997 resultados para Epidemiologia : Estatística e dados numéricos


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This research aimed to analyse the effect of different territorial divisions in the random fluctuation of socio-economic indicators related to social determinants of health. This is an ecological study resulting from a combination of statistical methods including individuated and aggregate data analysis, using five databases derived from the database of the Brazilian demographic census 2010: overall results of the sample by weighting area. These data were grouped into the following levels: households; weighting areas; cities; Immediate Urban Associated Regions and Intermediate Urban Associated Regions. A theoretical model related to social determinants of health was used, with the dependent variable Household with death and as independent variables: Black race; Income; Childcare and school no attendance; Illiteracy; and Low schooling. The data was analysed in a model related to social determinants of health, using Poisson regression in individual basis, multilevel Poisson regression and multiple linear regression in light of the theoretical framework of the area. It was identified a greater proportion of households with deaths among those with at least one black resident, lower-income, illiterate, who do not attend or attended school or day-care and less educated. The analysis of the adjusted model showed that most adjusted prevalence ratio was related to Income, where there is a risk value of 1.33 for households with at least one resident with lower average personal income to R$ 655,00 (Brazilian current). The multilevel analysis demonstrated that there was a context effect when the variables were subjected to the effects of areas, insofar as the random effects were significant for all models and with different prevalence rates being higher in the areas with smaller dimensions - Weighting areas with coefficient of 0.035 and Cities with coefficient of 0.024. The ecological analyses have shown that the variable Income and Low schooling presented explanatory potential for the outcome on all models, having income greater power to determine the household deaths, especially in models related to Immediate Urban Associated Regions with a standardized coefficient of -0.616 and regions intermediate urban associated regions with a standardized coefficient of -0.618. It was concluded that there was a context effect on the random fluctuation of the socioeconomic indicators related to social determinants of health. This effect was explained by the characteristics of territorial divisions and individuals who live or work there. Context effects were better identified in the areas with smaller dimensions, which are more favourable to explain phenomena related to social determinants of health, especially in studies of societies marked by social inequalities. The composition effects were better identified in the Regions of Urban Articulation, shaped through mechanisms similar to the phenomenon under study.

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Introduction: The production of KPC (Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase) has become an important mechanism of carbapenem-resistance among Enterobacteriaceae strains. In Brazil, KPC is already widespread and its incidence has increased significantly, reducing treatment options. The “perfect storm” combination of the absence of new drug developmentand the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains resulted in the need for the use of older drugs, with greater toxicity, such as polymyxins. Aims: To determine the occurrence of carbapenemase-producing strains in carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae isolated from patients with nosocomial infection/colonization during September/2014 to August/2015, to determine the risk factors associated with 30-day- mortality and the impact of inappropriate therapy. Materials and Methods: We performed a case control study to assess the risk factors (comorbidities, invasive procedures and inappropriate antimicrobial therapy) associated with 30-day-mortality, considering the first episode of infection in 111 patients. The resistance genes blaKPC, blaIMP, blaVIM and blaNDM-1 were detected by polymerase chain reaction technique. Molecular typing of the strains involved in the outbreak was performed by pulsed field gel electrophoresis technique. The polymyxin resistance was confirmed by the microdilution broth method. Results: 188 episodes of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae infections/colonizations were detected; of these, 122 strains were recovered from the hospital laboratory. The presence of blaKPC gene were confirmed in the majority (74.59%) of these isolates. It was not found the presence of blaIMP , blaVIM and blaNDM-1 genes. K. pneumoniae was the most frequent microorganism (77,13%), primarily responsible for urinary tract infections (21,38%) and infections from patients of the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) (61,38%). Multivariate statistical analysis showed as predictors independently associated with mortality: dialysis and bloodstream infection. The Kaplan-Meier curve showed a lower probability of survival in the group of patients receiving antibiotic therapy inappropriately. Antimicrobial use in adult ICU varied during the study period, but positive correlation between increased incidence of strains and the consumption was not observed. In May and July 2015, the occurrence rates of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae KPC-producing per 1000 patient-days were higher than the control limit established, confirming two outbreaks, the first caused by colistin-susceptible KPC-producing K. pneumoniae isolates, with a polyclonal profile and the second by a dominant clone of colistin-resistant (≥ 32 μg/mL) KPC-producing K. pneumoniae. The cross transmission between patients became clear by the temporal and spatial relationships observed in the second outbreak, since some patients occupied the same bed, showing problems in hand hygiene adherence among healthcare workers and inadequate terminal disinfection of environment. The outbreak was contained when the ICU was closed to new admissions. Conclusions: The study showed an endemicity of K. pneumoniae KPC-producing in adult ICU, progressing to an epidemic monoclonal expansion, resulted by a very high antibiotic consumption of carbapenems and polymyxins and facilitated by failures in control measures the unit.

