New kernel functions and learning methods for text and data mining

Recent advances in machine learning methods enable increasingly the automatic construction of various types of computer assisted methods that have been difficult or laborious to program by human experts. The tasks for which this kind of tools are needed arise in many areas, here especially in the fields of bioinformatics and natural language processing. The machine learning methods may not work satisfactorily if they are not appropriately tailored to the task in question. However, their learning performance can often be improved by taking advantage of deeper insight of the application domain or the learning problem at hand. This thesis considers developing kernel-based learning algorithms incorporating this kind of prior knowledge of the task in question in an advantageous way. Moreover, computationally efficient algorithms for training the learning machines for specific tasks are presented. In the context of kernel-based learning methods, the incorporation of prior knowledge is often done by designing appropriate kernel functions. Another well-known way is to develop cost functions that fit to the task under consideration. For disambiguation tasks in natural language, we develop kernel functions that take account of the positional information and the mutual similarities of words. It is shown that the use of this information significantly improves the disambiguation performance of the learning machine. Further, we design a new cost function that is better suitable for the task of information retrieval and for more general ranking problems than the cost functions designed for regression and classification. We also consider other applications of the kernel-based learning algorithms such as text categorization, and pattern recognition in differential display. We develop computationally efficient algorithms for training the considered learning machines with the proposed kernel functions. We also design a fast cross-validation algorithm for regularized least-squares type of learning algorithm. Further, an efficient version of the regularized least-squares algorithm that can be used together with the new cost function for preference learning and ranking tasks is proposed. In summary, we demonstrate that the incorporation of prior knowledge is possible and beneficial, and novel advanced kernels and cost functions can be used in algorithms efficiently.

Capability matrix – Identifying and evaluating the key capabilities of purchasing and supply management

Organizations gain resources, skills and technologies to find out the ultimate mix of capabilities to be a winner in the competitive market. These are all important factors that need to be taken into account in organizations operating in today's business environment. So far, there are no significant studies on the organizational capabilities in the field of PSM. The literature review shows that the PSM capabilities need to be studied more comprehensively. This study attempts to reveal and fill this gap by providing the PSM capability matrix that identifies the key PSM capabilities approached from two angles: there are three primary PSM capabilities and nine subcapabilities and, moreover, the individual and organizational PSM capabilities are identified and evaluated. The former refers to the PSM capability matrix of this study which is based on the strategic and operative PSM capabilities that complement the economic ones, while the latter relates to the evaluation of the PSM capabilities, such as the buyer profiles of individual PSM capabilities and the PSMcapability map of the organizational ones. This is a constructive case study. The aim is to define what the purchasing and supply management capabilities are and how they can be evaluated. This study presents a PSM capability matrix to identify and evaluate the capabilities to define capability gaps by comparing the ideal level of PSM capabilities to the realized ones. The research questions are investigated with two case organizations. This study argues that PSM capabilities can be classified into three primary categories with nine sub-categories and, thus, a PSM capability matrix with four evaluation categories can be formed. The buyer profiles are moreover identified to reveal the PSM capability gap. The resource-based view (RBV) and dynamic capabilities view (DCV) are used to define the individual and organizational capabilities. The PSM literature is also used to define the capabilities. The key findings of this study are i) the PSM capability matrix to identify the PSM capabilities, ii) the evaluation of the capabilities to define PSM capability gaps and iii) the presentation of the buyer profiles to identify the individual PSM capabilities and to define the organizational PSM capabilities. Dynamic capabilities are also related to the PSM capability gap. If a gap is identified, the organization can renew their PSM capabilities and, thus, create mutual learning and increase their organizational capabilities. And only then, there is potential for dynamic capabilities. Based on this, the purchasing strategy, purchasing policy and procedures should be identified and implemented dynamically.

Evolution of Ba and Role of Absorptive Capacity in Collaboration between MNCs and Chinese Universities in China

During the recent years, collaboration with Chinese universities has aroused growing interest among multinational companies (MNCs). Cross-cultural university-industry (U-I) collaboration creates various challenges in collaborative knowledge creation and innovation due to the differences e.g. between university and company motivation, objectives and activities. Also different values, norms, and means of actions result often in collisions and misunderstandings. This thesis examines the establishment of the relationships and the evolution of the collaboration between MNCs and Chinese universities. Empirical findings underscore that the partners in collaboration are required to possess research interest as well as capability to acquire, assimilate and exploit new external knowledge. Time and communication have a critical role in the evolution of the collaboration. In China the personal relationships, guanxi, play an important role. Collaborative knowledge creation requires a platform, Ba, which enables the creation of common understanding, commitment, trust and mutual respect. Empirical data has been collected through interviewing company experts and academe of Chinese universities from ICT and forest industries as well as attending panel discussions and meetings with the experts from the field of study.

