Propellantless deorbiting of space debris by bare electrodynamic tethers : final report

A Space tether is a thin, multi-kilometers long conductive wire, joining a satellite and some opposite end mass, and keeping vertical in orbit by the gravity-gradient. The ambient plasma, being highly conductive, is equipotential in its own co-moving frame. In the tether frame, in relative motion however, there is in the plasma a motional electric field of order of 100 V/km, product of (near) orbital velocity and geomagnetic field. The electromotive force established over the tether length allows plasma contactor devices to collect electrons at one polarized-positive (anodic) end and eject electrons at the opposite end, setting up a current along a standard, fully insulated tether. The Lorentz force exerted on the current by the geomagnetic field itself is always drag; this relies on just thermodynamics, like air drag. The bare tether concept, introduced in 1992 at the Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), takes away the insulation and has electrons collected over the tether segment coming out polarized positive; the concept rests on 2D (Langmuir probe) current-collection in plasmas being greatly more efficient than 3D collection. A Plasma Contactor ejects electrons at the cathodic end. A bare tether with a thin-tape cross section has much greater perimeter and de-orbits much faster than a (corresponding) round bare tether of equal length and mass. Further, tethers being long and thin, they are prone to cuts by abundant small space debris, but BETs has shown that the tape has a probability of being cut per unit time smaller by more than one order of magnitude than the corresponding round tether (debris comparable to its width are much less abundant than debris comparable to the radius of the corresponding round tether). Also, the tape collects much more current, and de-orbits much faster, than a corresponding multi-line “tape” made of thin round wires cross-connected to survive debris cuts. Tethers use a dissipative mechanism quite different from air drag and can de-orbit in just a few months; also, tape tethers are much lighter than round tethers of equal length and perimeter, which can capture equal current. The 3 disparate tape dimensions allow easily scalable design. Switching the cathodic Contactor off-on allows maneuvering to avoid catastrophic collisions with big tracked debris. Lorentz braking is as reliable as air drag. Tethers are still reasonably effective at high inclinations, where the motional field is small, because the geomagnetic field is not just a dipole along the Earth polar axis. BETs is the EC FP7/Space Project 262972, financed in about 1.8 million euros, from 1 November 2010 to 31 January 2014, and carrying out RTD work on de-orbiting space debris. Coordinated by UPM, it has partners Università di Padova, ONERA-Toulouse, Colorado State University, SME Emxys, DLR–Bremen, and Fundación Tecnalia. BETs work involves 1) Designing, building, and ground-testing basic hardware subsystems Cathodic Plasma Contactor, Tether Deployment Mechanism, Power Control Module, and Tape with crosswise and lengthwise structure. 2) Testing current collection and verifying tether dynamical stability. 3) Preliminary design of tape dimensions for a generic mission, conducive to low system-to-satellite mass ratio and probability of cut by small debris, and ohmic-effects regime of tether current for fast de-orbiting. Reaching TRL 4-5, BETs appears ready for in-orbit demostration.

Measurement of plasma electron density generated in an experiment of laser shock processing, utilizing the H­α­-line

In this work we have realized plasma diagnosis produced by Laser (LPP), by means of emission spectroscopy in a Laser Shock Processing (LSP). The LSP has been proposed as an alternative technology, competitive with classical surface treatments. The ionic species present in the plasma together with electron density and its temperature provide significant indicators of the degree of surface effect of the treated material. In order to analyze these indicators, we have realized spectroscopic studies of optical emission in the laser-generated plasmas in different situations. We have worked focusing on an aluminum sample (Al2024) in air and/or in LSP conditions (water flow) a Q-switched laser of Nd:YAG (λ = 1.06 μm, 10 ns of pulse duration, running at 10 Hz repetition rate). The pulse energy was set at 2,5 J per pulse. The electron density has been measured using, in every case, the Stark broadening of H Balmer α line (656.27 nm). In the case of the air, this measure has been contrasted with the value obtained with the line of 281.62 nm of Al II. Special attention has been paid to the self-absorption of the spectral lines used. The measures were realized with different delay times after the pulse of the laser (1–8 μs) and with a time window of 1 μs. In LSP the electron density obtained was between 1017 cm−3 for the shortest delays (4–6 μs), and 1016 cm−3 for the greatest delays (7,8 μs).