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Advances in neonatology resulted in reducing the mortality rate and the consequent increase in survival of newborn pre terms (PTN). On the other hand, there was also a considerable increase in the risk of developing health care-related infection (HAI) in its most invasive, especially for bloodstream. This situation is worrying, and prevent the occurrence of it is a challenge and becomes one of the priorities in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU). Sepsis is the main cause of death in critical neonates and affects more than one million newborns each year, representing 40% of all deaths in neonates. The incidence of late sepsis can reach 50% in NICUs. Currently the major responsible for the occurrence of sepsis in developed countries is the coagulase negative Staphylococcus (CoNS), followed by S. aureus. The cases of HAIs caused by resistant isolates for major classes of antimicrobial agents have been increasingly frequent in the NICU. Therefore, vancomycin has to be prescribed more frequently, and, today, the first option in the treatment of bloodstream infections by resistant Staphylococcus. The objectives of this study were to assess the impact on late sepsis in epidemiology III NICU after the change of the use of antimicrobials protocol; check the frequency of multiresistant microorganisms; assess the number of neonates who came to death. This study was conducted in NICU Level III HC-UFU. three study groups were formed based on the use of the proposed late sepsis treatment protocol, with 216 belonging to the period A, 207 B and 209 to the C. The work was divided into three stages: Period A: data collected from neonates admitted to the unit between September 2010 to August 2011. was using treatment of late sepsis: with oxacillin and gentamicin, oxacillin and amikacin, oxacillin and cefotaxime. Period B: data were collected from March 2012 to February 2013. Data collection was started six months after protocol change. Due to the higher prevalence of CoNS, the initial protocol was changed to vancomycin and cefotaxime. Period C: data were collected from newborns inteerne in the unit from September 2013 to August 2014. Data collection was started six months after the protocol change, which occurred in March 2013. From the 632 neonates included in this study, 511 (80,8%) came from the gynecology and obstetrics department of the HC-UFU. The mean gestational age was 33 weeks and the prevailing sex was male (55,7%). Seventy-nine percent of the studied neonates were hospitalized at the NICU HC-UFU III because of complications related to the respiratory system. Suspicion of sepsis took to hospitalization in the unit of 1,9% of newborns. In general, the infection rate was 34,5%, and the most frequent infectious sepsis syndrome 81,2%. There was a tendency to reduce the number of neonates who died between periods A 11 and C (p = 0,053). From the 176 cases of late sepsis, 73 were clinical sepsis and 103 had laboratory confirmation, with greater representation of Gram positive bacteria, which corresponded to 67.2% of the isolates and CoNS the most frequent micro-organism (91,5%). There was a statistically significant difference in the reduction of isolation of Gram positive microorganisms between periods A and C (p = 0,0365) as well as in reducing multidrug-resistant CoNS (A and B period p = 0,0462 and A and C period, p = 0,158). This study concluded that: the CoNS was the main microorganism responsible for the occurrence of late sepsis in neonates in the NICU of HC-UFU; the main risk factors for the occurrence of late sepsis were: birth weight <1500 g, use of PICC and CUV, need for mechanical ventilation and parenteral nutrition, SNAPPE> 24 and length of stay more than seven days; the new empirical treatment protocol late sepsis, based on the use of vancomycin associated cefepime, it was effective, since promoted a reduction in insulation CoNS blood cultures between the pre and post implementation of the Protocol (A and C, respectively); just as there was a reduction in the number of newborns who evolved to death between periods A and C.