Arvopaperistaminen ja CDO-lainat

Tutkimuksen tavoitteena on tarkastella kansainvälisillä rahoitusmarkkinoilla nopeasti yleistynyttä arvopaperistamista prosessina sekä arvopaperistamalla muodostettuja sijoitustuotteita pääomamarkkinainstrumentteina ja sijoituskohteina. Yksittäisistä arvopaperistamalla luoduista sijoitusinstrumenteista tutkielmassa keskitytään erityisesti collateralized debt obligation -tyyppiin. Tutkimuksen ensimmäisessä osassa selvitetään arvopaperistamistoiminnan perusrakenteita sekä erilaisten arvopaperistamistapojen eroja toisiinsa nähden. Toisessa osassa perehdytään collateralized debt obligaton instrumenttiin, sen ominaispiirteisiin ja eroihin perinteisiin joukkovelkakirjalainoihin ja sijoitusrahastoihin verrattuna. Tutkimuksen kolmannessa osassa selvitetään institutionaalisen sijoittajan kannalta mahdollisuuksia ja ongelmia sijoitettaessa arvopaperistettuihin sijoitusinstrumentteihin. Viimeisessä osassa tarkastellaan arvopaperistettujen sijoitustuotteiden markkinaa yleisesti ja sen aiheuttamien ongelmien vaikutusta koko rahoitusmarkkinoihin.

Poka-yoke for mass customization

Producing high quality products and services is one of the key concerns in order to keep up with the competition in the global markets. Companies are putting a great effort on preventing customers having faulty products and services by any means. However, the total elimination of mistakes in manufacturing processes has always been a great challenge for quality management. In this thesis the applicability of poka-yoke methodology in reducing the number of quality failures in the case company has been studied. Poka-yoke stands for the mistake-proofing and is mainly developed for the purpose of eliminating human errors in manufacturing processes. Inspection techniques; judgment, informative and source inspection are in the core of this methodology. Mass customization and large configurability of products leads to situation where the root causes of quality problems may vary a lot. To study the effects of these factors extensive analysis of quality failures was conducted. Recommendations and proposals for further actions regarding problem solving processes and utilization of mistake-proofing methods were provided on the basis of the analysis.

EU:n ja Kiinan välisen kaupan kehitys

Työmme tavoitteena on analysoida Kiinan ja EU:n keskinäisen kaupan kasvua viimeisinä vuosikymmeninä ja lähitulevaisuudessa. Lisäksi tutkimme kauppaa ja sen rakennetta molemmista näkökulmista, jotta voisimme havaita molemmille osapuolille saavutettavat hyödyt, haitat ja tulevaisuuden mahdollisuudet. Työssä pyrittiin käyttämään lähteenä aiheeseen liittyvää kirjallisuutta ja tuoreita artikkeleita. Maiden välisen kaupan kasvu perustuu suuresti Kiinan talouden uudistusohjelmaan, jonka ansiosta Kiina avautui huomattavasti kansainväliselle liiketoiminnalle. Suhteellisen edun teorian mukaisesti tuotanto alkoi siirtyä Kiinaan yhä enemmän, ja samalla Kiinan talous lähti huimaan kasvuun. Kiina on viime vuosikymmenen aikana noussut EU:n tärkeimmäksi tuontimaaksi, ja tulevaisuudessa Kiinan vienti tulee lisääntymään entisestään. Joidenkin arvioiden mukaan Kiina tulee tulevaisuudessa ottamaan paikan maailman suurimpana talousmaana. Tärkeimmät kahdenkeskeiseen kaupankäyntiin vaikuttavat seikat ovat Kiinan valuutan aliarvostus ja tuontirajoitukset. Kaupan rakenteeseen vaikuttaa merkittävästi Kiina ja EU:n taloudellisten suhteellisten etujen eroavaisuudet.

