Proyecto de una Torre Grúa. Normas de seguridad y salud laboral

This project is a tool for engineers and technicians in the development and knowledge of the most important construction equipment, tower crane. It consists of a memory, 10 annexes and an Excel spreadsheet to do the calculations automatically . Some of these annexes are: Annex 1. Types of cranes and elements of them. Annex 2. Mounting and dismounting. Annex 3. Useful clamping loads. Annex 4. Safety systems , etc. Every single annex separately, provides detailed explanations , both written and visual of problems and solutions in the world of tower cranes . Professionals are able to learn in an orderly way, definitions, developments, calculations, processes etc., Which will greatly easy people's job in the construction and in the writing of a project. Also a spreadsheet with the Excel program has been made to help engineers on calculations. This sheet is protected and it can be accesed only to enter the data needed to perform the calculations of the safety factor and weight of shoes . The results will tell us if there is a risk of tipping of the tower crane and the weight of shoes. This tool will greatly help engineers on their calculations. All documentation is based on laws, regulations and no legal rules status, they guarantee that we are always within the Spanish and legislative Autonomous framework. This fact makes the professional carries out a project to a successful future and a legalistic view. Also note that these rules are in constant change, which makes it necessary for the professional to always be in a constant revision of the legislation.

Investigating the functions of subregions within anterior hippocampus.

Previous functional MRI (fMRI) studies have associated anterior hippocampus with imagining and recalling scenes, imagining the future, recalling autobiographical memories and visual scene perception. We have observed that this typically involves the medial rather than the lateral portion of the anterior hippocampus. Here, we investigated which specific structures of the hippocampus underpin this observation. We had participants imagine novel scenes during fMRI scanning, as well as recall previously learned scenes from two different time periods (one week and 30 min prior to scanning), with analogous single object conditions as baselines. Using an extended segmentation protocol focussing on anterior hippocampus, we first investigated which substructures of the hippocampus respond to scenes, and found both imagination and recall of scenes to be associated with activity in presubiculum/parasubiculum, a region associated with spatial representation in rodents. Next, we compared imagining novel scenes to recall from one week or 30 min before scanning. We expected a strong response to imagining novel scenes and 1-week recall, as both involve constructing scene representations from elements stored across cortex. By contrast, we expected a weaker response to 30-min recall, as representations of these scenes had already been constructed but not yet consolidated. Both imagination and 1-week recall of scenes engaged anterior hippocampal structures (anterior subiculum and uncus respectively), indicating possible roles in scene construction. By contrast, 30-min recall of scenes elicited significantly less activation of anterior hippocampus but did engage posterior CA3. Together, these results elucidate the functions of different parts of the anterior hippocampus, a key brain area about which little is definitely known.

Oeil et environnement

Résumé L'oeil est exposé à de multiples facteurs environnementaux qui influent sur le développement visuel, le confort et la santé visuelle. Une exposition excessive à la lumière solaire peut causer des pathologies de la surface oculaire et de la rétine, mais une exposition insuffisante à la lumière du jour pourrait être incriminée dans l'apparition ou la progression de la myopie. Les lumières artificielles, LED en particulier, comportent un risque accru de phototoxicité rétinienne. L'augmentation importante de la prévalence des allergies oculaires pourrait être liée à la multiplication des polluants environnementaux, comme la fumée de tabac, les dérivés de combustion de carburants ou les phtalates. Enfin, certains compléments alimentaires peuvent jouer un rôle protecteur dans certains types d'atteintes oculaire, rétinienne en particulier. Abstract The eyes are exposed to multiple environmental factors, which affect visual development, comfort, and visual health. While overexposure to sunlight can cause ocular surface and retinal pathologies, insufficient exposure to daylight could significantly contribute to myopia progression. New artificial lights, namely LED, have a higher risk of retinal phototoxicity, and could alter ocular circadian rhythm. The significant increase of prevalence of ocular allergies could be caused by the proliferation of environmental polluting substances, like tobacco smoke, fuel combustion by-products, or phtalates, which are found in many types of plastics. Finally, some dietary supplements could play a protective role in certain types of ocular pathologies, namely retinal pathologies.

