Proposta i aplicaci�� pr��ctica per la millora de la velocitat amb canvi de direcci�� en un equip alev�� de futbol femen��

L���objectiu del present estudi es realitzar una proposta i una aplicaci�� pr��ctica per comprovar els efectes d���entrenament que genera sobre la velocitat amb el canvi de direcci��. Per poder dur a terme la investigaci��, es van reunir a 11 jugadores (11.25 �� 0.79 d���edat) d���un mateix equip que competeixen a la categoria alev��. Es va crear un grup experimental (GEX) format per sis jugadores, el qual va ser sotm��s al programa d���entrenament juntament al realitzat habitualment amb el seu equip. Els exercicis realitzats en el programa eren de pliometria amb salts a tanques petites i a bancs, circuits de carreres amb canvis de direcci�� i exercicis pliom��trics de baix impacte mitjan��ant un treball de peus coordinatius a l���escala de coordinaci��, tot aix��, alternat amb els jocs tradicionals de persecuci�� i oposici��. Es va crear un segon grup, anomenat grup control (GC) format per cinc jugadores, les quals nom��s van realitzar el seu treball de futbol habitual amb el seu equip. Els protocols d���avaluaci�� van ser el Test Illinois i el T-Test abans de l���inici del programa i despr��s de l���aplicaci�� pr��ctica amb el grup experimental. Es va establir un nivell de significaci�� de p<0.05. Els resultats al final de l���estudi van mostrar que el grup GEX va millorar de manera estad��sticament significativa en els dos tests, tot i aix��, el grup GC va obtenir una millora encara m��s significativa que el GEX en el Test Illinois. Aix�� ens demostra que el programa d���entrenament realitzat es m��s efectiu en T-Test que no pas en el Test Ilinois.

Impacto dos catalisadores automotivos no controle da qualidade do ar

Advanced industrialized nations have experienced severe pollution problems over the past forty years, caused mainly by carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxide emissions from automobiles. Catalyst technology has played a major part in minimizing these emissions as required by even more restrictive laws. The catalyst has been optimized over the years to meet the requirements of high activity and long life. The oxidation of hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide are in advanced development stage while that of NOx catalysts is far less advanced. In the future, catalyst technology is expected to contribute to overcome the challenges to get a cleaner air.

Catalisador Pd/gama-Al2O3: efeito do tamanho de part��cula na atividade catal��tica para combust��o do CH4

Methane, the main constituent of natural gas (> 85%), is employed in large scale as an energy source (thermoelectric power plants, automobiles, etc). However, significant quantities of this gas contribute to the greenhouse effect. The catalytic combustion of methane can minimize these emissions. Palladium is one of the metals that shows the highest activity, depending on the different active forms of the metal. In this article, we focus on the influence of particle size and pretreatment on the catalytic performance of palladium in the methane combustion reaction.

Automatitzaci�� d'un proc��s de fabricaci�� de peces pl��stiques

RESUM L'automatitzaci�� s'utilitza des de fa molts anys, tot i que va comen��ar a agafar la definici�� que coneixem actualment al voltant dels anys seixanta i setanta, moment en qu�� es comencen a comercialitzar els primers PLC. A partir d'aqu��, el seu creixement ha estat exponencial. En aquest sentit, la tecnologia ha anat avan��ant i ha augmentat els components que la forma, per aix�� a hores d'ara encara no sabem fins on podr�� arribar i qu�� aconseguir��. Per a la ind��stria tot aix�� ha significat l'automatitzaci�� de processos que fins ara utilitzaven molt m�� d'obra, reduint-la dr��sticament. Una de les ind��stries que m��s s'ha beneficiat de tots aquests aven��os ha estat la de l'automoci��, concretament les seves grans l��nies de producci��, automatitzades a uns nivells que fins fa poc temps eren impensables. Aquest projecte forma part d'aquesta ind��stria, no directament per a la construcci�� de l'autom��bil, sin�� indirectament, ja que l'empresa per a la qual s'ha fet l'automatitzaci�� fabrica peces pl��stiques per a autom��bils. Concretament, unes peces amb uns injerts met��l���lics conductors que es munten a tots els vehicles i s'utilitzen per accionar els neteja vidres dels cotxes. Aquest fet implica que la fabricaci�� i el disseny de la pe��a sigui curosament vigilat i controlat per al client final, amb uns controls de qualitat extremadament exigents. El funcionament del proc��s de fabricaci�� es fa a partir d'unes peces de pl��stic produ��des per una injectora que es fan passar per unes estacions automatitzades, cada una de les quals fa una acci�� concreta per aconseguir el muntatge final.