Sijoitusrahastojen markkinointiviestintä ja myynninjohtaminen: Case Sp-Rahastoyhtiö Oy & Säästöpankkiliitto

Harvemmat sijoitusrahastoja käsitelleet tutkimukset ovat ottaneet huomioon sijoitusrahastojen välittäjien näkökulman. Tämä tutkimus on siinä mielessä ainutlaatuinen. Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena on selvittää erään rahastoyhtiön hallinnoimien sijoitusrahastojen markkinointiviestintää ja myynninjohtamista näitä välittävissä pankeissa. Tämän perusteella tavoitteena on ratkaista tämän tutkimuksen päätavoite, eli löytää ne syyt, jotka selittävät tutkimukseen valittujen pankkien sijoitusrahasto-osuuksien myynnissä havaittuja eroja. Pankeissa toteutetulla sijoitusrahastojen markkinointiviestintä- ja myynninjohtamismenetelmillä havaittiin olevan selkeät vaikutukset siihen, miksi sijoitusrahasto-osuuksien myyntimäärissä on ollut pankkikohtaisia eroja. Sijoitusrahasto-osuuksien myynnissä menestyneiden pankkien havaittiin olevan monin eri tavoin tehokkaampia ja parempia sijoitusrahastojen markkinointiviestinnässä ja niiden myynninjohtamisessa kuin heikommin sijoitusrahasto-osuuksien myynnissä menestyneet pankit.

Hope as a Resource for Career Exploration : Examining Incremental and Cross-Lagged Effects

Hope is believed to be beneficial for vocational pursuits, but the question of how and why hope is related to pivotal career development variables remains largely unaddressed. In a series of three studies,we investigated the relationship between hope and career exploration. Study 1 examined at-risk adolescents (N = 228) in Switzerland and showed that hope explains variance in career exploration beyond the significant effects of generalized self-efficacy beliefs and perceived social support. Study 2 found the same result among a group (N=223) of first-year students at a Swiss university with a measure of state hope. Study 3 applied a one-year cross-lagged design with a diverse group of students (N = 266) at a German university to investigate the mutual effects of dispositional hope and career exploration over time. Although both variables were found to be related within and over time, we could not confirm lagged effects in either direction. The results suggest that hope is significantly correlated with career exploration because both are related to personality and social-contextual variables.

Gli altri noi : Rom e residenti nella Svizzera italiana : etnografia e mediazione

Cette recherche porte sur les roms (vlach) qui séjournent périodiquement en Suisse italienne, en camping-cars ou en caravanes, pratiquant un semi- nomadisme lié à des motivations principalement économiques, mais également familiales et religieuses. Elle poursuit simultanément deux objectifs. Le premier est lié à un souci de médiation culturelle, qui rejoint les réflexions sur la façon de gérer au mieux les conflits entre les diverses composantes du vivre ensemble. Le second vise à approfondir la connaissance des populations roms concernées (lovara, éurara ou kalderasa, de nationalités italienne, française et espagnole). Les deux objectifs sont évidemment reliés, car comprendre les dynamiques conflictuelles exige la connaissance approfondie des acteurs en interaction. Les relations entre résidents tessinois et roms ont évolué dans le temps, avec des oscillations entre le pôle du refus et celui de l'attraction, entre rejet et reconnaissance, méfiance et confiance. Ces variations historiques renvoient à un fondement commun, à une dynamique des oppositions réciproques. L'analyse anthropologique a fait apparaître le rôle ambivalent du conflit dans la production et la reproduction de la relation d'altérité. L'exclusion des roms fournit à certaines tendances politiques locales l'occasion d'apparaître comme les protecteurs des résidents contre les étrangers ; inversement, l'opposition des roms aux gaiés leur permet de resserrer leur communauté et de prévenir l'assimilation. La médiation culturelle peut espérer gérer cette dynamique relationnelle, certainement pas la faire disparaître. Le modèle intégratif traditionnel de l'État- nation se révèle trop étroit pour accueillir la culture rom. Casser la résistance des roms envers le travail salarié et envers la scolarisation obligatoire, entraver leur semi-nomadisme (qui incite aussi leurs rencontres familiales et religieuses), refuser de reconnaître leur organe de justice interne et leur langue, tout cela ne ferait que concourir à leur disparition culturelle. Les roms sont conscients de ces possibilités, raison pour laquelle ils maintiennent une ambivalence relationnelle avec les ga£és, quitte à apparaître comme des « tsiganes indésirables ». Abstract : This research focuses on the Roma people (Vlach) who periodically stay in Italian Switzerland in caravans or camper vans, practising a semi-nomadic lifestyle - a choice based mainly on economic imperatives but also on familial and religious grounds. This study will address two objectives at the same time. The first involves cultural mediation, and considers the best way to manage the existing conflicts between the cultural components of the social environment. The second aims to increase knowledge of the Roma populations under examination - the Italian, French and Spanish Lovara, Éurara or Kalderasa. The two objectives are clearly linked, as a deeper understanding of the people involved is vital if we are to increase understanding of the dynamics of confrontation. The relationships between the residents of the Ticino area and the Roma people have evolved over time, oscillating in varying degrees between rejection and attraction, confrontation and recognition, suspicion and trust. These variations spring from a common base, a dynamic shaped by mutual opposition. The anthropological analysis highlights the ambivalent role of conflict in the production and reproduction of relations of otherness. Excluding the Roma has given some local politicians the opportunity to position themselves as protectors of residents against foreigners. Inversely, the Roma people's opposition to the Gazé strengthens links within their community and prevents assimilation. Cultural mediation may aspire to manage this relational dynamic, but not abolish it. The traditional integrative model of the nation-state has shown itself to be too restrictive to accommodate the Romani culture. Rejecting the Roma's resistance to salaried work and obligatory schooling, obstructing their semi-nomadic lifestyle (one that also involves family and religious assemblies) and refusing to recognise their traditional courts and mother tongue, all that can only contribute to the dilution of their cultural heritage. The Roma are fully aware of these possibilities, which is why they retain a relational ambivalence in their dealings with the Gazé, at the cost of appearing to be "undesirable gypsies".

