Estudio sobre el consumo juvenil de drogas de síntesis en la Comunidad de Madrid.

Se presenta un estudio sobre el consumo de las drogas de síntesis en la Comunidad de Madrid. Forma parte de una serie que comenzó en 1992 con un trabajo sobre el tabaco. Se analiza el consumo de estas drogas, su repercusión social y económica, su producción y distribución, sus efectos y la legislación existente. Al estudio le acompañaban una serie de anexos que recogen el cuestionario de una encuesta realizada y los datos obtenidos en torno a los efectos tóxicos de derivados sintéticos de anfetamina y éxtasis y de aminas biógenas en los alimentos. La encuesta se realiza con jóvenes de entre 14 y 19 años y se estudia por separado los escolarizados y los no escolarizados. De esta forma se reconocen situaciones que favorecen comportamientos de riesgo y que ayudan a diseñar metodologías de intervención que ayudan a reducirlas.

El Escorial y la Sierra de Guadarrama.

Se trata de una guía para que los profesores puedan realizar con sus alumnos un recorrido literario por la Sierra de Guadarrama. El hilo conductor del recorrido es el Monasterio del Escorial. La obra se divide en once capítulos; los primeros, además de la introducción, se centran en diversos aspectos de la figura de Felipe II y en el tratamiento que tanto El Escorial como La Sierra de Guadarrama han recibido en la Literatura española; el cuarto y quinto capítulos describen el Monasterio de San Lorenzo del Escorial y El Real Coliseo de Carlos III; el sexto, séptimo y octavo, nos hablan de San Lorenzo de El Escorial, Guadarrama y Cercedilla respectivamente. El noveno aporta una serie de orientaciones didácticas y, finalmente, los dos últimos son un anexo documental y la bibliografía.

Bicentenario de la Puerta de Alcalá.

Título anterior de la publicación : Boletín de la Comisión Española de la UNESCO

Evolución histórica del colegio mayor : del siglo XIV al XXI

Resumen basado en el de la publicación. Resumen en inglés

Comparaci??n de tres metodolog??as de evaluaci??n de objetos de aprendizaje virtuales

Resumen basado en el de la publicaci??n

Foro: revista de derecho. 6 (Recensiones)

Presenta las reseñas de los siguientes libros: Julio Echeverría, EL DESAFÍO CONSTITUCIONAL, CRISIS INSTITUCIONAL Y PROCESO POLÍTICO EN EL ECUADOR, Quito, Editorial Abya-Yala / ILDIS, 2006, 145 pp. -- Hemán Salgado Pesantes, MANUAL DE JUSTICIA CONSTITUCIONAL ECUATORIANA, Serie Fortalecimiento de la Justicia Constitucional en Ecuador, vol. 5, Quito, Corporación Editora Nacional/Instituto de Derecho Público Comparado de la Universidad Carlos III de Madrid / Comisión Europea / Tribunal Constitucional, 2004, 232 pp. -- Luis Toscano Soria, PROCEDIMIENTOS ADMINISTRATIVOS Y CONTENCIOSOS EN MATERIA TRIBUTARIA, Quito, Pudeleco Editores S.A., 2006, 427 pp.

La prueba eficaz en el proceso de defensa de la marca notoria

He encontrado en las fuentes consultadas, algo que se repite: no es fácil definir esta condición de la notoriedad ligada a los signos. La Jurisprudencia Alemana, como nos cuenta Carlos Fernández-Nóvoa, es pionera en esfuerzos creadores importantes para proteger el renombre de los signos sobrepasando las barreras del principio de especialidad. El Bundesgerichtshof Tribunal Supremo alemán, elaboró dos propuestas de protección: la Berühmte Marke para proteger a la marca renombrada frente al riesgo de debilitamiento, y la bekannte Marke para proteger a la marca conocida contra el aprovechamiento de su prestigio por parte de un tercero. La tesis que nos entrega Jorge Otamendi, es que hay varios grados de notoriedad y es tajante en relación con la no necesidad de probar lo que es notorio. No he querido elaborar una definición. El objetivo principal es llevar nuestra atención a trabajar en lo que ya todos hemos entendido: el nivel de conocimiento de la marca implantado en la mente del público. Ese es el requisito del derecho y del no derecho (principios no vinculantes) que pide el juez para obtener la certeza que necesita para dictar un fallo objetivo y motivarlo debidamente. Un fallo en el que el juzgador pueda decir que ha quedado demostrada, sin lugar a dudas, la habilidad intrínseca del signo, de ser recordado en la mayor parte del público, que es lo que logrará certeza en la mente del juzgador para proteger el derecho subjetivo del titular del signo notoriamente conocido. La investigación que se apoya en referencias bibliográficas de estudiosos de derecho de marcas, derecho civil y en jurisprudencia consta de dos partes, el primer capítulo sobre La notoriedad de la marca en la Comunidad Andina y el segundo sobre la actividad probatoria para la demostración de notoriedad. Una fuente de consulta que resultó inspiradora para demostrar que es posible cuantificar el renombre, ha sido el análisis empírico español realizado por un equipo de la Universidad Carlos III de Madrid.