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O presente trabalho constitui uma investigação levada a cabo no âmbito do Mestrado e Ensino do 1.º e 2.º Ciclos de Educação Básica. A problemática surgiu no decorrer da minha prática pedagógica no seio de uma turma do 6.º ano, numa Escola Básica do centro do país. Partindo da necessidade da tomada de posição perante o ensino e a sua finalidade, centra-se na perspetiva de que além da promoção de aquisição de informação, conteúdo e experiência Matemática, também é finalidade do ensino desta disciplina o desenvolvimento de atitudes positivas face à mesma e a capacidade de apreciar esta ciência. Pretende verificar o efeito de um trabalho de projeto nas atitudes dos alunos, pois conhecer apenas a atitude que apresentam em relação à matemática não previne que a mesma evolua no sentido negativo ao longo da escolaridade obrigatória. O projeto realizado na turma teve como dinâmica o trabalho de grupo, no qual os alunos desempenharam o papel de produtores e de consumidores de informação estatística. Avalia a atitude dos alunos em três momentos da concretização do projeto – antes, durante e depois; por forma a evidenciar semelhanças e diferenças nos três momentos, bem como o que poderá ter influenciado o resultado obtido. Considerando a atitude com base em três componentes principais – afetiva, cognitiva e comportamental, a análise dos dados traduziu-se na análise das expressões de comportamento verbal e não-verbal a partir da qual foi inferida a componente de atitude refletida. Os resultados obtidos apontam para uma melhoria nas atitudes dos alunos mediante a metodologia utilizada, nomeadamente no que respeita à apreciação desta ciência através da compreensão da sua aplicabilidade no quotidiano diário e futuro profissional, bem como ao autoconhecimento das suas competências em relação ao tema matemático abordado. Poderia ter tido uma influência mais positiva nas atitudes dos alunos, nomeadamente na componente comportamental, se estes já tivessem desenvolvido competências intrínsecas ao trabalho cooperativo.

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When a company desires to invest in a project, it must obtain resources needed to make the investment. The alternatives are using firm s internal resources or obtain external resources through contracts of debt and issuance of shares. Decisions involving the composition of internal resources, debt and shares in the total resources used to finance the activities of a company related to the choice of its capital structure. Although there are studies in the area of finance on the debt determinants of firms, the issue of capital structure is still controversial. This work sought to identify the predominant factors that determine the capital structure of Brazilian share capital, non-financial firms. This work was used a quantitative approach, with application of the statistical technique of multiple linear regression on data in panel. Estimates were made by the method of ordinary least squares with model of fixed effects. About 116 companies were selected to participate in this research. The period considered is from 2003 to 2007. The variables and hypotheses tested in this study were built based on theories of capital structure and in empirical researches. Results indicate that the variables, such as risk, size, and composition of assets and firms growth influence their indebtedness. The profitability variable was not relevant to the composition of indebtedness of the companies analyzed. However, analyzing only the long-term debt, comes to the conclusion that the relevant variables are the size of firms and, especially, the composition of its assets (tangibility).This sense, the smaller the size of the undertaking or the greater the representation of fixed assets in total assets, the greater its propensity to long-term debt. Furthermore, this research could not identify a predominant theory to explain the capital structure of Brazilian

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Result of a professional master course of research work in Teaching Science and Technology of the Federal Technological University of Paraná (UTFPR), this work aims to provide the mathematics teacher of the final years of elementary school a teaching sequence (SE) which includes basic content of Statistics provided in the curriculum. In this book a text about the importance of the teaching of statistics is presented, as well as issues related to literacy skills, reasoning and statistical thinking. The development of the SE was designed considering the presuppositions of contextualization, being structured in six steps. We chose to develop a work with the basic contents of Statistics through real data collected with the participation of students, within a context for them significant. This option was due to be possible to develop with the students situations such as: raising hypotheses , communication situations experienced by different graphs and tables , results of discussion and understanding of the significance of the results obtained by means of statistical calculations. Thus, it is believed to be possible to contribute to the development of statistical skills by the students.

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Vivemos na era mais mensurável da história. Na era do petabyte (1000 terabytes) o desafio não é mais o armazenamento de dados, é dar-lhes sentido. Sendo esta a era da revolução dos dados, a respetiva análise torna-se parte integrante de várias ciências. Por exemplo, a biologia molecular deixa de ser uma ciência onde os biólogos estudam um gene de cada vez, para passar a produzir milhares (agora milhões) de medições por amostra para analisar. Além disso, ao contrário da análise do ADN, que é estática, a análise da expressão genética é dinâmica, uma vez que nos vários tecidos expressam-se genes diferentes. O geneticista John Craig Venter, sequenciava organismos isolados, mas com o aparecimento de novas tecnologias e computadores com elevada capacidade de memória, que permitem a análise de dados bastante complexos, passou a estudar ecossistemas inteiros: sequenciação dos microorganismos do oceano, desde 2003, e do ar, desde 2005. A complexidade dos dados é ainda potenciada pelas novas tecnologias que, ao surgirem, são ainda pouco exploradas, produzindo dados com mais ruído dos que as anteriores. Esta complexidade e grau de variabilidade fazem com que a estatística seja um importante e inequívoco contributo na análise. Na realidade, o papel da estatística na biologia molecular vai além de uma mera intervenção. Trata-se de um pilar indissociável desta ciência! A estatística tem vindo a conquistar o seu espaço nesta nova área, tornando-se uma componente essencial de mérito reconhecido.