Anàlisi de la gestió de fons d’inversió de renda variable en el període 2009-2013

La crisi financera que es va originar l’any 2007 va tenir uns efectes devastadors a tots els àmbits de l’economia. El mercat hipotecari es va desplomar i l’accés al crèdit es va restringir a la majoria de la població. Els efectes que va tenir la crisi sobre aquests mercats han estat analitzats i estudiats repetidament en diverses assignatures. Però el que es vol observar amb la realització d’aquest treball són els efectes que va provocar la crisi econòmica sobre un altre àmbit del mercat financer, el mercat de fons d’estalvi i més concretament, en el de fons d’inversió. Aquest treball vol analitzar si els mercats espanyol i europeu de fons d’inversió ha patit els efectes de la crisi econòmica i si ha estat així, en quin grau s’han vist afectats. Aquests mercats venen regits per experts professionals en la matèria i la rendibilitat d’aquests actius vindrà determinada per la gestió que aquests facin. Per poder mesurar si la seva gestió aconsegueix millorar els resultats que podríem obtenir invertint en el mercat, utilitzarem uns índexs financers anomenats mesures de performance. Dins el ventall disponible de fons d’inversió, ens centrarem en el mercat de renda variable ja que és el que presenta major variabilitat i està més sotmès a possibles canvis en el mercat. En concret s’analitzaran els resultats de la gestió del mercat de fons d’inversió de renda variable durant els anys posteriors a la crisi fins a l’actualitat tant al mercat espanyol com al mercat europeu per diferents categories de fons.

Connectivity and tissue microstructural alterations in right and left temporal lobe epilepsy revealed by diffusion spectrum imaging.

Focal epilepsy is increasingly recognized as the result of an altered brain network, both on the structural and functional levels and the characterization of these widespread brain alterations is crucial for our understanding of the clinical manifestation of seizure and cognitive deficits as well as for the management of candidates to epilepsy surgery. Tractography based on Diffusion Tensor Imaging allows non-invasive mapping of white matter tracts in vivo. Recently, diffusion spectrum imaging (DSI), based on an increased number of diffusion directions and intensities, has improved the sensitivity of tractography, notably with respect to the problem of fiber crossing and recent developments allow acquisition times compatible with clinical application. We used DSI and parcellation of the gray matter in regions of interest to build whole-brain connectivity matrices describing the mutual connections between cortical and subcortical regions in patients with focal epilepsy and healthy controls. In addition, the high angular and radial resolution of DSI allowed us to evaluate also some of the biophysical compartment models, to better understand the cause of the changes in diffusion anisotropy. Global connectivity, hub architecture and regional connectivity patterns were altered in TLE patients and showed different characteristics in RTLE vs LTLE with stronger abnormalities in RTLE. The microstructural analysis suggested that disturbed axonal density contributed more than fiber orientation to the connectivity changes affecting the temporal lobes whereas fiber orientation changes were more involved in extratemporal lobe changes. Our study provides further structural evidence that RTLE and LTLE are not symmetrical entities and DSI-based imaging could help investigate the microstructural correlate of these imaging abnormalities.