First-order equivalent to Einstein-Hilbert Lagrangian

A first-order Lagrangian L ∇ variationally equivalent to the second-order Einstein- Hilbert Lagrangian is introduced. Such a Lagrangian depends on a symmetric linear connection, but the dependence is covariant under diffeomorphisms. The variational problem defined by L ∇ is proved to be regular and its Hamiltonian formulation is studied, including its covariant Hamiltonian attached to ∇ .

Low-dose expression of a human apolipoprotein E transgene in macrophages restores cholesterol efflux capacity of apolipoprotein E-deficient mouse plasma

Apolipoprotein E- (apoE) deficient (E−/−) mice develop severe hyperlipidemia and diffuse atherosclerosis. Low-dose expression of a human apoE3 transgene in macrophages of apoE-deficient mice (E−/−hTgE+/0), which results in about 5% of wild-type apoE plasma levels, did not correct hyperlipidemia but significantly reduced the extent of atherosclerotic lesions. To investigate the contribution of apoE to reverse cholesterol transport, we compared plasmas of wild-type (E+/+), E−/−, and E−/−hTgE+/0 mice for the appearance of apoE-containing lipoproteins by electrophoresis and their capacity to take up and esterify 3H-labeled cholesterol from radiolabeled fibroblasts or J774 macrophages. Wild-type plasma displayed lipoproteins containing apoE that were the size of high density lipoprotein and that had either electrophoretic α or γ mobilities. Similar particles were also present in E−/−hTgE+/0 plasma. Depending on incubation time, E−/− plasma released 48–74% less 3H-labeled cholesterol from fibroblasts than E+/+ plasma, whereas cholesterol efflux into E−/−hTgE+/0 plasma was only 11–25% lower than into E+/+ plasma. E−/−hTgE+/0 plasma also released 10% more 3H-labeled cholesterol from radiolabeled J774 macrophages than E−/− plasma. E+/+ and E−/−hTgE+/0 plasma each esterified significantly more cell-derived 3H-labeled cholesterol than E−/− plasma. Moreover, E−/− plasma accumulated much smaller proportions of fibroblast-derived 3H-labeled cholesterol in fractions with electrophoretic γ and α mobility than E+/+ and E−/−hTgE+/0 plasma. Thus, low-dose expression of apoE in macrophages nearly restored the cholesterol efflux capacity of apoE-deficient plasma through the formation of apoE-containing particles, which efficiently take up cell-derived cholesterol, and through the increase of cholesterol esterification activity. Thus, macrophage-derived apoE may protect against atherosclerosis by increasing cholesterol efflux from arterial wall cells.

Effects of unique ion chemistry on thin-film growth by plasma–surface interactions

Plasma processing is a standard industrial method for the modification of material surfaces and the deposition of thin films. Polyatomic ions and neutrals larger than a triatomic play a critical role in plasma-induced surface chemistry, especially in the deposition of polymeric films from fluorocarbon plasmas. In this paper, low energy CF3+ and C3F5+ ions are used to modify a polystyrene surface. Experimental and computational studies are combined to quantify the effect of the unique chemistry and structure of the incident ions on the result of ion-polymer collisions. C3F5+ ions are more effective at growing films than CF3+, both at similar energy/atom of ≈6 eV/atom and similar total kinetic energies of 25 and 50 eV. The composition of the films grown experimentally also varies with both the structure and kinetic energy of the incident ion. Both C3F5+ and CF3+ should be thought of as covalently bound polyatomic precursors or fragments that can react and become incorporated within the polystyrene surface, rather than merely donating F atoms. The size and structure of the ions affect polymer film formation via differing chemical structure, reactivity, sticking probabilities, and energy transfer to the surface. The different reactivity of these two ions with the polymer surface supports the argument that larger species contribute to the deposition of polymeric films from fluorocarbon plasmas. These results indicate that complete understanding and accurate computer modeling of plasma–surface modification requires accurate measurement of the identities, number densities, and kinetic energies of higher mass ions and energetic neutrals.

A monoclonal IgG anticardiolipin antibody from a patient with the antiphospholipid syndrome is thrombogenic in mice.

