INVESTIGATION OF C-60 SINGLE-CRYSTAL BY X-RAY-METHODS

C-60 Single crystals grown by a single-temperature-gradient technique were characterized by synchrotron radiation white beam x-ray topography and x-ray double crystal diffraction with Cu K-alpha 1 radiation on conventional x-ray source. The results show that the crystal is rather well crystallized, The x-ray topographies give an evidence of dendritic growth mechanism of C-60 Single crystal, and x-ray double crystal diffraction rocking curve shows that there are mosaic structural defects in the sample. A phase transition st 249+/-1.5% K from a simple cubic to a face centered cubic structure is confirmed by in situ observation of synchrotron radiation white beam x-ray topography with the temperature varing from 230 to 295 K.

The growth and characterization of GaN grown on a gamma-Al2O3/(001) Si substrate by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy

Wurtzite single crystal GaN films have been grown onto a gamma-Al2O3/Si(001) substrate in a horizontal-type low pressure MOVPE system. A thin gamma-Al2O3 layer is an intermediate layer for the growth of single crystal GaN on Si although it is only an oriented polycrystal film as shown by reflection high electron diffraction. Moreover, the oxide is not yet converted to a fully single crystal film, even at the stage of high temperature for the GaN layer as studied by transmission electron microscopy. Double crystal x-ray linewidth of (0002) peak of the 1.3 mu m sample is 54 arcmin and the films have heavy mosaic structures. A near band edge peaking at 3.4 eV at room temperature is observed by photoluminescence spectroscopy. Raman scattering does not detect any cubic phase coexistence.

RNAi沉默烟草GA 20-氧化酶基因研究

赤霉素是一种高效能的广谱植物生长调节剂，为五大植物激素之一，具有重要的生物学功能。目前利用赤霉素突变体研究生物合成途径和信号转导已经成为热点。 GA 20-氧化酶是GA生物合成中的一类关键酶，它位于GA合成途径的中心位置。本研究根据烟草（Nicotiana tabacum）GA 20-氧化酶基因序列，设计2对分别含有特定酶切位点的特异引物，以烟草基因组DNA为模板，扩增目的基因(约250 bp)片段。将正、反向目的片段分别插入中间载体的内含子两侧，再经BamH I和Sac I双酶切回收约700 bp的目的片段，插入到双元载体质粒p2355中，成功构建了含GA 20-氧化酶基因片段反向重复序列的植物表达载体p23700。分别将p2355质粒和p23700质粒导入根癌农杆菌（Agrobacterium tumefaciens）EHA105中并转化烟草叶片细胞，经卡那霉素选择培养，PCR及GUS组织染色鉴定，获得转基因烟草植株。以EHA105-p2355转化的烟草，获得41株转基因植株，均没有矮化表型；而以EHA105-p23700转化的烟草，获得转基因植株14株，其中具有矮化表型的烟草10株，表明反向重复序列转录产物能形成发夹RNA(hpRNA)，产生小分子干扰RNA（small interferring RNA，简称siRNA），干扰目的基因的表达。 赤霉素含量测定表明矮化植株中赤霉素合成途径的最终产物GA3总含量明显低于野生型烟草植株。荧光定量PCR结果表明，矮化转基因烟草的GA 20-氧化酶基因表达量受到明显抑制，表达量明显低于野生型对照。同时对上游内根-贝壳杉合成酶（Ent-kaurene synthase，KS）基因，下游的GA-3β羟化酶基因进行了RT-PCR分析，结果显示上游基因的表达没有规律性变化，而下游基因表达量亦降低。上述结果表明，GA 20-氧化酶基因的表达被有效地干扰了，表达受到抑制，从而影响植株体内GA3的合成，影响植株的生长发育，导致植株矮化。并推测，GA 20-氧化酶基因受到抑制，可能影响下游基因的表达。并且通过干旱胁迫测试，发现矮化植株相对于野生型植株及不含干扰片段的转基因植株，对干旱的耐受力有了很大的提高，具有更强的耐受力。 研究结果为进一步进行相关研究奠定基础。 Gibberellin(GA) is an efficient plant growth regulator. As one of five major plant hormones, it plays an important biological function. Using GA mutant for investigating biosynthetic pathways and signal transduction has become high lights. GA 20-oxidase is a crucial enzyme involved in gibberellin biosynthesis. According to tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) GA 20-oxidase enzyme gene sequence and based on binary vector p2355, we constructed a plant expression vector p23700, which habors an inverted repeat DNA fragment of GA 20-oxidase gene drivered by Cauliflower mosaic virus promtor (CaMV 35Sp). Binary plasmid p2355 had no inverted repeat DNA fragment of GA 20-oxidase gene. The vector p2355 and p23700 were introduced into Agrobacterium tumefaciens EHA105 and tobacco leaf transformation was conducted. After selected by kanamycin and characterized by PCR and GUS hischemical reaction, transsgenic plants were obtained. Fourtheen transgenic plants, which were transformed by EHA105-p23700, were obtained. Among them, 10 were dwarf mutants. However, 41 transgenic plants with the same normal phenotype as wild type,which were transformed by EHA105-p2355, were obtained. Analysis of Gibberellin contents showed that it was lower in dwarf mutants than in normal phenotype plants. Moreover, comparing to normal phenotype plants including wild type and transgenic plants with no interference fragment, the drought tolerance of dwarf plants have greatly increased. And their proline content increased obviously after drought test. Fluorescence quantitative real time PCR (RT-PCR) showed that GA 20-oxidase gene expression was significantly inhibited in dwarf transgenic tobacco. Meanwhile, the expression of the upstream gene ent-kaurene synthase (KS) gene and downstream gene GA-3β hydroxylase gene was also detected by RT-PCR. The results presented that KS gene expression had no regular change while GA-3β hydroxylase gene expression reduced. It implied that inhibiting GA 20-oxidase gene probably reduce the expression of downstream genes. The results showed that the transcriptional products of the foreign inverted repeat fragment can form hairpin RNA (hpRNA) to induce RNAi. It presented that GA 20-oxidase gene expression was effectively interfered, resulting in reducing GA3 synthesis and inhibiting plant growth and development, then dwarf plants were produced. However, the dwarf plants had higher tolerance of drought.