Análise multicomponente simultânea por espectrofotometria de absorção molecular UV-VIS

This review presents the evolution of simultaneous multicomponent analysis by absorption spectrophotometry in the ultraviolet and visual regions in terms of some qualitative and quantitative analysis techniques, otimization methods, as well as applications and modern trends.

Utilização de filtro de transformada de fourier para a minimização de ruídos em sinais analíticos

Instrumental data always present some noise. The analytical data information and instrumental noise generally has different frequencies. Thus is possible to remove the noise using a digital filter based on Fourier transform and inverse Fourier transform. This procedure enhance the signal/noise ratio and consecutively increase the detection limits on instrumental analysis. The basic principle of Fourier transform filter with modifications implemented to improve its performance is presented. A numerical example, as well as a real voltammetric example are showed to demonstrate the Fourier transform filter implementation. The programs to perform the Fourier transform filter, in Matlab and Visual Basic languages, are included as appendices

Constituintes químicos de Ottonia corcovadensis Miq. da floresta Amazônica: atribuição dos deslocamentos químicos dos átomos de hidrogênio e carbono

In an ethanolic extract of leaves of Ottonia corcovadensis (Piperaceae) were identified sixteen terpenoids of essential oil and the three flavonoids 3',4',5,5',7-pentamethoxyflavone (1), 3',4',5,7-tetramethoxyflavone (2) and 5-hydroxy-3',4',5',7-tetramethoxyflavone (3) and cafeic acid (4). Two amides (5 and 6) were isolated from an ethanolic extract of the roots. The structures were established by spectral analysis, meanly NMR (1D and 2D) and mass spectra. Extensive NMR analysis was also used to complete ¹H and 13C chemical shift assignments of the flavonoids and amides. The components of the essential oil were identified by computer library search, retention indices and visual interpretation of mass spectra.

TitGer: uma planilha eletrônica para simulação de titulação de mistura de compostos polipróticos

The aim of this paper is to present a simple way of treating the general equation for acid-base titrations based on the concept of degree of dissociation, and to propose a new spreadsheet approach for simulating the titration of mixtures of polyprotic compounds. The general expression, without any approximation, is calculated a simple iteration method, making number manipulation easy and painless. The user-friendly spreadsheet was developed by using MS-Excel and Visual-Basic-for-Excel. Several graphs are drawn for helping visualizing the titration behavior. A Monte Carlo function for error simulation was also implemented. Two examples for titration of alkalinity and McIlvaine buffer are presented.

Kuvia todistuksissa, todistuksia kuvissa

Kirjallisuusarvostelu

Kuka suunnittelee mainokset? Tutkimus mainosalan kulisseista,yhteistyökäytännöistä ja ristiriidoista. Mainonnan suunnittelijan näkökulma