Antiphospholipid antibodies, including anticardiolipin antibodies (ACA), are strongly associated with recurrent thrombosis in patients with the antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). To date, reports about the binding specificities of ACA and their role(s) in causing and/or sustaining thrombosis in APS are conflicting and controversial. The plasmas of patients with APS, usually containing a mixture of autoantibodies, vary in binding specificity for different phospholipids/cofactors and vary in in vitro lupus anticoagulant activity. Although in vivo assays that allow assessment of the pathogenic procoagulant activity of patient autoantibodies have recently been developed, the complex nature of the mixed species prevented determination of the particular species responsible for in vivo thrombosis. We have generated two human IgG monoclonal ACA from an APS patient with recurrent thrombosis. Both bound to cardiolipin in the presence of 10% bovine serum, but not in its absence, and both were reactive against phosphatidic acid, but were nonreactive against purified human beta-2 glycoprotein 1, DNA, heparan sulfate, or four other test antigens. Both monoclonal autoantibodies lacked lupus anticoagulant activity and did not inhibit prothrombinase activity. Remarkably, one of the monoclonal antibodies has thrombogenic properties when tested in an in vivo mouse model. This finding provides the first direct evidence that a particular antiphospholipid antibody specificity may contribute to in vivo thrombosis.

Gravidade de Lovelock e a correspondência AdS/CFT

A correspondência AdS/CFT é uma notável ferramenta no estudo de teorias de gauge fortemente acopladas que podem ser mapeadas em uma descrição gravitacional dual fracamente acoplada. A correspondência é melhor entendida no limite em que ambos $N$ e $\\lambda$, o rank do grupo de gauge e o acoplamento de \'t Hooft da teoria de gauge, respectivamente, são infinitos. Levar em consideração interações com termos de curvatura de ordem superior nos permite considerar correções de $\\lambda$ finito. Por exemplo, a primeira correção de acoplamento finito para supergravidade tipo IIB surge como um termo de curvatura com forma esquemática $\\alpha\'^3 R^4$. Neste trabalho investigamos correções de curvatura no contexto da gravidade de Lovelock, que é um cenário simples para investigar tais correções pois as suas equações de movimento ainda são de segunda ordem em derivadas. Esse cenário também é particularmente interessante do ponto de vista da correspondência AdS/CFT devido a sua grande classe de soluções de buracos negros assintoticamente AdS. Consideramos um sistema de gravidade AdS-axion-dilaton em cinco dimensões com um termo de Gauss-Bonnet e encontramos uma solução das equações de movimento, o que corresponde a uma black brane exibindo uma anisotropia espacial, onde a fonte da anisotropia é um campo escalar linear em uma das coordenadas espaciais. Estudamos suas propriedades termodinâmicas e realizamos a renormalização holográfica usando o método de Hamilton-Jacobi. Finalmente, usamos a solução obtida como dual gravitacional de um plasma anisotrópico fortemente acoplado com duas cargas centrais independentes, $a eq c$. Calculamos vários observáveis relevantes para o estudo do plasma, a saber, a viscosidade de cisalhamento sobre densidade de entropia, a força de arrasto, o parâmetro de jet quenching, o potencial entre um par quark-antiquark e a taxa de produção de fótons.

Modelos de mapas simpléticos para o movimento de deriva elétrica com efeitos de raio de Larmor finito

Mapas simpléticos têm sido amplamente utilizados para modelar o transporte caótico em plasmas e fluidos. Neste trabalho, propomos três tipos de mapas simpléticos que descrevem o movimento de deriva elétrica em plasmas magnetizados. Efeitos de raio de Larmor finito são incluídos em cada um dos mapas. No limite do raio de Larmor tendendo a zero, o mapa com frequência monotônica se reduz ao mapa de Chirikov-Taylor, e, nos casos com frequência não-monotônica, os mapas se reduzem ao mapa padrão não-twist. Mostramos como o raio de Larmor finito pode levar à supressão de caos, modificar a topologia do espaço de fases e a robustez de barreiras de transporte. Um método baseado na contagem dos tempos de recorrência é proposto para analisar a influência do raio de Larmor sobre os parâmetros críticos que definem a quebra de barreiras de transporte. Também estudamos um modelo para um sistema de partículas onde a deriva elétrica é descrita pelo mapa de frequência monotônica, e o raio de Larmor é uma variável aleatória que assume valores específicos para cada partícula do sistema. A função densidade de probabilidade para o raio de Larmor é obtida a partir da distribuição de Maxwell-Boltzmann, que caracteriza plasmas na condição de equilíbrio térmico. Um importante parâmetro neste modelo é a variável aleatória gama, definida pelo valor da função de Bessel de ordem zero avaliada no raio de Larmor da partícula. Resultados analíticos e numéricos descrevendo as principais propriedades estatísticas do parâmetro gama são apresentados. Tais resultados são então aplicados no estudo de duas medidas de transporte: a taxa de escape e a taxa de aprisionamento por ilhas de período um.