黄土高原沟壑区苹果园土壤重金属含量特征研究

以黄土高原沟壑区的苹果园为研究对象,对6~36 a苹果园土壤重金属含量状况进行研究,结果发现,该区苹果园的高投入种植管理模式,能够影响重金属在土壤中的迁移与富集,使土壤重金属含量发生明显变化。土壤Cu含量随树龄增加而增加,20 a以上的土壤-果树系统对土壤Cu的输入与输出趋于平衡,Cu含量变化不大,且耕层土壤Cu含量较高。Cr含量随树龄线性递增,36 a果园0~20 cm,20~40 cm和40~60 cm土层Cr含量分别比6 a果园增加27.14%,17.09%和19.17%。Cd含量随树龄增加先增加后减少,长期大量施用磷肥是土壤Cd的主要来源,果园生态系统深层土壤Cd含量的峰值比耕层提前出现。Pb含量以15~26 a果园含量最高,树龄<15 a和>26 a时Pb含量较低。Hg含量则以15 a为转折点,在不同土层上呈现出不同的变化趋势。As含量在树龄<15 a时逐渐降低,15~20 a时逐渐增加,20 a以后果园土壤As含量趋于不变,且各土层之间差异不显著。

黄土高原坡地苹果园土壤肥力及矿质氮累积分析

采用田间取样与室内分析相结合的方法,研究了黄土高原坡地苹果园肥力状况与矿质氮累积。结果表明,坡地苹果园土壤肥力低,氮、磷严重缺乏,钾相对丰富,土壤属于砂壤土,通气性强,保肥、保水性差。0—60cm土层土壤有机质含量为9.24～28.12g/kg,全氮为0.22～0.60g/kg,速效磷为0.17～16.08mg/kg,速效钾为80.06～168.39mg/kg;黄土高原坡地苹果园中NO3-—N有深层累积分布,累积深度大于2m,在180—200cm层最高累积量达249.61kg/hm2,而NH4+—N无深层累积。不同施肥处理对土壤剖面中的NH4+—N和NO3-—N含量分布影响不同,对NH4+—N含量和分布影响不明显,但不同施肥方式对NO3-—N含量分布影响显著。施加氮肥促进NO3-—N深层累积,施加磷肥有助于降低土层中的NO3-—N含量,缩小富集量的分布范围。

陕北丘陵沟壑区苹果优质丰产栽培体系研究

园址选择、优良品种搭配、坡地改良、合理施肥与抗旱栽培、合理修剪等是陕北丘陵沟壑区苹果优质丰产的保障 ,且同时论述了各项措施的操作依据和方法

黄土塬区果园套种对土壤微生物及酶活性的影响

研究了黄土塬区塬面不同套种作物的幼树苹果园土壤微生物的分布和酶活性。结果表明，果园土壤中微生物的分布在果树行与套种行中是不均匀的，细菌和真菌多为果树行多于套种行；土壤的过氧化氢酶，蔗糖酶，脲酶以及中性磷酸酶活性在套种小麦的果园中以套作行高于果树行，而套种烤烟则使脲酶和中性磷酸酶活性有所降低。套种豆类有利于土壤肥力的均衡发展。

黄土高原沟壑区沟坡地苹果优质丰产栽培技术体系

确立了黄土高原沟壑区沟坡地为优质苹果生产地带 ,建立起沟坡道路防蚀体系 ,春栽改秋栽 ,量化施肥、灌水、修剪 ,生态防治病虫害 ,加强优果生产和采后处理等是黄土高原沟壑区沟坡地带优质苹果生产的主要技术措施。

