania zasady pacta sunt servanda w stosunkach międzynarodowych. W rozważaniach podkreślono, iż umowa międzynarodowa jest nie tylko źródłem the international law, ale i środkiem pokojowej współpracy między państwami i narodami bez względu na ich uwarunkowania społeczne oraz ustrojowo-prawne.

Caminhar na era tecnológica em direção a Santiago de Compostela: Estudo do uso de uma app por parte dos peregrinos

O Caminho de Santiago, sendo uma rota de peregrinação importante para o território Português e Galego, que envolve o ambiente paisagístico e o Património Cultural e Religioso, tem demonstrado uma grande afluência de peregrinos nos últimos anos. Aliado a este contexto, e numa era tecnológica em que se vive, pretende-se estudar o impacto das novas tecnologias neste ambiente de peregrinação da era medieval. Mais concretamente, pretende-se perceber a utilização da tecnologia móvel por parte dos peregrinos durante a realização do Caminho de Santiago, assim como quais as características que consideram importantes para uma aplicação móvel de apoio à peregrinação e se estas têm influência na intenção de uso da mesma. Para o desenvolvimento desta investigação procedeu-se a uma exaustiva revisão da literatura sobre a utilização da tecnologia móvel no setor do Turismo, visto esta se revelar escassa no que concerne à peregrinação. Aliado à revisão da literatura, considerou-se relevante fazer um levantamento dos hábitos dos peregrinos e a utilização da tecnologia durante a peregrinação, realizando-se entrevistas exploratórias a 11 peregrinos que contribuíram para a construção do questionário. Após a realização das entrevistas, foi elaborado um questionário que foi distribuído online. Foram obtidas respostas de 1.140 peregrinos que já tinham realizado o Caminho de Santiago pelo menos uma vez. Em relação ao uso das novas tecnologias no geral, a análise fatorial aplicada revelou que os motivos de utilização de dispositivos móveis durante a peregrinação se podem dividir em quatro categorias: Lazer/informações, comunicar, conveniência e entretenimento. Em relação ao uso de uma aplicação específica sobre o caminho, os resultados mostram que apesar da grande maioria de inquiridos (81%) não ter conhecimento de uma aplicação móvel sobre o Caminho Português, mais de 55% afirmou que a probabilidade de usarem uma aplicação móvel de apoio à peregrinação seria elevada. Para analisar quais as características que os peregrinos mais valorizariam numa aplicação móvel de apoio à peregrinação a Santiago, foram identificadas três categorias de conteúdos através de uma análise fatorial: Características Gerais do Caminho, Características Turísticas e Culturais e Características Religiosas. Por último, aplicou-se uma regressão linear múltipla que revelou que os conteúdos relacionados com o Caminho e com os elementos turísticos e culturais são os que mais influenciam a intenção de uso da app por parte dos peregrinos. Considerando-se este estudo pioneiro no que concerne à utilização da tecnologia móvel por parte dos peregrinos, poderá revelar-se um suporte importante para os programadores de aplicações móveis, bem como para o desenvolvimento de estudos futuros.

Arrifes : urbanismo e património construído

Dissertação de Mestrado, Património, Museologia e Desenvolvimento, 8 de Julho de 2016, Universidade dos Açores.

Contributos para uma estratégia de marketing territorial para a região de Moimenta da Beira

Num contexto de urbanização, de acesa competitividade e desertificação do interior, assiste-se cada vez mais a cenários de concorrência entre territórios pela captação de recursos, investimentos, negócios e até visitantes e turistas, capazes de gerar dinâmicas positivas no território, palco deste movimento. Algumas projeções indiciam que o interior de Portugal terá, em 2040, cerca de um terço da população atual e, se a tendência de declínio demográfico se mantiver, em 90 anos o interior perderá 75 por cento da população. Neste contexto, o presente estudo tem por finalidade alertar os decisores políticos para o desenvolvimento de estratégias que possam atrair pessoas para o interior do país e estancar a sua desertificação. Para o efeito, o projeto que se apresenta vai procurar definir uma estratégia de marketing territorial para o concelho de Moimenta da Beira, tendo por base os seus produtos endógenos, como a maçã, o vinho, o mel, os enchidos, os granitos, o património religioso e cultural e, por fim, o património natural, como a Albufeira do Vilar e a Serra da Nave. Para a realização do referido estudo, foi seguida uma metodologia que teve por base uma revisão de literatura na área do marketing territorial, a análise de dados secundários e a realização de entrevistas aos principais Stakeholders da região. Os resultados deste estudo permitirão definir orientações para reforçar a atratividade e competitividade da oferta territorial junto dos segmentos alvo, ou seja, dos atuais e potenciais utilizadores do território.

