Evolución de las matemáticas acompañando a la educación secundaria

La Constitución de Cádiz (1812) inicia el origen de la enseñanza secundaria en España. Dichos estudios corren parejos con el desarrollo de la burguesía como clase diferenciada, y como tal se identifican los nuevos estudios con la nueva clase social. Paralelamente al nacimiento de la secundaria, los contenidos en matemáticas de los programas, se van abriendo paso y quitando horas a los tradicionales de humanidades. El recorrido histórico termina con la trascendental Ley Moyano en 1857.

Discovering keys to explain social policies within the social and democratic rule-of-law sate

There is a collective worldview on social policies that is expressed and understood by university professionals. However, it takes students time to construct this knowledge. Here, we provide fundamental ideas and a dynamic to facilitate learning of social policies. The preparation of a brief dictionary of significant terms is to be constructed as a group, alongside the maieutic work to be carried out by the teacher. The goal is to discover keys to understand the meaning of social policies and the underlying values that sustain a social and democratic rule-of-law state such as the one proposed in the Spanish Constitution of 1978. Attention is focused on the structure of the mixed welfare state. This is an integral proposal and comprises three dimensions. First, it considers the state and its possible welfare agents: business, market, the Church and civil society. The attitudes with which universal and inclusive social action is promoted, breaking radically with the aid-based meaning contained in other systems, are then addressed. Finally, we examine human dignity as a principle and aim of intervention, a basis for understanding other concepts such as human, social, labour and political rights. It is to be hoped that these pages prove useful for both teaching staff and students.

La justificación del Derecho de Resistencia en el Estado Constitucional Democrático de Derecho: algunas reflexiones iusfilosóficas

This paper aims to demonstrate how in the constitutional rule of law the right of resistance plays a key role in its development, its adaptation to the changing reality of society and the satisfaction of the interests of all the people involved in this common project. Firstly, we will analyze how individuals or social groups must act when they suffer injustices due to state acts or laws that violate their most basic rights. In some cases, we believe that they have the right to exercise any form of weak resistance that they deem appropriate to present at the public scene a cause that must be socially and politically recognized. Secondly, we will see what happens when the rule of law itself is in danger. In that case, we believe that society will have not only the right but the duty to exercise the resistance in its most extreme form to defend the existing constitutional order of any illegitimate authority that seeks to impose itself on it and the sovereignty of the people.

Welfare Regimes and “progressive” governments in Latin America: The cases of Venezuela, Ecuador and Bolivia

Several authors have applied the concept of Welfare Regimens for studying social policy in Latin America (Esping-Andersen, 1993 and 2000). Among others, Martínez Franzoni (2007) develops a typology, with fi eld work is at the turn of the millennium, and establishes three categories: State-productivist regime, state-protectionist and family orientated. Most countries in the region are placed in the latter category. The hypothesis of this article argues that with the emergence of governments considered “left” or “progressive” in several countries of the region from the late ‘90s and, more decisively, in 2000’, the map of welfare regimes models could have mutated substantively. The nationally transformative experiences are different (various socio-economic realities and political action in which they are located exists) but they have several contact points that can be summarized in a greater state intervention in different areas previously closed to their operating and recovery of important functions of welfare and care of the population by the government. The paper discusses with an exploratory and descriptive approach the welfare schemes that would shape in three countries that have constitutionalized the change from the neoliberal paradigm: Venezuela, Bolivia and Ecuador.

Non-agrocultural co-peratives and economy transformation in Cuba: politic processes and strategies

Contribution of co-operatives has been demonstrated since the 1970s as the main development line in agricultural production in Cuba. In contrast, there has been a late recognition of urban co-operatives, even if the need of transformations based on the realization of property in different territorial scenarios had been identified. The article analyses the reform processes launched since the first decade of the 21st century focusing on the nature of the initiatives fostering formation and promotion of nonagricultural co-operatives including follow up of their performance. The potential and limitations of the recent experiences are examined in order to reflect on the organizational processes and transformations from the point of view of their members. To conclude, some questions are posed about whether these co-operatives are capable of avoiding the impact of earlier employment circumstances and of developing strategies aimed at reinforcing voluntary membership and autonomy on which they are founded.