Tutkimus kuvaa tapahtumia mainonnan suunnittelun kulissien takana ja niiden vaikutusta suunnittelutyöhön mainonnan suunnittelijan näkökulmasta. Lähestymistapa on systeemiteoreettinen: tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan sekä mainostoimiston suunnittelijoiden, projektijohtajien ja muiden mainonnan suunnitteluun osallistuvien keskinäistä vuorovaikutusta että mainostoimiston ja mainoksia tilaavan asiakkaan vuorovaikutuksen asettamia rajoja ja mahdollisuuksia. Keskeinen työväline on Kurt Lewinin kentän käsite. Tutkimuksessa se konkretisoituu esitystavaksi mainonnan suunnittelun olennaisista piirteistä, jotka ovat toisistaan riippuvaisia. Tutkimusta pohjustaa ajatus mainonnan suunnittelun perusrakenteesta, joka on riippumaton taloudellisista, yhteiskunnallisista tai mainostoimialan liiketoimintaympäristön muutoksista. Mainostoimistossa työtä tehdään usein ryhmässä. Ydinryhmä muodostuu kirjoittavan ja visuaalisen suunnittelijan työparista, mutta projektijohtaja on avainasemassa hoitaessaan yhteydenpitoa mainostoimiston asiakkaaseen. Tutkimustyötä viitoittivat kysymykset mainonnan suunnittelijoiden tehtävästä ja asemasta, työssä koetuista haasteista sekä osuudesta ja vastuusta lopullisissa töissä. Keskiössä ovat suunnittelutyötä raamittavat haasteet, jotka ohjaavat suunnittelijoiden kykyjä ja haluja toteuttaa luovuuttaan. Tutkimus ammentaa teoreettisia aineksia työnjaon ja tiimityön käsitteiden ohella vallan tilanteisuudesta ja suhteista sekä sosiaalisen pääoman ja luottamuksen moniaineksisuudesta. Tutkimuksen aineisto kerättiin syksyllä 2008 ja alkuvuodesta 2009 haastattelemalla suomalaisten mainostoimistojen suunnittelijoita. Haastatteluaineisto koostuu kymmenestä ryhmähaastattelusta, johon kuhunkin osallistui 3–4 suunnittelijaa. Muu aineisto sisältää toimialan tilastoja ja julkaisuja sekä yksityisiä sähköpostikirjeenvaihtoja ja keskusteluja mainosammattilaisten kanssa. Haastatteluaineisto analysoitiin Milesin ja Hubermannin aineistolähtöisen sisällönanalyysin avulla ja sitä täydennettiin retorisella diskurssianalyysilla. Analyysin alkuvaiheessa koemetodina sovellettiin Straussin ja Corbinin aineistolähtöisen teorian (grounded theory) kolmivaiheista koodausta. Tutkimuksen tuloksena on malli mainonnan suunnittelun kentän jännitteistä, jotka johtavat toimimaan tietyllä tavalla. Mainonnan suunnittelijan tehtävinä näyttäytyvät vaikuttaminen, asiakkaan tarpeiden tunnistaminen ja tyydyttäminen sekä omakohtainen menestyminen. Suunnittelijan asema näyttää työssä koettujen haasteiden kautta häilyvän asiantuntijuuden ja alihankkijuuden välimaastossa. Työn henkilökohtaisina haasteina piirtyvät tarmokkuuden ja jatkuvan oivaltamisen vaateet. Ulkoisina tekijöinä talouden, teknologian ja sen myötä median murros sekä haastaa että kehittää: alituiseen kiireeseen näytetään verhoavan pulmia, joiden todellinen alkuperä paikantuu muualle. Keskeiset ristiriidat ja toiminnan edellytykset ilmenevät juuri yhteistyössä: mainostoimiston sisäinen yhteistyö ja asiakkaan antama palaute ovat merkittäviä tekijöitä luottamuksen taustalla. Siten avoin ja vastavuoroinen kommunikaatio piirtyy olennaiseksi asetettujen tavoitteiden saavuttamisessa ja asiakkaan menestymisessä. Mainonnan suunnittelussa tärkeäksi kysymykseksi nousevat portinvartijoiden roolit. Mainostoimiston sisäisessä työskentelyssä projektijohtajat hallinnoivat suunnitteluresursseja, välittävät tietoa asiak kaalta suunnittelijalle ja päinvastoin sekä tekevät tärkeimmät päätökset. Asiakkaan puolella mainoksia tilaava asiakashenkilö hallinnoi valjastamiaan resursseja, mutta varsinainen päätöksenteko tapahtuu tämän esimiehen toimesta. Tulosten valossa on perusteltua uskoa, että mainonnan suunnittelijat kokevat oman työnsä arvon alentuneen ja päätösvaltansa vähentyneen. Mainostoimialan murroksen kannalta tutkimus tuo esiin uudenlaisen tiimityön ymmärtämisen ja korostaa yksilöiden vahvuuksien tunnistamisen merkitystä. Kiristyvässä taloudessa se suuntaa huomion sekä mainostoimistojen että niiden asiakasyritysten sisäisten ja ulkoisten resurssien tehokkaaseen ja tuottavaan hyödyntämiseen ja organisoimiseen. Sosiologisesti tutkimus tarjoaa yhdenlaisen näkökulman ryhmätyön ulottuvuuksiin ja työelämän yhteistyöhaasteiden pohtimiseen. Siten tutkimuksen tuloksilla voi nähdä arvoa myös muiden kuin mainosalan yhteistyökäytäntöjentarkasteluun.