Autosimulaattoripeleihin soveltuvan kaksiakselisen liikealustan kehitt��minen

Ty��ss�� kehitettiin kohtuuhintainen ja suorituskyvylt����n riitt��v�� autosimulaattoripelik��ytt����n soveltuva liikealusta. Ty��ss�� tutustuttiin aluksi markkinoilla oleviin liikealustaratkaisuihin. Ty��ss�� selvitettiin my��s liikealustaa koskevia turvallisuusm����r��yksi��. Kehitt��minen alkoi liikealustan vaatimusten m����rittelyll�� ja kuormituksien simuloinnilla. Runkorakenteet mitoitettiin kest��m����n simuloituja rasituksia. Liikealustan toimilaitteet valittiin simulointitulosten perusteella. Ty��ss�� suunniteltiin my��s liikealustan ohjausj��rjestelm��. Mekaanisien osien ja voimansiirron mitoittamisen j��lkeen suoritettiin osien yksityiskohtainen suunnittelu. Alihankkijat valmistivat osat ja ne koottiin ��lykk��iden koneiden laboratoriossa. J��rjestelm��n kokoamisen j��lkeen viritettiin s����t��j��t ja testattiin liikealustan toimivuutta. Kehitetty�� liikealustaa on k��ytetty muutamissa tapahtumissa. Asetetut tavoitteet saavutettiin ja liikealusta soveltuu kokemuksien perusteella hyvin rata-autosimulaattoripelien kanssa k��ytett��v��ksi.

Ballistisen simuloinnin liikeidean kehitt��mismahdollisuudet

Asevaikutusta laukaisusta kohteeseen simuloiva integroitu laskentaketju koostuu sis��-, ulko- ja maaliballistiikan malleista. Ulkoballistiikka kattaa laskentamallit radanlaskennan, s����korjauksen ja ammusaerodynamiikan alueilla. Graafisella k��ytt��liittym��ll�� toteutetulla, fysikaalisesti tarkkaan mallinnukseen perustuvalla ja kokonaisuuden kattavalla laskentaj��rjestelm��ll�� on kasvavaa tarvetta teknisi�� ja koulutuksellisia tarkoituksia varten. Erikoisesti, jos laskentaketjuun lis��t����n r��j��hdysvaikutuksen mallintaminen, voidaan simuloida asej��rjestelmien vaikutusta kohteessa k��ytt��jien arvostamalla tavalla. Tietointensiiviset ballistiikan laskentamallit ovat v��ltt��m��tt��mi�� ty��kaluja teknisen suunnitteluosaamisen kattamiseksi ja kilpailuedun luomiseksi verkostoituneessa yritysymp��rist��ss��. Yliopistotutkimuksen tuottamien laskennallisten menetelmien hy��tyk��ytt�� yritysten suunnitteluj��rjestelmiss�� syvent���� teknist�� osaamista, jolla on my��s henkil��st���� motivoiva vaikutus teknisesti vaikeutuvilla markkinoilla. Ty��ss�� arvioidaan toimialaa analysoimalla eri k��ytt��tarpeita samoille tietokantoihin tukeutuville laskentamalleille. Tarkastellaan teknisi�� perusteita, k��ytt��ymp��rist��j�� ja markkinoita liiketoimintamahdollisuuksien tunnistamiseksi. Ty��n tuloksena syvennet����n n��kemyst�� ydinosaamisista ja visioidaan liikeidean erottumista kilpailijoista, markkinoita ja sen kehitt��mist��.