Funciones de la fotografía en las relaciones interculturales entre familias inmigrantes

En este artículo presentamos los resultados y el análisis de uno de los objetivos del proyecto I+D+i aprobado por el Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad de España titulado Mediaciones audiovisuales en las relaciones entre escuela y familias inmigrantes. Concretamente, el dirigido a conocer las funciones que tienen las imágenes fotográficas en las relaciones de un grupo de padres inmigrantes en el colegio al que asisten sus hijos e hijas. Los datos presentados corresponden a las narraciones biográfico-culturales y visuales iniciadas en las aulas por estas familias junto a la tutora del grupo, y continuadas en sus contextos personal y social. Concluimos que las fotografías en los relatos han tenido las funciones de: fuente de información, soporte de análisis, reflexión y debate y, finalmente, medio para comunicar el conocimiento experiencial generado. Dentro de esta última, se han utilizado tres procedimientos que hemos denominado: denotativo autorreferencial, connotativo texto-visual y secuencial.

Pupil participation in school life: an approach from the educational community

The Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC, 1989) is currently the most ratified international treaty. Several authors have highlighted its potential for both a moral education and citizenship. However, paradoxically, different studies report its limited or occasional incorporation into school practices. This article explores experiences of participation in schools,the third P of the CRC, from the plurality of voices and actors of the educational community,by means of 14 discussion groups in 11 autonomous communities in Spain. Discourse analysis evidence low levels of student participation in school life. But, at the same time, a favorable educational environment for the development of projects that contribute to child participation is found, as well as for the incorporation of the CRC as a mover and a referential integrator of the different schools projects. However, it is also an educational background conductive to projects for its development, such as the incorporation of the CRC as a referential integrator of the schools projects.

Latin American migration in the central area of Iquique: New fronts of residential location and unequal forms of access to housing

Historically the central area of the city of Iquique has been established as residential space migrants choosing from different backgrounds , however since the late 2000s migration flows are diversified being mostly Latin American immigrants who live in precarious conditions , accessing tugurizados properties , deteriorated in an increasingly growing informal market. The results presented here are derived from quantitative residential location of migrants , as well as the implementation of 13 in-depth interviews . From these results emerge that Latin American migrants access to the same places where once lived internal migrants, however they inhabit a restrictive market , uneven and inadequate living conditions lease, but allows them to articulate residence and proximity to industrial networks , social and popular trade.

El idiotismo de la sociedad tradicionalista tecnificada de principios de siglo XX en Colombia: La crítica de Luis Vidales a través de "Suenan timbres"

En este artículo tratamos, por medio de Suenan timbres de Luis Vidales, el idiotismo de la sociedad tradicionalista tecnificada de principios de siglo XX en Colombia. Estudio que realizamos desde el concepto de idiotismo de Vidales, en estrecha relación con el de cultura de viñeta de Rafael Gutiérrez Girardot, para plantear la burla del poeta a la sociedad capitalista, que cuestiona la presencia de la Iglesia católica y la política conservadora en todos los estadios de la vida nacional.

From the "pólis" to the modern state: an approach to the problem of politics in Heidegger

This paper starts off asking whether a strictly political approach may be deduced based on Martin Heidegger’ ontological analyses of modernity. His interpretation of the Greek phenomenon of the polis is discussed along with the distinction established therein between this form of community and the modern state, founded according to Heidegger on the metaphysical essence of modernity. To clarify this question regard is had to the proclamation of values observed by Heidegger in the different forms of state organization arising in the age of technical consummation of metaphysics. In this connection, his vision of nihilism is studied and a hypothesis is finally offered as to the form of state that would be consistent with a renunciation of the values required, in his view, by the manifestation of the entity in modernity as a wholly producible object.

Proyecto de Factibilidad para la creación de una empresa dedicada a la elaboración de papel a base del pinzote de banano, ubicado en el sector Rumicucho, parroquia San Antonio de Pichincha, Canctón Quito. Provincia de Pichincha.