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Atualmente, sensores remotos e computadores de alto desempenho estão sendo utilizados como instrumentos principais na coleta e produção de dados oceanográficos. De posse destes dados, é possível realizar estudos que permitem simular e prever o comportamento do oceano por meio de modelos numéricos regionais. Dentre os fatores importantes no estudo da oceanografia, podem ser destacados àqueles referentes aos impactos ambientais, de contaminação antrópica, utilização de energias renováveis, operações portuárias e etc. Contudo, devido ao grande volume de dados gerados por instituições ambientais, na forma de resultados de modelos globais como o HYCOM (Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model) e dos programas de Reanalysis da NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration), torna-se necessária a criação de rotinas computacionais para realizar o tratamento de condições iniciais e de contorno, de modo que possam ser aplicadas a modelos regionais como o TELEMAC3D (www.opentelemac.org). Problemas relacionados a baixa resolução, ausência de dados e a necessidade de interpolação para diferentes malhas ou sistemas de coordenadas verticais, tornam necessária a criação de um mecanismo computacional que realize este tratamento adequadamente. Com isto, foram desenvolvidas rotinas na linguagem de programação Python, empregando interpoladores de vizinho mais próximo, de modo que, a partir de dados brutos dos modelos HYCOM e do programa de Reanalysis da NOAA, foram preparadas condições iniciais e de contorno para a realização de uma simulação numérica teste. Estes resultados foram confrontados com outro resultado numérico onde, as condições foram construídas a partir de um método de interpolação mais sofisticado, escrita em outra linguagem, e que já vem sendo utilizada no laboratório. A análise dos resultados permitiu concluir que, a rotina desenvolvida no âmbito deste trabalho, funciona adequadamente para a geração de condições iniciais e de contorno do modelo TELEMAC3D. Entretanto, um interpolador mais sofisticado deve ser desenvolvido de forma a aumentar a qualidade nas interpolações, otimizar o custo computacional, e produzir condições que sejam mais realísticas para a utilização do modelo TELEMAC3D.

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Importância da composição de alimentos em Epidemiologia Nutricional, considerando que os dados de composição dos alimentos são a base a partir da qual se avalia a adequação da alimentação: subnutrição ou sobrenutrição, são informação essencial para o estabelecimento e cumprimento das metas de ingestão alimentar/nutricional, são a base a partir da qual são avaliadas as relações entre alimentação e doença/saúde, e sem dados de composição dos alimentos, suficientes e de qualidade, não haveria evidência científica da relação entre a alimentação e a saúde.

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When a company desires to invest in a project, it must obtain resources needed to make the investment. The alternatives are using firm s internal resources or obtain external resources through contracts of debt and issuance of shares. Decisions involving the composition of internal resources, debt and shares in the total resources used to finance the activities of a company related to the choice of its capital structure. Although there are studies in the area of finance on the debt determinants of firms, the issue of capital structure is still controversial. This work sought to identify the predominant factors that determine the capital structure of Brazilian share capital, non-financial firms. This work was used a quantitative approach, with application of the statistical technique of multiple linear regression on data in panel. Estimates were made by the method of ordinary least squares with model of fixed effects. About 116 companies were selected to participate in this research. The period considered is from 2003 to 2007. The variables and hypotheses tested in this study were built based on theories of capital structure and in empirical researches. Results indicate that the variables, such as risk, size, and composition of assets and firms growth influence their indebtedness. The profitability variable was not relevant to the composition of indebtedness of the companies analyzed. However, analyzing only the long-term debt, comes to the conclusion that the relevant variables are the size of firms and, especially, the composition of its assets (tangibility).This sense, the smaller the size of the undertaking or the greater the representation of fixed assets in total assets, the greater its propensity to long-term debt. Furthermore, this research could not identify a predominant theory to explain the capital structure of Brazilian