Journal des mines (Paris. 1854)

Variante(s) de titre : Journal des mines, des eaux et for��ts

Autourheilusimulaattoreiden fysiikkamallinnuksen erot tuotekehityssimulaattoreihin

Kandidaatinty��ss�� k��sitell����n ajoneuvosimulaattoreita pelien ja tuotekehityksen maailmasta. Tarkoituksena on selvitt���� l��hinn�� kirjallisuuskatsauksena, mink��laisia fysiikkamalleja simulaatiopeleiss�� k��ytet����n ja miten ne eroavat tuotekehityksess�� k��ytett��vist�� ajoneuvosimulaatiomalleista. Pelisimulaattorin t��rkein tavoite on realistinen tuntuma. Lis��ksi etuja ovat pelaajaa koukuttava haaste ja viihde. Tuotekehityssimulaattorissa t��rkein tavoite taas on hy��dynt��miskelpoinen tulos. N��kyvin ero on visualisoinnissa, mutta mallinnettavat ilmi��t sek�� tapa mallintaa niit�� eroavat my��s monilta osin.

Carbon Nanotubes as Material for Supercapacitor Electrodes

Electrochemical double-layer supercapacitors have an intermediate position between rechargeable batteries, which can store high amounts of energy, and dielectric capacitors, which have high output power. Supercapacitors are widely suggested to be used in automobiles (recuperation during braking, facilitate engine starting, electric stabilization of the system), industry (forklifts, elevators), hybrid off-road machinery and also in consumer electronics. Supercapacitor electrodes require highly porous material. Typically, activated carbon is used. Specific surface area of activated carbon is approximately 1000 m2 per gram. Carbon nanotubes represent one of prospective materials. According to numerous studies this material allows to improve the properties of supercapacitors. The task of this Master���s Thesis was to test multiwalled carbon nanotubes and become confident with the testing methods.

Emerging animal viruses: real threats or simple bystanders?

The list of animal viruses has been frequently added of new members raising permanent concerns to virologists and veterinarians. The pathogenic potential and association with disease have been clearly demonstrated for some, but not for all of these emerging viruses. This review describes recent discoveries of animal viruses and their potential relevance for veterinary practice. Dogs were considered refractory to influenza viruses until 2004, when an influenza A virus subtype H3N8 was transmitted from horses and produced severe respiratory disease in racing greyhounds in Florida/USA. The novel virus, named canine influenza virus (CIV), is considered now a separate virus lineage and has spread among urban canine population in the USA. A new pestivirus (Flaviviridae), tentatively called HoBi-like pestivirus, was identified in 2004 in commercial fetal bovine serum from Brazil. Hobi-like viruses are genetically and antigenically related to bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and induce similar clinical manifestations. These novel viruses seem to be widespread in Brazilian herds and have also been detected in Southeast Asia and Europe. In 2011, a novel mosquito-borne orthobunyavirus, named Schmallenberg virus (SBV), was associated with fever, drop in milk production, abortion and newborn malformation in cattle and sheep in Germany. Subsequently, the virus disseminated over several European countries and currently represents a real treat for animal health. The origin of SBV is still a matter of debate but it may be a reassortant from previous known bunyaviruses Shamonda and Satuperi. Hepatitis E virus (HEV, family Hepeviridae) is a long known agent of human acute hepatitis and in 1997 was first identified in pigs. Current data indicates that swine HEV is spread worldwide, mainly associated with subclinical infection. Two of the four HEV genotypes are zoonotic and may be transmitted between swine and human by contaminated water and undercooked pork meat. The current distribution and impact of HEV infection in swine production are largely unknown. Avian gyrovirus type 2 (AGV2) is a newly described Gyrovirus, family Circoviridae, which was unexpectedly found in sera of poultry suspected to be infected with chicken anemia virus (CAV). AGV2 is closely related to CAV but displays sufficient genomic differences to be classified as a distinct species. AGV2 seems to be distributed in Brazil and also in other countries but its pathogenic role for chickens is still under investigation. Finally, the long time and intensive search for animal relatives of human hepatitis C virus (HCV) has led to the identification of novel hepaciviruses in dogs (canine hepacivirus [CHV]), horses (non-primate hepaciviruses [NPHV] or Theiler's disease associated virus [TDAV]) and rodents. For these, a clear and definitive association with disease is still lacking and only time and investigation will tell whether they are real disease agents or simple spectators.