Estudo de efeitos da polarização eletrostática periférica no Tokamak TCABR

Efeitos da polarização eletrostática de eletrodos na periferia de tokamaks têm sido investigados em pequenos tokamaks e mesmo em alguns tokamaks de grande porte. Em geral as experiências são realizadas em condições em que bifurcação do campo elétrico radial é obtida, processo este identificado como modo H de polarização. No Tokamak TCABR, as experiências indicam que o confinamento aumenta para tensões aplicadas até +300 volts, atingindo um máximo de duas vezes o tempo de confinamento do modo L, mas sem bifurcação. Indícios de bifurcação foram notados com +400 V de polarização, mas a descarga termina devido à excitação da atividade MHD, ainda sob investigação. No presente trabalho, a pesquisa é aprofundada com a utilização de uma sonda de Langmuir com 18 pinos dispostos em duas fileiras sob a forma de um ancinho (rake probe) o que permite a medição da temperatura, densidade e flutuação de potencial ao longo do raio menor na periferia do Tokamak. A resolução temporal desse sistema é de cerca de 0,5 ms, para a temperatura, e 5 microssegundos para densidade e potencial flutuante do plasma. Outra sonda eletrostática com 5-pinos na mesma posição radial, mas em diferentes posições poloidal e toroidal foi usada para medições de turbulência e transporte de partículas. Os efeitos da polarização foram investigados e indicam que os níveis de turbulência e transporte começam a diminuir entre +150 e +200 V e para +300 V chegam a atingir uma quase supressão. Nesse mesmo intervalo de tensão a densidade começa a aumentar e para +300 V chega a ser um fator de aproximadamente 2. Quanto ao perfil de temperatura a variação é pouco significativa, mas as incertezas das medidas são maiores. Esses dados são compatíveis com a criação de uma barreira de transporte na região entre o eletrodo em r = 17 cm e o limitador em a = 18 cm. Além disso, o campo elétrico radial mostra forte cisalhamento nessa região. Tomando o início da subida do potencial flutuante como origem de uma escala de tempo, o atraso temporal do início da subida da densidade de elétrons e o atraso do início do decréscimo do transporte de partículas foram medidos. Os resultados são 50 microssegundos para a densidade de elétrons e 60 microssegundos para o transporte de partículas. A questão dos limiares de potência é discutida no texto. Os dados desta experiência indicam que o campo elétrico radial desempenha o papel principal para a melhoria do confinamento.

Instabilidades MHD no Tokamak TCABR

Este trabalho descreve o estudo das instabilidades magneto-hidro-dinâmicas (MHD) comumente observadas nas descargas elétricas de plasma no tokamak TCABR, do Instituto de Física da USP. Dois diagnósticos principais foram empregados para observar essas instabilidades: um conjunto poloidal de 24 bobinas magnéticas (bobinas de Mirnov) colocadas próximas à borda do plasma e um medidor de emissões na faixa do Ultra Violeta e de raios X moles com 20 canais (sistema SXR), cujo circuito de condicionamento de sinais foi aprimorado como parte deste trabalho. Esses diagnósticos foram escolhidos porque fornecem informações complementares, uma vez que o sistema SXR observa a parte central da coluna de plasma, enquanto as bobinas de Mirnov detectam as instabilidades MHD na região mais externa da coluna. As informações coletadas por esses diagnósticos foram submetidas à análise espectral com resolução temporal e espacial, possibilitando determinar a evolução das características espectrais e espaciais das instabilidades MHD observadas. Essas análises revelaram que durante a etapa inicial da formação do plasma (quando a corrente de plasma ainda está aumentando) ilhas magnéticas com números de onda decrescente, identificadas como sendo modos kink de borda, são detectadas nas bobinas de Mirnov. Após a formação do plasma, quando os parâmetros de equilíbrio estão relativamente estáveis (platô), oscilações são detectadas tanto nas bobinas de Mirnov quanto no sistema de SXR, indicando a presença de instabilidades MHD em toda a coluna de plasma. Em geral as oscilações medidas nas bobinas de Mirnov tem baixa amplitude e correspondem a pequenas ilhas magnéticas que foram identificadas como sendo modos de ruptura (modos tearing). Por outro lado, as instabilidades na região central foram identificadas como dentes de serra, que correspondem a relaxações periódicas da região interna à superfície magnética com fator de segurança q=1 e que são acompanhadas de oscilações precursoras, cuja amplitude depende da fase do ciclo de relaxação. Devido à essa modulação de amplitude, aparecem picos de frequência satélite nos espectrogramas dos sinais do SXR. Além disso, devido ao fato dos ciclos de relaxação não serem sinusoidais, os harmônicos da frequência de relaxação também aparecem nesses espectrogramas. No entanto, em muitas descargas do TCABR, a intensidade das oscilações medidas nas bobinas de Mirnov aumentam significativamente durante o platô, com efeitos sobre a frequência de todas as instabilidades MHD, até mesmo sobre os dentes de serra localizados na região central da coluna. Em todos os casos, observou-se que durante o platô a frequência das ilhas magnéticas coincide com a frequência das oscilações precursoras do dente de serra, apesar de serem duas instabilidades distintas, localizadas em posições radiais muito diferentes. Essa coincidência de frequências possibilitou descrever a evolução em frequência de todas as oscilações detectadas em diversos diagnósticos com base em apenas duas frequências básicas: a dos ciclos de relaxação dente de serra e a das ilhas magnéticas.