Eye Fundus Image Analysis for Automatic Detection of Diabetic Retinopathy

Diabetes is a rapidly increasing worldwide problem which is characterised by defective metabolism of glucose that causes long-term dysfunction and failure of various organs. The most common complication of diabetes is diabetic retinopathy (DR), which is one of the primary causes of blindness and visual impairment in adults. The rapid increase of diabetes pushes the limits of the current DR screening capabilities for which the digital imaging of the eye fundus (retinal imaging), and automatic or semi-automatic image analysis algorithms provide a potential solution. In this work, the use of colour in the detection of diabetic retinopathy is statistically studied using a supervised algorithm based on one-class classification and Gaussian mixture model estimation. The presented algorithm distinguishes a certain diabetic lesion type from all other possible objects in eye fundus images by only estimating the probability density function of that certain lesion type. For the training and ground truth estimation, the algorithm combines manual annotations of several experts for which the best practices were experimentally selected. By assessing the algorithm’s performance while conducting experiments with the colour space selection, both illuminance and colour correction, and background class information, the use of colour in the detection of diabetic retinopathy was quantitatively evaluated. Another contribution of this work is the benchmarking framework for eye fundus image analysis algorithms needed for the development of the automatic DR detection algorithms. The benchmarking framework provides guidelines on how to construct a benchmarking database that comprises true patient images, ground truth, and an evaluation protocol. The evaluation is based on the standard receiver operating characteristics analysis and it follows the medical practice in the decision making providing protocols for image- and pixel-based evaluations. During the work, two public medical image databases with ground truth were published: DIARETDB0 and DIARETDB1. The framework, DR databases and the final algorithm, are made public in the web to set the baseline results for automatic detection of diabetic retinopathy. Although deviating from the general context of the thesis, a simple and effective optic disc localisation method is presented. The optic disc localisation is discussed, since normal eye fundus structures are fundamental in the characterisation of DR.

Monitoring of centrifugal pump operation by a frequency converter

Centrifugal pumps are widely used in industrial and municipal applications, and they are an important end-use application of electric energy. However, in many cases centrifugal pumps operate with a significantly lower energy efficiency than they actually could, which typically has an increasing effect on the pump energy consumption and the resulting energy costs. Typical reasons for this are the incorrect dimensioning of the pumping system components and inefficiency of the applied pump control method. Besides the increase in energy costs, an inefficient operation may increase the risk of a pump failure and thereby the maintenance costs. In the worst case, a pump failure may lead to a process shutdown accruing additional costs. Nowadays, centrifugal pumps are often controlled by adjusting their rotational speed, which affects the resulting flow rate and output pressure of the pumped fluid. Typically, the speed control is realised with a frequency converter that allows the control of the rotational speed of an induction motor. Since a frequency converter can estimate the motor rotational speed and shaft torque without external measurement sensors on the motor shaft, it also allows the development and use of sensorless methods for the estimation of the pump operation. Still today, the monitoring of pump operation is based on additional measurements and visual check-ups, which may not be applicable to determine the energy efficiency of the pump operation. This doctoral thesis concentrates on the methods that allow the use of a frequency converter as a monitoring and analysis device for a centrifugal pump. Firstly, the determination of energy-efficiency- and reliability-based limits for the recommendable operating region of a variable-speed-driven centrifugal pump is discussed with a case study for the laboratory pumping system. Then, three model-based estimation methods for the pump operating location are studied, and their accuracy is determined by laboratory tests. In addition, a novel method to detect the occurrence of cavitation or flow recirculation in a centrifugal pump by a frequency converter is introduced. Its sensitivity compared with known cavitation detection methods is evaluated, and its applicability is verified by laboratory measurements for three different pumps and by using two different frequency converters. The main focus of this thesis is on the radial flow end-suction centrifugal pumps, but the studied methods can also be feasible with mixed and axial flow centrifugal pumps, if allowed by their characteristics.