Panel Method Formulation for Oscillating Airfoils in Sonic Flow

The mathematical model for two-dimensional unsteady sonic flow, based on the classical diffusion equation with imaginary coefficient, is presented and discussed. The main purpose is to develop a rigorous formulation in order to bring into light the correspondence between the sonic, supersonic and subsonic panel method theory. Source and doublet integrals are obtained and Laplace transformation demonstrates that, in fact, the source integral is the solution of the doublet integral equation. It is shown that the doublet-only formulation reduces to a Volterra integral equation of the first kind and a numerical method is proposed in order to solve it. To the authors' knowledge this is the first reported solution to the unsteady sonic thin airfoil problem through the use of doublet singularities. Comparisons with the source-only formulation are shown for the problem of a flat plate in combined harmonic heaving and pitching motion.

Non-Linear Unsteady Aerodynamic Response Approximation Using Multi-Layer Functionals

Non-linear functional representation of the aerodynamic response provides a convenient mathematical model for motion-induced unsteady transonic aerodynamic loads response, that accounts for both complex non-linearities and time-history effects. A recent development, based on functional approximation theory, has established a novel functional form; namely, the multi-layer functional. For a large class of non-linear dynamic systems, such multi-layer functional representations can be realised via finite impulse response (FIR) neural networks. Identification of an appropriate FIR neural network model is facilitated by means of a supervised training process in which a limited sample of system input-output data sets is presented to the temporal neural network. The present work describes a procedure for the systematic identification of parameterised neural network models of motion-induced unsteady transonic aerodynamic loads response. The training process is based on a conventional genetic algorithm to optimise the network architecture, combined with a simplified random search algorithm to update weight and bias values. Application of the scheme to representative transonic aerodynamic loads response data for a bidimensional airfoil executing finite-amplitude motion in transonic flow is used to demonstrate the feasibility of the approach. The approach is shown to furnish a satisfactory generalisation property to different motion histories over a range of Mach numbers in the transonic regime.