黄土区渭北旱塬苹果基地对区域水循环的影响

通过对苹果地、农田和其他塬面主要土地利用方式的比较研究 ,发现苹果地土壤入渗速率大、降雨产流率低和存在生物利用型土壤干层。这些水文学性质将增强土壤 -植物 -大气间垂直水分交换 ,削弱降雨转化为地表径流和地下水的比例 ,最终影响区域地表和地下水资源的数量。另外土壤干层的出现还削弱了土壤水库对年际和季节性干旱的调节作用 ,导致苹果产量随降雨量的自然变化呈现较大波动

Layer-by-layer assembly of viral capsid for cell adhesion

Cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV)-based thin films are biologically active for cell culture. Using layer-by-layer assembly of CPMV and poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride), quantitatively scalable biomolecular surfaces were constructed, which were well characterized using quartz crystal microbalance, UV-vis and atomic force microscopy. The surface coverage of CPMV nanoparticles depended on the adsorption time and pH of the virus solution, with a greater amount of CPMV adsorption occurring near its isoelectric point. It was found that the adhesion and proliferation of NIH-3T3 fibroblasts can be controlled by the coverage of viral particles using this multilayer technique.

Biofilm-Engineered Nanostructures

The use of biofilms as nanostructure-engineering materials is discussed and exemplified using ZnO nanorods. Three examples are presented for illustration, the immobilization of ZnO-nanorod arrays on the inner wall of a polystyrene centrifuge tube using S. thermophilus, the morphological organization of ZnO "filters" using S. thermophilus. And the design and implementation of a ZnO-decorated Ag framework using E. coli.

Shear-induced spiral-like morphology of a main-chain liquid crystalline poly(aryl ether ketone)

The shear-induced spiral-like morphology of a main-chain thermotropic liquid crystalline poly(aryl ether ketone) is observed and characterized by means of polarizing light microscopy, atomic force microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and electron diffraction techniques. The spiral-like texture is formed during shearing in the temperature range of liquid crystalline to isotropic transition (335-340 degreesC), and dispersed discontinuously in the mosaic matrix. Electron diffraction results indicate that the spiral exhibits orthorhombic lateral packing of the crystals and homeotropic alignment of the molecules. The spiral formation process and possible affecting factors are discussed.

Studies of non-covalent protein complexes by MALDI methods

Several specific non-covalent protein complexes were successfully observed by matrix assisted desorption ionization mass spectrometry(MALDI MS). The methods described in this paper include the matrixes use of sinapinic acid(SA) and 6-aza-2-thiothymine (ATT) in neutral pH solution, as well as the improvement of two-layer sample preparation method to achieve a high sensitivity detection of stable non-covalent complexes, Myoglobin-heme complex was found simultaneously with the sinapinic acid matrix in the various pH solution(pH=2 or pH=5), The RNase S complex showed a striking intensity at the first shot, which was decreased with more laser shots. Most importantly, the observation of specific non-covalent complex in the brome mosaic virus(BMV) coat proteins would open up a new possibility to investigate the assembly and disassembly of viral capsids.

微机控制的计时电流和计时库仑技术

设计和组装了用APPLEⅡ PLUS微型计算机控制的计时电流和计时库仑实验装置,用6502汇编语言和 BASIC 语言编制了实验控制、图形显示、图形描绘和数据处理程序,并用于测定薄膜修饰电极中电活性质点的扩散系数和研究电化学预处理玻炭电极表面的吸附行为。

The integrative expression of GUS gene driven by FCP promoter in the seaweed Laminaria japonica (Phaeophyta)

In this study, the background activity of beta-glucuronidase (GUS) was analyzed histochemically and fluorometrically in the negative control of Laminaria japonica (Phaeophyta) thalli, showing low level of activity. GUS gene transformation without selectable gene in L. japonica was performed using four different promoters, i.e., Cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter (CaMV35S) from cauliflower mosaic virus, ubiquitin promoter (UBI) from maize, adenine-methyl transfer enzyme gene promoter (AMT) from virus in green alga Chlorella, and fucoxanthin chlorophyll a/c-binding protein gene promoter (FCP) from diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. The GUS transient activity was determined fluorometrically after bombarding sliced parthenogenetic sporophytes explants, and it was found that the activity resulting from CaMV35S and FCP promoters (in 114.3 and 80.6 pmol MU min(-1) (mg protein)(-1), respectively) was higher than for the other two promoters. The female gametophytes were bombarded and regenerated parthenogenetic sporophytes. FCP was the only promoter that resulted in detectable GUS chimeric expression activity during histochemical staining and polymerase chain reaction. Results of Southern blot showed that GUS gene was integrated with the L. japonica genome.