Chronic ouabain treatment increases the contribution of nitric oxide to endothelium-dependent relaxation

The aim of this study was to analyze the contribution of nitric oxide, prostacyclin and endothelium-dependent hyperpolarizing factor to endothelium-dependent vasodilation induced by acetylcholine in rat aorta from control and ouabain-induced hypertensive rats. Preincubation with the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor N-omega-nitro-L-arginine methyl esther (L-NAME) inhibited the vasodilator response to acetylcholine in segments from both groups but to a greater extent in segments from ouabain-treated rats. Basal and acetylcholine-induced nitric oxide release were higher in segments from ouabain-treated rats. Preincubation with the prostacyclin synthesis Inhibitor tranylcypromine or with the cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin inhibited the vasodilator response to acetylcholine in aortic segments front both groups. The Ca(2+)-dependent potassium channel blocker charybdotoxin inhibited the vasodilator response to acetylcholine only In segments from control rats. These results indicate that hypertension induced by chronic ouabain treatment is accompanied by increased endothelial nitric oxide participation and impaired endothelium-dependent hyperpolarizing factor contribution In acetylcholine-induced relaxation. These effects might explain the lack of effect of ouabain treatment oil acetylcholine responses in rat aorta.

Glucocorticoids in Vivo Induce Both Insulin Hypersecretion and Enhanced Glucose Sensitivity of Stimulus-Secretion Coupling in Isolated Rat Islets

Although glucocorticoids are widely used as antiinflammatory agents in clinical therapies, they may cause serious side effects that include insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia. To study the potential functional adaptations of the islet of Langerhans to in vivo glucocorticoid treatment, adult Wistar rats received dexamethasone (DEX) for 5 consecutive days, whereas controls (CTL) received only saline. The analysis of insulin release in freshly isolated islets showed an enhanced secretion in response to glucose in DEX-treated rats. The study of Ca(2+) signals by fluorescence microscopy also demonstrated a higher response to glucose in islets from DEX-treated animals. However, no differences in Ca(2+) signals were found between both groups with tolbutamide or KCl, indicating that the alterations were probably related to metabolism. Thus, mitochondrial function was explored by monitoring oxidation of nicotinamide dinucleotide phosphate autofluorescence and mitochondrial membrane potential. Both parameters revealed a higher response to glucose in islets from DEX-treated rats. The mRNA and protein content of glucose transporter-2, glucokinase, and pyruvate kinase was similar in both groups, indicating that changes in these proteins were probably not involved in the increased mitochondrial function. Additionally, we explored the status of Ca(2+)-dependent signaling kinases. Unlike calmodulin kinase II, we found an augmented phosphorylation level of protein kinase C alpha as well as an increased response of the phospholipase C/inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate pathway in DEX-treated rats. Finally, an increased number of docked secretory granules were observed in the beta-cells of DEX animals using transmission electron microscopy. Thus, these results demonstrate that islets from glucocorticoid-treated rats develop several adaptations that lead to an enhanced stimulus-secretion coupling and secretory capacity. (Endocrinology 151: 85-95, 2010)

Trade Liberalization and Regional Impacts on Residual Wage Inequality: Evidence from Brazil

O objetivo deste trabalho é entender mais sobre o papel da liberalização sobre a desigualdade salarial, mais precisamente, sobre a desigualdade residual dos salários. Usando a abertura comercial brasileira, a extensa redução tarifária que ocorreu entre 1987 e 1995, é investigado empiricamente se os diferentes níveis de exposição ao comércio entre os estados contribuíram para os diferentes movimentos da desigualdade. Os resultados indicam que estados mais expostos à liberalização comercial experimentaram um aumento relativo da desigualdade residual dos salários ou, de forma equivalente, uma menor redução. Estes resultados enriquecem a discussão dos efeitos da abertura comercial sobre a desigualdade.

Role of common mental and physical disorders in partial disability around the world

Background Mental and physical disorders are associated with total disability, but their effects on days with partial disability (i.e. the ability to perform some, but not full-role, functioning in daily life) are not well understood. Aims To estimate individual (i.e. the consequences for an individual with a disorder) and societal effects (i.e. the avoidable partial disability in the society due to disorders) of mental and physical disorders on days with partial disability around the world. Method Respondents from 26 nationally representative samples (n=61 259, age 18+) were interviewed regarding mental and physical disorders, and day-to-day functioning. The Composite International Diagnostic Interview, version 3.0 (CIDI 3.0) was used to assess mental disorders; partial disability (expressed in full day equivalents) was assessed with the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule in the CIDI 3.0. Results Respondents with disorders reported about 1.58 additional disability days per month compared with respondents without disorders. At the individual level, mental disorders (especially post-traumatic stress disorder, depression and bipolar disorder) yielded a higher number of days with disability than physical disorders. At the societal level, the population attributable risk proportion due to physical and mental disorders was 49% and 15% respectively. Conclusions Mental and physical disorders have a considerable impact on partial disability, at both the individual and at the societal level. Physical disorders yielded higher effects on partial disability than mental disorders.

