Polityka oświatowa i edukacyjna jako element polityki historycznej (1989-2014). Dynamika zmian treści dotyczącej Polski Ludowej

Wydział Nauk Politycznych i Dziennikarstwa

Ruchy gałek ocznych i gesty jako korelaty przetwarzania języka w tłumaczeniu konsekutywnym i symultanicznym

Wydział Anglistyki

Mutation in NDUFA13/GRIM19 leads to early onset hypotonia, dyskinesia and sensorial deficiencies, and mitochondrial complex I instability

International audience

Nutrient content in aboveground biomass of Brazilian peanut cultivars in conservation tillage on sugarcane straw and pasture area.

Fields studies were conducted in 2004/2005 in order to evaluate the effects of tillage on nutrient content in aboveground biomass of two peanut cultivars, cultivated in rotation after mechanical harvested sugarcane and pastures. These trials were carried out in two types of soils; Oxisol and Ultisol, respectively in Ribeir?ao Preto and Mirassol, S?ao Paulo State, Brazil. The experimental design was split-plot with four replications. Tillage treatments (conventional, minimum and no-tillage) were main plots while sub-plots were peanut genotypes IAC-Tatu ST (Valencia market-type, erect growth habit, red seed coat, maturity range around 100 days after planting) and IAC-Caiap´o (Runner market-type, prostate growth habit, pink testa, maturity range more than 135 days). From 15 to 90 days after emergence, samples of leaves and stems were harvested, dried, weighted and ground to determine macro and micronutrient concentration. At 75 days after sowing, the cultivar IAC-Caiap´o showed higher contents of N, P, K, Cu, and Zn while IAC-Tatu presented higher concentrations of Ca, Mg, and S. Zn content was higher in conservation tillage than in conventional, mainly in Oxisoil for both of cultivars.

Factors driving the abundance of ixodes ricinus ticks and the prevalence of zoonotic I. ricinus-borne pathogens in natural foci

Environmental factors may drive tick ecology and therefore tick-borne pathogen (TBP) epidemiology, which determines the risk to animals and humans of becoming infected by TBPs. For this reason, the aim of this study was to analyze the influence of environmental factors on the abundance of immature-stage Ixodes ricinus ticks and on the prevalence of two zoonotic I. ricinus-borne pathogens in natural foci of endemicity. I. ricinus abundance was measured at nine sites in the northern Iberian Peninsula by dragging the vegetation with a cotton flannelette, and ungulate abundance was measured by means of dung counts. In addition to ungulate abundance, data on variables related to spatial location, climate, and soil were gathered from the study sites. I. ricinus adults, nymphs, and larvae were collected from the vegetation, and a representative subsample of I. ricinus nymphs from each study site was analyzed by PCR for the detection of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and Anaplasma phagocytophilum DNA. Mean prevalences of these pathogens were 4.0% ± 1.8% and 20.5% ± 3.7%, respectively. Statistical analyses confirmed the influence of spatial factors, climate, and ungulate abundance on I. ricinus larva abundance, while nymph abundance was related only to climate. Interestingly, cattle abundance rather than deer abundance was the main driver of B. burgdorferi sensu lato and A. phagocytophilum prevalence in I. ricinus nymphs in the study sites, where both domestic and wild ungulates coexist. The increasing abundance of cattle seems to increase the risk of other hosts becoming infected by A. phagocytophilum, while reducing the risk of being infected by B. burgdorferi sensu lato. Controlling ticks in cattle in areas where they coexist with wild ungulates would be more effective for TBP control than reducing ungulate abundance.

Discovery of stable and variable differences in the Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis type I, II, and III genomes by pan-genome microarray analysis

Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis is an important animal pathogen widely disseminated in the environment that has also been associated with Crohn's disease in humans. Three M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis genomotypes are recognized, but genomic differences have not been fully described. To further investigate these potential differences, a 60-mer oligonucleotide microarray (designated the MAPAC array), based on the combined genomes of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis (strain K-10) and Mycobacterium avium subsp. hominissuis (strain 104), was designed and validated. By use of a test panel of defined M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis strains, the MAPAC array was able to identify a set of large sequence polymorphisms (LSPs) diagnostic for each of the three major M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis types. M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis type II strains contained a smaller genomic complement than M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis type I and M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis type III genomotypes, which included a set of genomic regions also found in M. avium subsp. hominissuis 104. Specific PCRs for genes within LSPs that differentiated M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis types were devised and shown to accurately screen a panel (n = 78) of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis strains. Analysis of insertion/deletion region INDEL12 showed deletion events causing a reduction in the complement of mycobacterial cell entry genes in M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis type II strains and significantly altering the coding of a major immunologic protein (MPT64) associated with persistence and granuloma formation. Analysis of MAPAC data also identified signal variations in several genomic regions, termed variable genomic islands (vGIs), suggestive of transient duplication/deletion events. vGIs contained significantly low GC% and were immediately flanked by insertion sequences, integrases, or short inverted repeat sequences. Quantitative PCR demonstrated that variation in vGI signals could be associated with colony growth rate and morphology.