Applications of graph transformation in tools for domain-specific modeling languages

The use of domain-specific languages (DSLs) has been proposed as an approach to cost-e ectively develop families of software systems in a restricted application domain. Domain-specific languages in combination with the accumulated knowledge and experience of previous implementations, can in turn be used to generate new applications with unique sets of requirements. For this reason, DSLs are considered to be an important approach for software reuse. However, the toolset supporting a particular domain-specific language is also domain-specific and is per definition not reusable. Therefore, creating and maintaining a DSL requires additional resources that could be even larger than the savings associated with using them. As a solution, di erent tool frameworks have been proposed to simplify and reduce the cost of developments of DSLs. Developers of tool support for DSLs need to instantiate, customize or configure the framework for a particular DSL. There are di erent approaches for this. An approach is to use an application programming interface (API) and to extend the basic framework using an imperative programming language. An example of a tools which is based on this approach is Eclipse GEF. Another approach is to configure the framework using declarative languages that are independent of the underlying framework implementation. We believe this second approach can bring important benefits as this brings focus to specifying what should the tool be like instead of writing a program specifying how the tool achieves this functionality. In this thesis we explore this second approach. We use graph transformation as the basic approach to customize a domain-specific modeling (DSM) tool framework. The contributions of this thesis includes a comparison of di erent approaches for defining, representing and interchanging software modeling languages and models and a tool architecture for an open domain-specific modeling framework that e ciently integrates several model transformation components and visual editors. We also present several specific algorithms and tool components for DSM framework. These include an approach for graph query based on region operators and the star operator and an approach for reconciling models and diagrams after executing model transformation programs. We exemplify our approach with two case studies MICAS and EFCO. In these studies we show how our experimental modeling tool framework has been used to define tool environments for domain-specific languages.

Cognitive Functions After Traumatic Brain Injury. A 30-year Follow-up Study

Many cognitive deficits after TBI (traumatic brain injury) are well known, such as memory and concentration problems, as well as reduced information-processing speed. What happens to patients and cognitive functioning after immediate recovery is poorly known. Cognitive functioning is flexible and may be influenced by genetic, psychological and environmental factors decades after TBI. The general aim of this thesis was to describe the long-term cognitive course after TBI, to find variables that may contribute to it, and how the cognitive functions after TBI are associated with specific medical factors and reduced survival. The original study group consisted of 192 patients with TBI who were originally assessed with the Mild Deterioration Battery (MDB) on average two years after the injury, during the years 1966 – 1972. During a 30-year follow-up, we studied the risks for reduced survival, and the mortality of the patients was compared with the general population using the Standardized Mortality Ratio (SMR). Sixty-one patients were re-assessed during 1998-2000. These patients were evaluated with the MDB, computerized testing, and with various other neuropsychological methods for attention and executive functions. Apolipoprotein-E (ApoE) genotyping and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) based on volumetric analysis of the hippocampus and lateral ventricles were performed. Depressive symptoms were evaluated with the short form of the Beck depression inventory. The cognitive performance at follow-up was compared with a control group that was similar to the study group in regard to age and education. The cognitive outcome of the patients with TBI varied after three decades. The majority of the patients showed a decline in their cognitive level, the rest either improved or stayed at the same level. Male gender and higher age at injury were significant risk factors for the decline. Whereas most cognitive domains declined during the follow-up, semantic memory behaved in the opposite way, showing recovery after TBI. In the follow-up assessment, the memory decline and impairments in the set-shifting domain of executive functions were associated with MRI-volumetric measures, whereas reduction in information-processing speed was not associated with the MRI measures. The presence of local contusions was only weakly associated with cognitive functions. Only few cognitive methods for attention were capable of discriminating TBI patients with and without depressive symptoms. On the other hand, most complex attentional tests were sensitive enough to discriminate TBI patients (non-depressive) from controls. This means that complex attention functions, mediated by the frontal lobes, are relatively independent of depressive symptoms post-TBI. The presence of ApoE4 was associated with different kinds of memory processes including verbal and visual episodic memory, semantic memory and verbal working memory, depending on the length of time since TBI. Many other cognitive processes were not affected by the presence of ApoE4. Age at injury and poor vocational outcome were independent risk factors for reduced survival in the multivariate analysis. Late mortality was higher among younger subjects (age < 40 years at death) compared with the general population which should be borne in mind when assessing the need for rehabilitation services and long-term follow-up after TBI.