Ion heating in transitions to CERC in the stellarator TJ-II

In TJ-II stellarator plasmas, in the electron cyclotron heating regime, an increase in the ion temperature is observed, synchronized with that of the electron temperature, during the transition to the core electron-root confinement (CERC) regime. This rise in ion temperature should be attributed to the joint action of the electron–ion energy transfer (which changes slightly during the CERC formation) and an enhancement of the ion confinement. This improvement must be related to the increase in the positive electric field in the core region. In this paper, we confirm this hypothesis by estimating the ion collisional transport in TJ-II under the physical conditions established before and after the transition to CERC. We calculate a large number of ion orbits in the guiding-centre approximation considering the collisions with a background plasma composed of electrons and ions. The ion temperature profile and the thermal flux are calculated in a self-consistent way, so that the change in the ion heat transport can be assessed.

Ion kinetic transport in TJ-II

The ion Drift Kinetic Equation (DKE) which describes the ion coUisional transport is solved for the TJ-II device plasmas. This non-linear equation is computed by peribrming a mean field iterative calculation. In each step of the calculation, a Fokker-Planck equation is solved by means of the Langevin approach: one million particles are followed in a realistic TJ-II magnetic configuration, taking into account collisions and electric field. This allows to avoid the assumptions made in the usual neoclassical approach, namely considering radially narrow particle trajectories, diffusive transport, energy conservation and infinite parallel transport. As a consequence, global features of transport, not present in the customary neoclassical models, appear: non-diffusive transport and asymmetries on the magnetic surfaces.

Estudio mediante dinámica molecular del efecto de la radiación e isótopos de H en diamante para su aplicación en fusión

Las recientes mejoras en la síntesis de Diamante artificial han logrado cristales de mayor tamaño, propiedades optimizadas y en muchos casos superiores a sus variantes naturales. Con ello, los cristales sintéticos de Diamante, pasan a ser una alternativa seria en aplicaciones de Fusión Nuclear. Algunas de las propiedades deseables para dichas aplicaciones son especialmente notables en Diamante, entre otras su conductividad térmica o su amplio rango de transparencia electromagnética. Sin embargo, el conocimiento acumulado acerca de su comportamiento bajo radiación, o más concretamente bajo las condiciones radiactivas de Fusión, es todavía limitado. En aplicaciones de Fusión nuclear, es imprescindible conocer el efecto de la radiación neutrónica y la interacción del material con Hidrógeno, sus isótopos y otros elementos ligeros propios de los plasmas de Fusión. No nos consta una bibliografía extensa acerca del daño por radiación en Diamante, existen estudios poco concluyentes acerca de la energía umbral de desplazamiento, se ha estudiado la grafitización o amorfización y tópicos tales como la implantación o el daño por bombardeo electrónico, iónico o gamma, pero no se han encontrado trabajos previos a esta tesis en cascadas de desplazamientos 1 y, como veremos, apenas unos pocos trabajos utilizan la técnica de la Dinámica Molecular en estudios de daño por radiación en este material. La interacción del Hidrógeno en la red de Diamante sí ha sido extensamente estudiada, se conocen multitud de líneas de absorción relacionadas con su presencia, se ha estudiado su difusión mediante técnicas experimentales y existen descripciones atomísticas de los sitios de equilibrio en la red de Diamante, aislado o formando parte de agregados...