Measuring the effects through time of the influence of visuomotor and visuotactile synchronous stimulation on a virtual body ownership illusion

Previous studies have examined the experience of owning a virtual surrogate body or body part through specific combinations of cross-modal multisensory stimulation. Both visuomotor (VM) and visuotactile (VT) synchronous stimulation have been shown to be important for inducing a body ownership illusion, each tested separately or both in combination. In this study we compared the relative importance of these two cross-modal correlations, when both are provided in the same immersive virtual reality setup and the same experiment. We systematically manipulated VT and VM contingencies in order to assess their relative role and mutual interaction. Moreover, we present a new method for measuring the induced body ownership illusion through time, by recording reports of breaks in the illusion of ownership ("breaks") throughout the experimental phase. The balance of the evidence, from both questionnaires and analysis of the breaks, suggests that while VM synchronous stimulation contributes the greatest to the attainment of the illusion, a disruption of either (through asynchronous stimulation) contributes equally to the probability of a break in the illusion.

Os três princípios e as doenças: a visão de dois filósofos químicos

Paracelsus (1493 - 1541) developed a theory about three principles (sulphur, mercury, and salt) that would constitute matter, and whose mutual interactions within man's body could cause diseases. This paper discusses the influence of this theory on the work of two chemical philosophers. Oswald Crollius (1560 - 1609) considered that the conceptions of matter and disease were strongly related because of the macro - microcosm analogy, and classified diseases in sulphurean, mercurial and saline. On the other hand, J. B. Van Helmont (1579 - 1644) stated that sulphur, mercury, and salt were not true principles, and that every disease would have a specific origin. Instead of the principles, Van Helmont put the Archeus at the center of both his medical and matter theories.

Ácido ent-16alfa,17-diidroxicauran-19-óico isolado de Ouratea semiserrata e os desafios estereoquímicos dos carbonos quirais C-4 e C-16

Phytochemical investigation of the leaves and branches of a specimen of Ouratea semiserrata led to the isolation and characterization of ent-16alpha,17-dihydroxykauran-19-oic acid, along with other natural products. This diterpenoid and its derivatives were used to unambiguous ¹H and 13C chemical shifts assignments and to indicate some mistake data described in the literature as consequence mainly of the stereochemicals of the chiral carbons C-4 and C-16. The HRMS spectra were also analysed.

Eettiset sijoitusrahastot Suomessa – Nykytilan arviointi

Tutkimus eettiset sijoitusrahastot Suomessa – nykytilan arviointi, on kvalitatiivinen, teorialähtöinen kirjallisuustutkimus, jossa selvitetään eettisten sijoitusrahastojen nykytilannetta Suomessa. Päätavoitteena on selvittää, mitä ja minkälaisia eettiset sijoitusrahastot ovat Suomessa. Alatavoitteena tutkitaan myös eettisten rahastojen kehitystä niin Suomessa kuin kansainvälisestikin. Tutkimuksessa on kartoitettu Suomessa toimivat eettiset sijoitusrahastot ja vertailtu niitä keskenään sekä selvitetty niiden sijoituspolitiikkaa ja toimintaa. Aineistona on käytetty tieteellisen kirjallisuuden lisäksi pankkien ja pankkiiriliikkeiden aineistoja. Tutkimus on tehty kirjallisuuden pohjalta ja tutkimus perustuu kirjallisuuden ja tutkimusaineiston analysointiin sekä siitä tehtäviin johtopäätöksiin. Tutkimuksessa havaittiin, että suomalaiset eettisiksi luokiteltavat rahastot ovat hyvin identtisiä ja niissä näkyy vahva painotus ympäristöön ja ilmastoon. Eettisten rahastojen määrä ja koko on kasvanut nopeasti koko 2000 – luvun ja tutkimuksen tekovaiheessa Suomessa toimii 22 eri eettistä rahastoa ja näiden yhteenlaskettu rahastopääoma on noin 5,8 Mrd. euroa, joka on noin 8 % koko rahastopääomasta (66 Mrd. euroa, (2007)) Suomessa eettinen sijoittaminen on vielä suhteellisen uusi ilmiö ja kansainvälisesti vertailtuna eettinen sijoittaminen on toistaiseksi pientä.