995 resultados para EVANS-POLANYI RELATION


Relevância:

20.00% 20.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Background
It has been argued that though correlated with mental health, mental well-being is a distinct entity. Despite the wealth of literature on mental health, less is known about mental well-being. Mental health is something experienced by individuals, whereas mental well-being can be assessed at the population level. Accordingly it is important to differentiate the individual and population level factors (environmental and social) that could be associated with mental health and well-being, and as people living in deprived areas have a higher prevalence of poor mental health, these relationships should be compared across different levels of neighbourhood deprivation.

Methods
A cross-sectional representative random sample of 1,209 adults from 62 Super Output Areas (SOAs) in Belfast, Northern Ireland (Feb 2010 – Jan 2011) were recruited in the PARC Study. Interview-administered questionnaires recorded data on socio-demographic characteristics, health-related behaviours, individual social capital, self-rated health, mental health (SF-8) and mental well-being (WEMWBS). Multi-variable linear regression analyses, with inclusion of clustering by SOAs, were used to explore the associations between individual and perceived community characteristics and mental health and mental well-being, and to investigate how these associations differed by the level of neighbourhood deprivation.

Results
Thirty-eight and 30 % of variability in the measures of mental well-being and mental health, respectively, could be explained by individual factors and the perceived community characteristics. In the total sample and stratified by neighbourhood deprivation, age, marital status and self-rated health were associated with both mental health and well-being, with the ‘social connections’ and local area satisfaction elements of social capital also emerging as explanatory variables. An increase of +1 in EQ-5D-3 L was associated with +1SD of the population mean in both mental health and well-being. Similarly, a change from ‘very dissatisfied’ to ‘very satisfied’ for local area satisfaction would result in +8.75 for mental well-being, but only in the more affluent of areas.

Conclusions
Self-rated health was associated with both mental health and mental well-being. Of the individual social capital explanatory variables, ‘social connections’ was more important for mental well-being. Although similarities in the explanatory variables of mental health and mental well-being exist, socio-ecological interventions designed to improve them may not have equivalent impacts in rich and poor neighbourhoods.

Relevância:

20.00% 20.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Neuropeptide Y is a 36 amino acid peptide that belongs to the pancreatic polypeptide family. It co-localises with adrenaline in sympathetic nerves and is released upon sympathetic activation resulting in vasoconstriction. In addition to its vascular effects NPY is also thought to have a role in pain modulation, angiogenesis and immunomodulation. Objectives: The aim of this study was to quantify the levels of NPY in human dental pulp tissue from intact and grossly carious teeth and to relate these results to pain experience. Methods: A total of 48 permanent teeth [mean age 32.1(+/- 11.2 years)] were included in the study, of these 22 were intact and 26 were grossly carious. In the grossly carious group, 17 teeth were reported painful prior to extraction and the remainder were reported non-painful. NPY was measured using a sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay which has been previously described. Pain was scored as either present or absent in all the teeth studied. Results: Of particular interest in this study was the finding that NPY levels were significantly higher in dental pulp tissue from non-painful grossly carious teeth (p= 0.006) compared with painful grossly carious teeth. Conclusions: The increased levels of NPY reported in non-painful grossly carious teeth may suggest a role for NPY in pain modulation in human dental pulp.

Relevância:

20.00% 20.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Understanding the spatial distribution of organisms is a central topic in ecology. The European roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) population is in Portugal and Norway at the southwestern and northern edge of its distribution, respectively. Understanding the factors that act on these populations enlightens both local aspects concerning their conservation and wider scale aspects of the species bioclimatic envelope, which is crucial for being better able to predict the impacts of environmental change. The main aim of this thesis was to evaluate roe deer distribution in Portugal and Norway, two countries with contrasting landscapes, seasonality and with different anthropogenic pressure. The interspecific relationship with sympatric ungulates was also analysed. By using pellet group counts, we investigated habitat use of roe deer, identifying the major environmental descriptors, to understand the importance of forest structure, vegetation characteristics, landscape structure and human disturbance on their distribution. The analyses were based on presence – absence data and were carried out at two spatial scales. The results showed that habitat use of roe deer was different across countries. In Portugal, at the local scale, roe deer distribution was positively associated with high density of shrubs, especially heather and brambles, while the presence of red deer had a negative effect on their distribution. At a broad scale, roe deer was negatively associated with spatial heterogeneity, namely mean shape index and made less use of areas close to agricultural fields. In Norway, at the local scale, roe deer made more use of areas with high cover of deciduous trees and patches containing juniper and Vaccinium sp.. At a broad scale, roe deer use patches near edges between fields and forest. In both countries, roe deer make use of areas further away from roads. While in Norway roe deer in both summer and winter are always close to houses, in Portugal they are either far (summer) or indifferent (winter). Anthropogenic disturbance is better tolerated in Norway, where the importance of the critical season seems to be higher. Human disturbance may contribute to roe deer habitat loss in Portugal, while roe deer are able to persist close to humans in managed landscapes in Norway. In fact, some of the differences observed could be more due to the indirect impacts of human exploitation (e.g. presence of free-ranging dogs and hunting regulation) rather than the actual human presence or land-use per se. I conclude that the methodology and tools developed here are readily expandable to address similar questions in different contexts. Wildlife management would benefit greatly from a more holistic/integrative approach and that should include human aspects, as human disturbance is expected to continue increasing.

Relevância:

20.00% 20.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Surviving childhood cancer has multiple implications on both physical and psychological domains of the individual. However, its study and possible effects on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) outcomes of adolescent survivors has been understudied. The objective of this study was twofold; to assess positive and negative cancer-related consequences (psychosocial and physical) in a sample of adolescent cancer survivors and to explore their relationship with HRQoL outcomes. Forty-one participants answered two questions about positive and negative consequences in the aftermath of cancer and filled in the KIDSCREEN-52 self-reported version. Data were analysed using mixed methods approach. 87.8% of the sample identified positive consequences and 63.4% negative consequences in survivorship. Four positive categories and five negative categories with regard to cancer-related consequences were found. Changed perspectives in life narratives seem to be the positive consequence more related to HRQoL (physical well-being, mood & emotions, autonomy, social support & peers), followed by useful life experience (physical well-being, autonomy, social support & peers). Psychological impact was the most referred negative consequence with a significant detrimental effect on social support and peers HRQoL dimension. Even if the majority of survivors reported benefit finding in the aftermath of cancer, concomitant positive and negative consequences have been found. However, findings only reveal a significant relationship between positive narratives and HRQoL, and negative consequences do not seem to have a significant influence on overall HRQoL in survivorship.

Relevância:

20.00% 20.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Cette étude qualitative vise à mieux comprendre la perception qu'ont des enseignantes et des enseignants québécois de leurs caractéristiques personnelles en jeu dans leur façon d'être en relation éducative. Tant dans le milieu pratique que dans les écrits scientifiques, on reconnaît l'incidence de ce que l'enseignant est personnellement sur la relation qu'il vit avec ses élèves. Or, les écrits sont peu éclairants quant à la perception que peuvent avoir les enseignants eux-mêmes du phénomène. Les résultats révèlent deux types de caractéristiques personnelles participant à leur façon d'être en relation éducative: celles qui sont individuelles ou de base, qui caractérisent les enseignants depuis toujours, et qui sont peu sujettes à changement; et celles qui sont liées au vécu professionnel, qui peuvent changer avec l'expérience professionnelle et personnelle. Selon le discours des enseignants, on assisterait à un phénomène d'intégration de ses dimensions personnelles et professionnelles, advenant avec l'âge et l'expérience.