Hot thermal X-ray emission from the Be star HD 119682

We present an analysis of a series of four consecutive Chandra high-resolution transmission gratings observations, amounting to a total of 150 ks, of the Be X-ray source HD 119682 (=1WGA J1346.5–6255), a member of the new class of γ Cas analogs. The Chandra light curve shows significant brightness variations on timescales of hours. However, the spectral distribution appears rather stable within each observation and during the whole campaign. A detailed analysis is not able to detect any coherent pulsation up to a frequency of 0.05 Hz. The Chandra High Energy Transmission Gratings spectrum seems to be devoid of any strong emission line, including Fe Kα fluorescence. The continuum is well described with the addition of two collisionally ionized plasmas of temperatures kT ≈ 15 keV and 0.2 keV, respectively, by the apec model. Models using photoionized plasma components (mekal) or non-thermal components (powerlaw) give poorer fits, providing support for the pure thermal scenario. These two components are absorbed by a single column with N H = (0.20+0.15 –0.03) × 1022 cm–2 compatible with the interstellar value. We conclude that HD 119682 can be regarded as a pole-on γ Cas analog.

Chandra and Suzaku observations of the Be/X-ray star HD110432

We present an analysis of a pointed 141 ks Chandra high-resolution transmission gratings observation of the Be X-ray emitting star HD110432, a prominent member of the γ Cas analogs. This observation represents the first high-resolution spectrum taken for this source as well as the longest uninterrupted observation of any γ Cas analog. The Chandra light curve shows a high variability but its analysis fails to detect any coherent periodicity up to a frequency of 0.05 Hz. Hardness ratio versus intensity analyses demonstrate that the relative contributions of the [1.5-3] Å, [3-6] Å, and [6-16] Å energy bands to the total flux change rapidly in the short term. The analysis of the Chandra High Energy Transmission Grating (HETG) spectrum shows that, to correctly describe the spectrum, three model components are needed. Two of those components are optically thin thermal plasmas of different temperatures (kT ≈ 8-9 and 0.2-0.3 keV, respectively) described by the models vmekal or bvapec. The Fe abundance in each of these two components appears equal within the errors and is slightly subsolar with Z ≈ 0.75 Z ☉. The bvapec model better describes the Fe L transitions, although it cannot fit well the Na XI Lyα line at 10.02 Å, which appears to be overabundant. Two different models seem to describe well the third component. One possibility is a third hot optically thin thermal plasma at kT = 16-21 keV with an Fe abundance Z ≈ 0.3 Z ☉, definitely smaller than for the other two thermal components. Furthermore, the bvapec model describes well the Fe K shell transitions because it accounts for the turbulence broadening of the Fe XXV and Fe XXVI lines with a v turb ≈ 1200 km s–1. These two lines, contributed mainly by the hot thermal plasma, are significantly wider than the Fe Kα line whose FWHM < 5 mÅ is not resolved by Chandra. Alternatively, the third component can be described by a power law with a photon index of Γ = 1.56. In either case, the Chandra HETG spectrum establishes that each one of these components must be modified by distinct absorption columns. The analysis of a noncontemporaneous 25 ks Suzaku observation shows the presence of a hard tail extending up to at least 33 keV. The Suzaku spectrum is described with the sum of two components: an optically thin thermal plasma at kT ≈ 9 keV and Z ≈ 0.74 Z ☉, and a very hot second plasma with kT ≈ 33 keV or, alternatively, a power law with photon index of Γ = 1.58. In either case, each one of the two components must be affected by different absorption columns. Therefore, the kT = 8-9 keV component is definitely needed while the nature of the harder emission cannot be unambiguously established with the present data sets. The analysis of the Si XIII and S XV He-like triplets present in the Chandra spectrum points to a very dense (ne ~ 1013 cm–3) plasma located either close to the stellar surface (r < 3R *) of the Be star or, alternatively, very close (r ~ 1.5R WD) to the surface of a (hypothetical) white dwarf companion. We argue, however, that the available data support the first scenario.