Gräs från våtmark som additiv i bränslepellets : Effekter på pelletskvalitet och energiförbrukning

Because of global warming the energy production development has progressed towards more renewable energy sources. Biomass has great potential in this matter and pellet is already a big market that has increased seven times the past decade. A periodically strained woodchip resource market and statements of short supply in the future has got actors exploring opportunities with other commodities. Grasses such as Canary grass has shown great potential in this matter and in this study a wetland grass is tested as an additive, 0,5, 1,0, 1,5, and 1,9%, with spruce woodchips. The test production series was performed at a production unit located at the department of environmental and energy system at Karlstad University, Karlstad. Quality was controlled accordingly to the European standard and parameters such as energy consumption, moisture content, mechanical durability and bulk density was tested. For comparison, a sample with only spruce wood chips was produced, and a sample containing 1% of a commonly used additive, potato starch. The results showed that a decrease in energy consumption with 14% when 2% wetland grass was added, part of the decline may be due to the increased production flow compared with the reference sample. The positive effects on decrease in energy consumption, that 1% potato starch results in, is equal to reults from 1% wetlandgrass. This indicates lubricating properties in wetlandgrass. This is attributed to that herbaceous plants have a high content of extracts such as waxes and that they cause less friction in the press. Tests also showed that pellet with wetland grass did not qualify the European standard in terms of mechanical durability. Extracts can form a weak boundary layer in the pellet and cause this. A possible trend shows a better mechanical durability with more grass in pellets. The presence of different size of particles can be a reason. Moisture content qualifies according to the European standard but is below optimum 8%. This despite to relatively high moisture content in the mixer. Higher moisture content in the press would certainly result in a generally higher quality. Suggestions for future studies are to produce pellets with greater distribution on the wetland grass added, to easier interpret a connection. Also examine the extracts behavior with different moisture content. For a sustainable development accordingly renewable energy it is important to ensure the future commodity market for pellets. Further studies should be performed to help the development of alternative raw materials in conjunction with pellet production.

Undervisningsmetoder inom läsförståelse i teori och praktik. : Sex lärares uppfattningar och konkreta arbete gällande undervisningen inom läsförståelse i årskurs 1-3.

Resultaten av de internationella undersökningarna PISA 2011 och PIRLS 2011 visar att de svenska elevernas resultat inom läsförståelse försämrats. I Skolinspektionen granskning framkommer det att diskussioner och textsamtal har en relativt liten del av undervisningen av läsförståelse i Sverige idag. Tidigare forskning har ringat in fyra metoder som anses effektivast för elevers utveckling av läsförståelse. Textsamtal, diskussioner och reflektioner har avgörande roller inom alla fyra undervisningsmetoder. Syftet med denna studie är att synliggöra hur sex lärare tänker kring, samt konkret arbetar med, undervisningen av läsförståelse, för att se om de fyra metoderna går att återfinna i de sex lärarnas undervisning. Metoderna som används är semistrukturerade intervjuer samt strukturerade observationer. Resultatet av studien visar att den strategiinriktade undervisningen dominerar undervisningen bland de sex lärarna, och att innehållsorienterad undervisning, vilken visats effektivast i forskningen, är ytterst begränsad. Samtidigt beskriver samtliga lärare att samtal och diskussioner bör vara en stor del av undervisningen inom läsförståelse. En slutsats av studien är att synen på undervisningen av läsförståelse varierar mellan de sex lärarna, samt att allt undervisningsmaterial är baserat på läsförståelsestrategier. Dock förekommer knappt diskussioner och samtal i samband med undervisningen av strategier, vilket är en viktig del för att arbetet med strategiinriktad undervisning ska kunna utveckla elevernas läsförståelse på bästa sätt.