Impact of FLT3 Internal Tandem Duplication on the Outcome of Related and Unrelated Hematopoietic Transplantation for Adult Acute Myeloid Leukemia in First Remission: A Retrospective Analysis

Purpose Patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and FLT3/internal tandem duplication (FLT3/ITD) have poor prognosis if treated with chemotherapy only. Whether this alteration also affects outcome after allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation (HSCT) remains uncertain. Patients and Methods We analyzed 206 patients who underwent HLA-identical sibling and matched unrelated HSCTs reported to the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation with a diagnosis of AML with normal cytogenetics and data on FLT3/ITD (present: n = 120, 58%; absent: n = 86, 42%). Transplantations were performed in first complete remission (CR) after myeloablative conditioning. Results Compared with FLT3/ITD-negative patients, FLT3/ITD-positive patients had higher median leukocyte count at diagnosis (59 v 21 x 10(9)/L; P < .001) and shorter interval from CR to transplantation (87 v 99 days; P = .04). Other characteristics were similar in the two groups. At 2 years, relapse incidence (RI; +/- standard deviation) was higher (30% +/- 5% v 16% +/- 5%; P = .006) and leukemia-free survival (LFS) lower (58% +/- 5% v 71% +/- 6%; P = .04) in FLT3/ITD-positive compared with FLT3/ITD-negative patients. In multivariate analyses, FLT3/ITD led to increased RI (hazard ratio [HR], 3.4; 95% CI, 1.46 to 7.94; P = .005), as did older age, female sex, shorter interval between CR and transplantation, and higher number of chemotherapy courses before achieving CR. FLT3/ITD positivity was associated with decreased LFS (HR, 0.37; 95% CI, 0.19 to 0.73; P = .002), along with older age and higher number of chemotherapy courses before achieving CR. Conclusion FLT3/ITD adversely affected the outcome of HSCT in the same direction it does after chemotherapy; despite this, more than half of the patients harboring this mutation who received transplants were alive and leukemia free at 2 years. To further improve the results, use of FLT3 inhibitors before or after HSCT deserves investigation.

Cannabidiol protects oligodendrocyte progenitor cells from inflammation-induced apoptosis by attenuating endoplasmic reticulum stress

Cannabidiol (CBD) is the most abundant cannabinoid in Cannabis sativa that has no psychoactive properties. CBD has been approved to treat inflammation, pain and spasticity associated with multiple sclerosis (MS), of which demyelination and oligodendrocyte loss are hallmarks. Thus, we investigated the protective effects of CBD against the damage to oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) mediated by the immune system. Doses of 1 mu M CBD protect OPCs from oxidative stress by decreasing the production of reactive oxygen species. CBD also protects OPCs from apoptosis induced by LPS/IFN gamma through the decrease of caspase 3 induction via mechanisms that do not involve CB1, CB2, TRPV1 or PPAR gamma receptors. Tunicamycin-induced OPC death was attenuated by CBD, suggesting a role of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in the mode of action of CBD. This protection against ER stress-induced apoptosis was associated with reduced phosphorylation of eiF2 alpha, one of the initiators of the ER stress pathway. Indeed, CBD diminished the phosphorylation of PKR and eiF2 alpha induced by LPS/IFN gamma. The pro-survival effects of CBD in OPCs were accompanied by decreases in the expression of ER apoptotic effectors (CHOP, Bax and caspase 12), and increased expression of the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2. These findings suggest that attenuation of the ER stress pathway is involved in the 'oligoprotective' effects of CBD during inflammation. Cell Death and Disease (2012) 3, e331; doi:10.1038/cddis.2012.71; published online 28 June 2012

Parent psychopathology and offspring mental disorders: results from the WHO World Mental Health Surveys

Background Associations between specific parent and offspring mental disorders are likely to have been overestimated in studies that have failed to control for parent comorbidity. Aims To examine the associations of parent with respondent disorders. Method Data come from the World Health Organization (WHO) World Mental Health Surveys (n = 51 507). Respondent disorders were assessed with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview and parent disorders with informant-based Family History Research Diagnostic Criteria interviews. Results Although virtually all parent disorders examined (major depressive, generalised anxiety, panic, substance and antisocial behaviour disorders and suicidality) were significantly associated with offspring disorders in multivariate analyses, little specificity was found. Comorbid parent disorders had significant sub-additive associations with offspring disorders. Population-attributable risk proportions for parent disorders were 12.4% across all offspring disorders, generally higher in high- and upper-middle-than low-/lower-middle-income countries, and consistently higher for behaviour (11.0-19.9%) than other (7.1-14.0%) disorders. Conclusions Parent psychopathology is a robust non-specific predictor associated with a substantial proportion of offspring disorders.