Vauhtikausi. Autoilun sukupuoli 1920-luvun Suomessa

The Age of Speed:Automobility���s Gender in the 1920s Finland The aim of this study is to analyze the connections between automobility and gender in Finland in the 1920s. In this study it is argued that the 1920s was the significant era in the Finnish history of automobility when many of the long-lasting gendered notions and cultural understandings were constructed. This study combines cultural history of technology with gender analysis. As the previous research on gender and technology has recognized, technology is a significant site of gender negotiations. Both from the cultural historical perspective and a gender perspective it is important to understand both technology and gender as cultural constructions. They were linked together and constructed each other. In other words: technology shapes gender and gender shapes technology. Historians of technology like Nina Lerman, Ruth Oldenziel and Arwen Mohun have argued that both gender and technology are about power: social, cultural, economic and political. In this study automobility means technology that can be analyzed in layers of identity, structures, institutions and representations. The source material consists of various types of historical sources, magazines and journals, advertisements, archival material together with films and literature. In the previous studies of the history of automobility gender has often been neglected. The term ���gender��� has also quite often been misunderstood. Some studies in the field have only focused on the early female drivers. However, far too little attention has been paid to the question, why automobility was considered as masculine sphere only. This study aims to give new insights to the previous interpretations of the history of automobility. As in various other countries also in Finland, the decade of the 1920s is characterized as a period of ���modern times.��� It was also the era of the automobiles. Although the number of cars in Finland was still low compared to the other European countries and the USA, in press, films and literature, images of automobiles and new women ��� and men ��� on the wheel became as an emblem of a new era. The thesis consists of three main chapters. The first main chapter focuses on the conflicts between drivers and non-drivers. The study shows how in the debate of the automobility ���a driver��� was constantly referred as a man and ���a pedestrian��� accordingly a woman, even though in the reality there were as much men and women walking on the streets and the roads. Thus, the public debate constructed and reconstructed the gendered traffic system where men were playing the key role. The second main chapter of the study analyses the automobile clubs and the cultural representations. The chapter answers the question how the concept of a driver was gendered. The Automobile clubs and the organizations of professional drivers were in a significant role in developing the early history of traffic in Finland. The Finnish Automobile Club (Suomen Automobiili Klubi, founded in 1919) was the oldest and the most powerful of all automobile organizations. The Finnish Automobile Club accepted women as members from the very beginning. The membership was strictly limited to the upper class and the very first female members were wives and daughters of the male members. However, Doctor of medicine and surgery 316 Karolina Eskelin (1867-1936) the founding member of the Club was an exception to that convention. The male members of the Finnish Automobile Club attended official international meetings and consulted Finnish authorities in traffic and road questions, whereas, female members joined car trips, picnics and social gatherings arranged by the club. Few young female members of the club drove in races and gross-country-tours. The cultural representations of drivers in the Finnish media in the 1920s both deconstructed and reconstructed the concept of gender. In Finnish press in general, motoring was seen as male dominated area. Men were represented as the experts of the automobility. The drivers��� uniforms and the automobile clubs underlined professionalism and expertise which, thus, got masculine meaning. Women were beautiful accessories in the car ads, but they were also becoming a new consumer group in the market. The representations of the female and the male drivers influenced and shaped actively the understandings of femininity and masculinity. In the third main chapter the analysis focuses on the automobile as an artifact.The automobile was considered as an artifact that primarily belonged to the masculine domain. However, the representations of the automobiles were ambivalent. The automobile was both masculine and feminine depending on the context. The representations of the automobile were also used to construct the discourse of heteronormativity.

Is the Thoroughbred race-horse under chronic stress?

Thoroughbred fillies were divided into three groups according to age: group 1, 7 fillies aged 1 to 2 years (G1) starting the training program; group 2, 9 fillies aged 2 to 3 years (G2) in a full training program; group 3, 8 older fillies 3 to 4 years of age (G3) training and racing. Blood samples were collected weekly from July to December. Cortisol was quantified using a solid phase DPC kit. The intra- and interassay coefficients of variation were 12.5% and 15.65% and sensitivity was 1.9 �� 0.2 nmol/l. The semester average of cortisol levels varied between groups: G1 = 148.8 �� 6.7, G2 = 125.7 �� 5.8, G3 = 101.1 �� 5.4 nmol/l, with G3 differing statistically from the other groups. The lower cortisol levels observed in the older fillies lead us to propose that the stress stimulus, when maintained over a long period of time, may become chronic and result in a reduction of hypophyseal corticotropin-releasing hormone receptors. The secretion of endogenous opioids may also lead to low serum cortisol levels.

The developmental state in Brazil: comparative and historical perspectives

The record of successful developmental states in East Asia and the partial successes of developmental states in Latin America suggest several common preconditions for effective state intervention including a Weberian bureaucracy, monitoring of implementation, reciprocity (subsidies in exchange for performance), and collaborative relations between government and business. Although Brazil failed to develop the high technology manufacturing industry and exports that have fueled sustained growth in East Asia, its developmental state had a number of important, and often neglected, successes, especially in steel, automobiles, mining, ethanol, and aircraft manufacturing. Where Brazil's developmental state was less successful was in promoting sectors like information technology and nuclear energy, as well as overall social and regional equality. In addition, some isolated initiatives by state governments were also effective in promoting particular local segments of industry and agriculture. Comparisons with East Asia, highlight the central role of state enterprises in Brazil that in effect internalized monitoring and reciprocity and bypassed collaboration between business and government (that was overall rarer in Brazil).