Relevância:

20.00% 20.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Cette recherche vise à étudier l’interrelation entre l’acceptation des technologies de l'information et de la communication (TIC) et les conceptions de l’enseignement et de l’apprentissage d’enseignants du primaire au Québec. En s’appuyant sur les modèles d’intervention éducative (Lenoir, 1991) comme cadre d’analyse des conceptions de l’enseignement et de l’apprentissage et sur le technology acceptance model (Davis, 1986) comme cadre d’analyse de l’acceptation des TIC, cette recherche développe un modèle conceptuel dans l’objectif d’explorer la relation entre les pratiques des enseignants liées à l’intégration des TIC et leur conceptions de l’enseignement et de l’apprentissage. Le modèle prend également en considération d’autres variables tel que l’âge, l’expérience d’enseignement et la formation initiale et continue, identifiées par la documentation scientifique sur le sujet comme associées à l’intégration des TIC en éducation. Pour tester le modèle nous procédons par enquête postale auprès d’un échantillon de convenance de 137 enseignants du primaire au Québec. Les données recueillies ont été traitées selon la nature des variables qui les déterminent (analyse des variances, test de Chi-Deux et analyse des corrélations). Les résultats de notre recherche mettent en évidence que les enseignants, sujets de l’étude, n’acceptent pas assez les TIC au point d’en faire «un usage habituel et suffisamment régulier » (Depover et Strebelle, 1996, p. 35). En plus, ces enseignants ne tirent pas plein profit des TIC vu qu’ils n’exploitent que certaines technologies (logiciels courants). D’autres TIC (environnements de communication et logiciels de création et de gestion de sites ou de pages Web) sont rarement utilisées en classe par les répondants et, encore plus rarement, par leurs élèves. Les résultats de notre recherche soulignent l’existence d’une relation significative entre l’acceptation des TIC et les conceptions de l’enseignement et de l’apprentissage des enseignants. L’acceptation des TIC semble également fonction de la perception des enseignants de l’utilité et de la facilité d’utilisation des TIC. Les variables de contexte qui influencent le plus significativement l’acceptation des TIC sont l’âge de l’enseignant, son expérience d’enseignement, le nombre de postes disponibles en salle de classe ainsi que le fait d’avoir suivi des activités de formation initiale ou continue sur l’utilisation pédagogique des TIC et sur l’utilisation de certains types de logiciels.

Relevância:

20.00% 20.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Ce mémoire traite du lien entre la qualité de la relation élève-enseignant, le risque de décrochage scolaire et le sexe des élèves à partir de la perception de 375 garçons et 381 filles de deuxième secondaire de la région de l'Estrie. Parmi eux, 309 étaient considérés à risque et 447 ne l'étaient pas. Les résultats de l'analyse de covariance multivariée indiquent que les élèves à risque perçoivent plus négativement la relation avec leur enseignant que les élèves non à risque. En effet, les élèves à risque de décrochage manifestent des attitudes plus négatives envers leur enseignant, rapportent être moins engagés, perçoivent moins de soutien de leur enseignant, d'ordre et d'organisation en classe et considèrent que les règlements sont moins clairs que leurs pairs non à risque. De plus, les filles considèrent que les règlements sont plus clairs et qu'elles manifestent des attitudes moins négatives envers leur enseignant que les garçons.

Relevância:

20.00% 20.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Dans la société occidentale, la maîtrise ou non de la lecture a une influence majeure sur le fonctionnement d'un individu dans la société en influençant sa réussite scolaire et son insertion socioprofessionnelle. Dans ce mémoire, nous nous interrogeons à savoir quelles sont les habiletés langagières entrant en relation avec la compréhension en lecture. Une évaluation individuelle des processus d'identification des mots, de la compréhension orale et écrite de même qu'une évaluation du niveau de vocabulaire maîtrisé à l'oral ont été effectuées auprès d'adolescents âgés de 15 à 16 ans. Les analyses montrent que leurs difficultés de compréhension en lecture ne sont pas associées à des difficultés d'identification de mots, mais bien à une faiblesse au niveau du vocabulaire oral. Ces résultats vont dans le même sens que les recherches sur le sujet qui démontrent que le vocabulaire joue un rôle important dans la compréhension de texte chez les adolescents.