Marketing Automation – en studie om ett modernt marknadsföringsverktyg i en svensk kontext

I takt med att digitala medier har utvecklats under de senaste åren har köpresan för-ändrats till att kunder idag i ett mycket senare skede släpper in leverantörer i dialogen. Marketing Automation adresserar den problembilden och har växt fram som en brygga mellan sälj- och marknadsprocessen. Systemet ger möjlighet att effektivt och automatiserat utveckla leads (potentiell kund). Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur Marketing Automation påverkar sälj- och marknadsprocesserna. Vilka förutsättningar krävs för en implementation? Ökar lönsamheten? Vi har därför valt att i det teoretiska ramverket beskriva Marketing Automation och bland annat undersöka om ett införande av Marketing Automation medför att sälj- och marknadsorganisationerna slås samman till en organisatorisk enhet. I studien har vi dessutom kartlagt och beskrivit den moderna köpresan och det som ibland kallas intäktsorganisationen. Vi har funnit att Marketing Automation är relativt outforskat i en svensk kontext. För att utröna om teorin, som i stor utsträckning bygger på internationell litteratur och internationella undersökningar, går att överföra till en svensk kontext har vi valt att genomföra en kvalitativ studie i form av en fallstudie av leverantörer av produkter och tjänster inom området samt företag, med den gemensamma nämnaren att de re-presenterar ett kunskapsintensivt erbjudande och har implementerat lösningar för Marketing Automation. I vår analys finns en samsyn mellan leverantörer och kunder i förutsättningar för ett införande, men vi kan även se hur resultaten divergerar och pekar på implikationer, inte minst avseende måluppfyllnad och samverkan mellan sälj- och marknadsorgani-sationerna. Vår slutsats visar bland annat att Marketing Automation kan leda till uppfyllnad av mjuka värden i företaget men har inte bevisats leda till ökad lönsamhet per automatik. Vi ser lönsamhet och Return on Investment (ROI) som ett område som bör utforskas vidare.

Äldre invandrares från före detta Jugoslaviens förväntningar i mötet med sjuksköterskor i Sverige : -En kvalitativ intervjustudie

Dagens samhälle blir allt mer mångkulturellt. Det ställer högre krav på både omvårdnaden och sjuksköterskan. Sjuksköterskans eventuella brist på kompetens om kulturskillnader kan skapa kulturkrockar, missförstånd och felaktig omvårdnad. Syftet med studien var att undersöka vilka förväntningar äldre invandrare från förre detta Jugoslavien har i möten med sjuksköterskan i Sverige samt hur sjuksköterskans kompetens kan skiljas från undersköterskor, sjukgymnaster och arbetsterapeuter. Metod: Studien är kvalitativ med en induktiv ansats och baseras på sex intervjuer med äldre invandrare som ursprungligen kom från fd. Jugoslavien. Personlig kontakt togs med informanterna om deltagande i undersökningen genom serbiska/bosniska/kroatiska/makedoniska. Författaren informerade om studien och att de som ville delta kontaktade författaren. Insamlat material analyserades systematiskt med innehållsanalys. Resultat: Det som framkom att de äldre invandrarna förväntade sig i mötet med sjuksköterskan presenteras i följande fem kategorier; Att få bekräftelse för uttalade behov; Empatisk kontakt; Kommunikation och dialog i mötet; Respekt för sina värderingar och syn på hälsa och Trygghet. Slutsatsen: omvårdnad av äldre patienter med en annan kulturell bakgrund kräver båda kulturell kompetens och professionellt förhållningssätt. Sjuksköterskan behöver kunna identifiera patientens vårdbehov och i detta fallet även övergå de språkliga barriärer och nå patienten och förstå deras behov.

Att bekämpa det onda eller främja det goda : Fyra verksamhetsperspektiv på individer i våldsbejakandemiljöer samt preventionsarbete runt dessa

To fight evil or promote good: Four organizational perspectives on individuals inviolent environments and prevention work around them. The purpose of this article is to examine organizational understandings and perceptions that can affect the current work with defectors from and members in violent and extremist environments. The empirical material consists primarily of answers to open questions in a survey, where professionals from four organizations are represented: social services, school, police and politics. The material is analyzed with direct qualitative content analysis and shows two contradict approaches to the problem; one that argues for ”fighting the evil” and another that argues for ”promoting the good”. The theoretical framework presented is Erving Goffmans’ frame analysis, Howard S. Beckers’ labelling process and Ingrid Sahlins’ discussion about different kinds of prevention strategies. The results show how organizational understandings and perceptions are far from uniform but rather disparate, and also that assumptions made by professionals have wide implications – often related to morally based approaches grounded on notions of good and evil.