"Dov'è la sinistra?" Hemispatial neglect in stroke

As long as the incidence of stroke continues to grow, patients with large right hemisphere lesions suffering from hemispatial neglect will require neuropsychological evaluation and rehabilitation. The inability to process information especially that coming from the left side accompanied by the magnetic orientation to the ipsilesional side represents a real challenge for rehabilitation. This dissertation is concerned with crucial aspects in the clinical neuropsychological practice of hemispatial neglect. In studying the convergence of the visual and behavioural test batteries in the assessment of neglect, nine of the seventeen patients, who completed both the conventional subtests of the Behavioural Inattention Test and the Catherine Bergego Scale assessments, showed a similar severity of neglect and thus good convergence in both tests. However, patients with neglect and hemianopia had poorer scores in the line bisection test and they displayed stronger neglect in behaviour than patients with pure neglect. The second study examined, whether arm activation, modified from the Constraint Induced Movement Therapy, could be applied as neglect rehabilitation alone without any visual training. Twelve acute- or subacute patients were randomized into two rehabilitation groups: arm activation training or traditional voluntary visual scanning training. Neglect was ameliorated significantly or almost significantly in both training groups due to rehabilitation with the effect being maintained for at least six months. In studying the reflections of hemispatial neglect on visual memory, the associations of severity of neglect and visual memory performances were explored. The performances of acute and subacute patients with hemispatial neglect were compared with the performances of matched healthy control subjects. As hypothesized, encoding from the left side and immediate recall of visual material were significantly compromised in patients with neglect. Another mechanism of neglect affecting visual memory processes is observed in delayed visual reproduction. Delayed recall demands that the individual must make a match helped by a cue or it requires a search for relevant material from long-term memory storage. In the case of representational neglect, the search may succeed but the left side of the recollected memory still fails to open. Visual and auditory evoked potentials were measured in 21 patients with hemispatial neglect. Stimuli coming from the left or right were processed differently in both sensory modalities in acute and subacute patients as compared with the chronic patients. The differences equalized during the course of recovery. Recovery from hemispatial neglect was strongly associated with early rehabilitation and with the severity of neglect. Extinction was common in patients with neglect and it did not ameliorate with the recovery of neglect. The presence of pusher symptom hampered amelioration of visual neglect in acute and subacute stroke patients, whereas depression did not have any significant effect in the early phases after the stroke. However, depression had an unfavourable effect on recovery in the chronic phase. In conclusion, the combination of neglect and hemianopia may explain part of the residual behavioural neglect that is no longer evident in visual testing. Further research is needed in order to determine which specific rehabilitation procedures would be most beneficial in patients suffering the combination of neglect and hemianopia. Arm activation should be included in the rehabilitation programs of neglect; this is a useful technique for patients who need bedside treatment in the acute phase. With respect to the deficit in visual memory in association with neglect, the possible mechanisms of lateralized deficit in delayed recall need to be further examined and clarified. Intensive treatment induced recovery in both severe and moderate visual neglect long after the first two to first three months after the stroke.

Environmental adaptation of the source of the subbasin of Rico Stream, Monte Alto - SP, Brazil

The aim of this study was to define the photographic patterns that represent the use and occupation of the landcover of the "spring" of the Rico Stream subbasin, located at Monte Alto, state of São Paulo (SP), Brazil, for environmental adaptation regarding the Brazilian Forest Law. The mapping was performed using remote sensing techniques and visual interpretation of the World View image, followed by the digitalization of the net of drainage and vegetation (natural and agricultural) at the AutoCad software with documents and field work. The study area has 2141.53 ha and the results demonstrated that the main crop is sugarcane with 546.34 ha, followed by 251.22 ha of pastures, 191.71 ha of perennial crops, 57.31 ha of Eucalyptus and 49.52 ha of onion, confirming the advance of sugarcane culture in the region. The region has 375.04 ha of areas of permanent preservation (APPs), and of this area it was found that only 72.17 ha (19.24%) has arboreal vegetation or natural forest, and 302.87 ha of these areas need to be enriched and reforested with native vegetation from the region, according to the current legislation. The data of the area enable future proposals of models for environmental adaptation to the microbasin according to the current environmental legislation.