El presente trabajo investigativo contiene cinco capítulos los cuales están ordenados en una forma secuencial y lógica para el entendimiento de los lectores. El Capítulo I, es el Estudio de Mercado, en el cual como método de investigación se utilizo la encuesta, para conocer la cantidad de personas que requieren adquirí el producto, sus necesidades, además de indagar en las ofertas existentes, las tendencias que tienen estos, para de esta manera saber en qué mercado queremos incursionar y cuál sería la oferta que podemos presentar. El Capítulo II, es el Estudio de Tamaño y Localización, se analizo factores de producción, maquinaria los que permiten conocer cuál es el tamaño óptimo de la planta, el tamaño de la maquinaria para de esta manera analizar la distribución espacial de la planta. La localización a pesar de conocerla, se analizó para saber las características con las que cuenta este lugar tanto como las falencias del mismo. El Capítulo III, es el Estudio de Ingeniería del Proyecto, este nos permitió conocer los recursos humanos, de infraestructura, materia prima, de equipos y maquinaria, que se necesitarán para la implementación de la planta, el costo que estos implican, para considerar la selección adecuada de los mismos. El Capítulo VI, Estudio Financiero, es el que permite establecer la factibilidad del proyecto de manera cuantitativa a través de la inversión que se realizará, los, costos, los ingresos, que permiten conocer la utilidad que genera el proyecto, además de analizar con métodos financieros la viabilidad de la empresa a base de sus resultados. El Capítulo V, Análisis Legal y Organizacional, establece las bases jurídicas tanto internas y externas que debe cumplir la empresa, desde su constitución y durante todo el horizonte del proyecto. En lo referente a la organización se estable la misión, visión, organigramas y la importancia del personal en la empresa.

Antropologia cinética : relações interpenetrantes entre a vida e a imagem

A incapacidade do ser humano perceber quem realmente é e o que faz no mundo atira-o para todo o tipo de situações que de alguma forma lhe sirvam de consolo e de recompensa. Dessa vulnerabilidade emerge o cogito do sonhador que, fruto dum impulso homeostático e de uma atividade psíquica em busca de autoconhecimento, o impulsiona para uma produção desmedida de conteúdos ficcionais e, consequentemente, o mergulha em infindáveis inferências semióticas. A tese que aqui se apresenta dedica-se, num primeiro momento, ao estudo da dependência do ser humano relativamente às imagens, às histórias e à ficção e seguidamente ao poder da animação – recurso cada vez mais utilizado como meio de comunicação emocional. Partindo da questão: Como a ficção nos humaniza e qual a pertinência da animação nesse contexto, tem-se por objetivo chegar a um novo entendimento sobre qual tem vindo a ser o papel da animação, nomeadamente quando esta reflete uma espécie de metonímia do próprio processo de vida e se torna num notável objeto de autorreflexividade humana. Contrariamente a outros estudos que recorrentemente entendem e analisam a animação como uma técnica cinematográfica, o trabalho que aqui se apresenta procurará revelar através duma abordagem transdisciplinar com base no construtivismo radical (uma teoria do conhecimento que reconhece a pluralidade de cunho biográfico e cultural das percepções e das perspectivas da realidade), a abrangência ontológica da animação. Ao se pretender enriquecer e validar as diversas descobertas, ir-se-á ainda triangular essas constatações com um estudo de caso que de forma convergente saliente os aspetos dinâmicos, holísticos e individuais da experiência humana no contexto daqueles que estão atualmente a vivenciar o fenómeno descrito.

Curso colectivo: Estrategias retóricas. Despejar problemas

Se trata de hacer una lectura estratégica de pensadores contemporáneos (filósofos, teóricos literarios y retóricos) para mostrar cómo contribuyen a configurar una retórica contemporánea dedicada al estudio crítico de cuestiones actuales del discurso en su constitución y en sus efectos en las Humanidades. Cuestiones como la eficacia y la oportunidad del discurso, su apropiación y su potencial crítico. En la medida en que el discurso es aquello por lo que se lucha y no el instrumento para luchas exteriores a él, la importancia de los vocabularios y de las figuras para resistirse y criticar las formas de dominación resulta indudable. Las representaciones no son simples imágenes verídicas o engañosas de una realidad que le sería externa, poseen una energía propia que persuade y convence de que el mundo es en efecto lo que dicen que es y que constituye a los sujetos del discurso así como sus relaciones sociales. A esa energía la retórica le ha llamado desde siempre retoricidad o fuerza retórica de la lengua. Parte de esa fuerza retórica de la lengua radica en la capacidad que posee cierto vocabulario para producir conmociones políticas en las sociedades y modificaciones en las formas de subjetivación de los individuos. El título Estrategias retóricas se refiere a dichos vocabularios críticos. El curso tiene duración de un año.

Stresse e resiliência em situações de insuficiência económica e de depressão

Tese de doutoramento, Psicologia, Faculdade de Ciências Humanas e Sociais, Universidade do Algarve, 2015

No rastro de dores : trajetórias de vida e registros de superação em narrativas de mulheres negras com experiência de relações afetivo-sexuais com outras mulheres

Tese (doutorado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Ciências Sociais, Departamento de Antropologia, Programa de Pós-graduação em Antropologia Social, 2015.