The structural and mechanical integrity of historic wood

Little is known about historic wood as it ages naturally. Instead, most studies focus on biological decay, as it is often assumed that wood remains otherwise stable with age. This PhD project was organised by Historic Scotland and the University of Glasgow to investigate the natural chemical and physical aging of wood. The natural aging of wood was a concern for Historic Scotland as traditional timber replacement is the standard form of repair used in wooden cultural heritage; replacing rotten timber with new timber of the same species. The project was set up to look at what differences could exist both chemically and physically between old and new wood, which could put unforeseen stress on the joint between them. Through Historic Scotland it was possible to work with genuine historic wood from two species, Oak and Scots pine, both from the 1500’s, rather than relying on artificial aging. Artificial aging of wood is still a debated topic, with consideration given to whether it is truly mimicking the aging process or just damaging the wood cells. The chemical stability of wood was investigated using Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) microscopy, as well as wet chemistry methods including a test for soluble sugars from the possible breakdown of the wood polymers. The physical properties assessed included using a tensile testing machine to uncover possible differences in mechanical properties. An environmental chamber was used to test the reaction to moisture of wood of different ages, as moisture is the most damaging aspect of the environment to wooden cultural objects. The project uncovered several differences, both physical and chemical, between the modern and historic wood which could affect the success of traditional ‘like for like’ repairs. Both oak and pine lost acetyl groups, over historic time, from their hemicellulose polymers. This chemical reaction releases acetic acid, which had no effect on the historic oak but was associated with reduced stiffness in historic pine, probably due to degradation of the hemicellulose polymers by acid hydrolysis. The stiffness of historic oak and pine was also reduced by decay. Visible pest decay led to loss of wood density but there was evidence that fungal decay, extending beyond what was visible, degraded the S2 layer of the pine cell walls, reducing the stiffness of the wood by depleting the cellulose microfibrils most aligned with the grain. Fungal decay of polysaccharides in pine wood left behind sugars that attracted increased levels of moisture. The degradation of essential polymers in the wood structure due to age had different impacts on the two species of wood, and raised questions concerning both the mechanism of aging of wood and the ways in which traditional repairs are implemented, especially in Scots pine. These repairs need to be done with more care and precision, especially in choosing new timber to match the old. Within this project a quantitative method of measuring the microfibril angle (MFA) of wood using polarised Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) microscopy has been developed, allowing the MFA of both new and historic pine to be measured. This provides some of the information needed for a more specific match when selecting replacement timbers for historic buildings.

DOCUMENT CONTROL OF MARINE BIODIVERSITY GULF OF NICOYA, COSTA RICA

In Costa Rica, the documentary check is carried out, is insufficient, the increase in book production, making it difficult to keep track of document production in different formats or themes.Therefore it is necessary to have a documentary Control of Marine Biodiversity of the Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica, including from 1882 to early 2006, to serve as a contribution to cultural and scientific heritage, benefiting users and researchers concerned in the issue of marine biodiversity.This control will help to rescue the national and individual identity, being a contribution to national and universal document control, performed with standards set at national, regional or international helps to have the information, properly systematized, it is also a legacy to research in marine sciences and coastal favor the National University of Costa Rica currently has two stations in marine biology and coastal area at the sole attraction the Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica.

Sobre el papel del bibliotecólogo

Sin duda el lenguaje fue el primero y más importante instrumento, utilizado en sus inicios, por el hombre para transmitir los conocimientos e información adquirida.Mediante este medio y la memoria, se conservaron y transmitieron tradiciones, rituales, leyendas, plegarias y toda clase de conocimientos de generación en generación. Por ejemplo, en la antigüedad los ancianos de Israel usaban la "mnemotecnia" para transmitir el patrimonio religioso y cultural de su pueblo. Estos podían memorizar el Talmud y la Biblia sin problema y transmitirlos a sus descendientes y discípulos.Con el surgimiento de la escritura, en la noche de los tiempos, el hombre se da cuenta de que sus pensamientos y conocimientos es posible estamparlos por medio de símbolos en rocas, corteza vegetal y cualquier otro material a su alcance, logrando mayor permanencia y tangibilidad. Esto provocó la producción y acumulación de tablillas, papiros y otros materiales escritos, que debían ser custodiados y conservados por personas, que en las bibliotecas más antiguas correspondió a los sacerdotes (pues muchas estaban ubicadas en los templos por considerarse obras sagradas) o al cuidado de sabios y letrados como en la antigua Alejandría.