Calibration of Grassmaster II to estimate green and dry matter yield in Mediterranean pastures: effects of pasture moisture content

Accurate assessment of standing pasture biomass in livestock production systems is a major factor for improving feed planning. Several tools are available to achieve this, including the GrassMaster II capacitance meter. This tool relies on an electrical signal, which is modified by the surrounding pasture. There is limited knowledge on how this capacitance meter performs in Mediterranean pastures. Therefore, we evaluated the GrassMaster II under Mediterranean conditions to determine (i) the effect of pasture moisture content (PMC) on the meter’s ability to estimate pasture green matter (GM) and dry matter (DM) yields, and (ii) the spatial variability and temporal stability of corrected meter readings (CMR) and DM in a bio-diverse pasture. Field tests were carried out with typical pastures of the southern region of Portugal (grasses, legumes, mixture and volunteer annual species) and at different phenological stages (and different PMC). There were significant positive linear relations between CMR and GM (r2 = 0.60, P < 0.01) and CMR and DM (r2 = 0.35, P < 0.05) for all locations (n = 347). Weak relationships were found for PMC (%) v. slope and coefficient of determination for both GM and DM. A significant linear relation existed for CMR v. GM and DM for PMC >80% (r2= 0.57, P < 0.01, RMSE = 2856.7 kg ha–1, CVRMSE=17.1% to GM; and r2= 0.51, P < 0.01,RMSE = 353.7 kg ha–1, CVRMSE = 14.3% to DM). Therefore, under the conditions of this current study there exists an optimum PMC (%) for estimating both GM and DM with the GrassMaster II. Repeated-measurements taken at the same location on different dates and conditions in a bio-diverse pasture showed similar and stable patterns between CMR and DM (r2= 0.67, P < 0.01, RMSE = 136.1 kg ha–1, CVRMSE = 6.5%). The results indicate that the GrassMaster II in-situ technique could play a crucial role in assessing pasture mass to improve feed planning under Mediterranean conditions.

RELAZIONE TRA IL CONSUMO DI OLIO EXTRAVERGINE DI OLIVA E I CASI DI DECESSO PER MALATTIA DI ALZHEIMER IN SPAGNA

In the chemical composition of olive oil (Olea europaea L.) it is emphasized the massive presence of oleic acid (over 70%), monounsaturated fatty acid part of the family of omega 9, a 7-8% linoleic acid (omega 6) and a small presence (0.5-1%) of linolenic acid (omega 3). For its high content of monounsaturated fatty acids, olive oil is the most stable and therefore the most suitable for heating, compared to oils with a dominance of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Interest in vitamin E has increased in recent years, thanks to its high antioxidant power and its role against related diseases with age-related, visual, dermatological, cardiovascular disorders Alzheimer’s disease and more. Vegetable oils are a major source of vitamin E through diet (Sayago et al., 2007), especially with the variety of olives “Hojiblanca”. Thanks to unsaturated fatty acids cell oxidation can be prevented: this helps prevent many illness, and even premature aging. So far, the advantages acknowledged to olive oil are those of lowering cholesterol, preventing cardiovascular disease, diabetes and cancer. Among the most recent researches it is important to distinguish the studies carried out on their contribution to the prevention and treatment of breast cancer and Alzheimer’s disease. Researchers found that in addition to the benefi ts that give monounsaturated fats, in extra virgin olive oil, there is a substance called “oleocanthal”, which helps protect nerve cells damaged in Alzheimer’s disease. The importance of this discovery is enormous when one considers that only Alzheimer’s disease affects 30 million people around the world, with a different distribution depending on the type of oil in the diet (Olguín Cordero, 2012). The latest research endorses that oleocanthal works by destroying cancer cells without affecting the healthy ones, as it is stated in the Molecular and Cellular Oncology Journal. Studies carried out in different Spanish universities have concluded that thanks to the antioxidant power of olive oil, a disease such as Alzheimer can be prevented. In conclusion, we can say that the Mediterranean diet rich in extra virgin olive oil greatly infl uences on human health, reducing, delaying or even eliminating several diseases.