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Este estudo procurou, por um lado, caracterizar as bibliotecas das Universidades públicas portuguesas em termos de recolha de dados estatísticos, seu tratamento e posterior utilização na gestão e tomada de decisão nessas bibliotecas. Por outro lado, procurou auscultar a satisfação do staff e a satisfação dos utilizadores dessas mesmas bibliotecas. Além desta competente mais descritiva, este estudo incluiu também uma componente explicativa baseada num modelo teórico que sugere, primeiramente, a existência de uma relação entre a utilização de informação estatística (IE) na gestão e tomada de decisão e a satisfação do staff e a satisfação dos utilizadores. E, seguidamente, a presença de uma relação de interdependência entre o grau de satisfação do staff e o grau de satisfação dos utilizadores, tal como é sugerido pela teoria da cadeia de lucro na prestação de serviços (Heskett et al., 1994). Foi possível apurar a existência de uma cultura de recolha de dados estatísticos, tratamento e utilização dessa informação para a gestão e tomada de decisão entre as bibliotecas participantes. O estudo também revela que a recolha e utilização de IE tem um impacto positivo na satisfação dos utilizadores, mas afecta negativamente a satisfação do staff com o ambiente de trabalho. / ABSTRACT; This study characterizes the Portuguesa Higher Education Libraries with respect to the collection of data, its statistical analysis and subsequent use in the management and decision making of these Libraries. ln addition, the study also tried to obtain information on the level of satisfaction of staff and users in the same Libraries. Besides this descriptive component, this study includes an explicative component based on a theoretical model. This model first suggests the existence of a positive relationship between the use of statistical information in management and decision making in a Library and the level of satisfaction of users and staff. A second prediction of the model is the existence of an interdependence relationship between the level of satisfaction of the staff and the level of satisfaction of the users, as it is suggesting by the service-profit-chain theory (Heskett et al., 1994). The results reveal the existence of a culture of data collection, statistical analysis of the data and subsequent use in management and decision making among the participant libraries. The study also shows that the collection and use of statistical information has a positive impact on the level of satisfaction of the users but a negative impact on the level of satisfaction of staff regarding the job environment.

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O presente relatório, inserido no Mestrado em Gestão do Território, Área de Especialização em Deteção Remota e Sistemas de Informação Geográfica, lecionado pelo Departamento de Geografia e Planeamento Regional da Faculdade de Ciências Sociais e Humanas da Universidade Nova de Lisboa, pretende descrever o trabalho desenvolvido pelo mestrando enquanto estagiário no Observatório do Tráfico de Seres Humanos (OTSH). O relatório está estruturado em três capítulos distintos. No primeiro capítulo é realizada uma abordagem teórica sobre o Tráfico de Seres Humanos e a distinção entre o mesmo com o Auxílio à Imigração Ilegal. Neste, é também feita uma pequena referência à problemática dos novos fluxos de refugiados/migrantes que, no momento da realização do mesmo, constituem uma questão bastante complexa sobretudo ao nível europeu. No segundo capítulo é realizada uma caracterização da área de estudo, assim como a descrição dos dados utilizados e a metodologia aplicada no mesmo. No terceiro capítulo são apresentados os resultados finais do estudo e a cartografia de síntese que sustenta os mesmos. Para a realização deste estudo recorreu-se a uma análise multicritério em SIG para prever a localização de áreas de maior suscetibilidade de ocorrência de novos casos relativos ao crime do tráfico de seres humanos para exploração laboral na agricultura, na região do Alentejo (distritos de Beja, Évora e Portalegre), através do recurso a dados estatísticos disponibilizados tanto pelo OTSH, como por outras entidades. A metodologia apresentada integra um SIG baseado num modelo raster com o Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). Através da realização deste estudo, a importância dos SIG como ferramenta no auxílio ao processo de tomada de decisão, pôde ser testada, conjuntamente com o processo metodológico AHP, através dos resultados apresentados. Com um possível desenvolvimento deste modelo analítico, pretende-se que o mesmo seja adaptável a outras regiões e em última instância, outros tipos de exploração e/ou tráfico.

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Dissertação de Mestrado, Finanças Empresariais, Faculdade de Economia, Universidade do Algarve, 2015

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Doutoramento em Matemática e Estatística - Instituto Superior de Agronomia - UL

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The main objective of this study is to apply recently developed methods of physical-statistic to time series analysis, particularly in electrical induction s profiles of oil wells data, to study the petrophysical similarity of those wells in a spatial distribution. For this, we used the DFA method in order to know if we can or not use this technique to characterize spatially the fields. After obtain the DFA values for all wells, we applied clustering analysis. To do these tests we used the non-hierarchical method called K-means. Usually based on the Euclidean distance, the K-means consists in dividing the elements of a data matrix N in k groups, so that the similarities among elements belonging to different groups are the smallest possible. In order to test if a dataset generated by the K-means method or randomly generated datasets form spatial patterns, we created the parameter Ω (index of neighborhood). High values of Ω reveals more aggregated data and low values of Ω show scattered data or data without spatial correlation. Thus we concluded that data from the DFA of 54 wells are grouped and can be used to characterize spatial fields. Applying contour level technique we confirm the results obtained by the K-means, confirming that DFA is effective to perform spatial analysis