The use of non-standard CT conversion ramps for Monte Carlo verification of 6 MV prostate IMRT plans

Monte Carlo (MC) dose calculation algorithms have been widely used to verify the accuracy of intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) dose distributions computed by conventional algorithms due to the ability to precisely account for the effects of tissue inhomogeneities and multileaf collimator characteristics. Both algorithms present, however, a particular difference in terms of dose calculation and report. Whereas dose from conventional methods is traditionally computed and reported as the water-equivalent dose (Dw), MC dose algorithms calculate and report dose to medium (Dm). In order to compare consistently both methods, the conversion of MC Dm into Dw is therefore necessary. This study aims to assess the effect of applying the conversion of MC-based Dm distributions to Dw for prostate IMRT plans generated for 6 MV photon beams. MC phantoms were created from the patient CT images using three different ramps to convert CT numbers into material and mass density: a conventional four material ramp (CTCREATE) and two simplified CT conversion ramps: (1) air and water with variable densities and (2) air and water with unit density. MC simulations were performed using the BEAMnrc code for the treatment head simulation and the DOSXYZnrc code for the patient dose calculation. The conversion of Dm to Dw by scaling with the stopping power ratios of water to medium was also performed in a post-MC calculation process. The comparison of MC dose distributions calculated in conventional and simplified (water with variable densities) phantoms showed that the effect of material composition on dose-volume histograms (DVH) was less than 1% for soft tissue and about 2.5% near and inside bone structures. The effect of material density on DVH was less than 1% for all tissues through the comparison of MC distributions performed in the two simplified phantoms considering water. Additionally, MC dose distributions were compared with the predictions from an Eclipse treatment planning system (TPS), which employed a pencil beam convolution (PBC) algorithm with Modified Batho Power Law heterogeneity correction. Eclipse PBC and MC calculations (conventional and simplified phantoms) agreed well (<1%) for soft tissues. For femoral heads, differences up to 3% were observed between the DVH for Eclipse PBC and MC calculated in conventional phantoms. The use of the CT conversion ramp of water with variable densities for MC simulations showed no dose discrepancies (0.5%) with the PBC algorithm. Moreover, converting Dm to Dw using mass stopping power ratios resulted in a significant shift (up to 6%) in the DVH for the femoral heads compared to the Eclipse PBC one. Our results show that, for prostate IMRT plans delivered with 6 MV photon beams, no conversion of MC dose from medium to water using stopping power ratio is needed. In contrast, MC dose calculations using water with variable density may be a simple way to solve the problem found using the dose conversion method based on the stopping power ratio.

As rendas da Dona Ana Baptista (parte I)

Revisitamos neste artigo o tema das rendas tradicionais do Faial e Pico, também conhecidas por croché de arte. Esta atividade, tradicionalmente feminina, já conta com mais de 100 anos de existência. Não se conhece propriamente quem a inventou. (...) As suas especificidades baseiam-se em elementos de base ou rosetas com várias configurações (rosas de amora, folhas de faia, amores-perfeitos, maracujás, dálias, margaridas, entre outros) e na forma como esses elementos são ligados entre si, através de uma variedade de pontos, rigorosamente contados, para que a peça adquira a forma pretendida, sem puxar nem enfolar (as rosetas são normalmente ligadas por gregas, irlandas ou caseados). O encadeado de motivos repetidos origina peças ricas em beleza e simetria. As agulhas ou farpas, utilizadas na confeção das rendas, passaram de geração em geração. Muitas foram feitas a partir dos arames de pneus, quando estes eram atirados para o lixo, depois de completarem o ciclo normal de utilização. Já para o cabo das farpas tradicionais, utilizava-se osso de baleia ou vime. (...) Das rendeiras ainda em exercício, responsáveis por manter viva esta arte, destaca-se o trabalho da Dona Ana Baptista, pela perfeição com que executa as suas peças. Ana Melo Baptista é natural da freguesia dos Flamengos, na Ilha do Faial, e vive atualmente na cidade da Horta. Deu os primeiros passos na confeção de rendas pelas mãos da sua irmã mais velha, Regina Melo. (...) A jovem artesã aproveitava todo o tempo que tinha disponível, incluindo os serões. Quando terminou a antiga quarta classe, dedicou-se a aperfeiçoar o que tinha aprendido e começou a trabalhar por conta da Dona Isilberta Peixinho para ganhar algum dinheiro. Ao fim de algum tempo, já fazia renda por conta própria e passou a contar com várias rendeiras a trabalhar para si, o que revela um percurso profissional muito interessante. (...)

As simetrias na tecelagem (parte I)

Neste artigo, convido o leitor a transformar-se num detetive à caça de simetrias! E desta vez o objeto da nossa atenção são as bonitas peças de tecelagem. Os tecidos obtêm-se através do entrelaçamento de fios longitudinais (fios de teia) com fios transversais (fios de trama), o que só por si já tem interesse do ponto de vista matemático. (...) Joana Dias é natural da Ilha de São Miguel e vive atualmente em Santa Maria. O seu trabalho artesanal em tecelagem, malhas e fiação de lã pode ser apreciado na Web. (...) Joana acrescenta: "Como designer tenho um fascínio pelo padrão, pela repetição de um motivo, pela desconstrução e pela sensação de desenhar e preencher um espaço sem limites, sem princípio nem fim. A repetição é infinita embora vejamos apenas uma parte. A arte da tecelagem representa este momento mágico de construção do padrão dentro dos limites do tear." Reforço o facto de este aspeto referido pela Joana ser de extrema importância para a compreensão intuitiva do conceito de simetria. Aqui está um exemplo claro de como é importante estabelecer pontes entre a Escola e a Sociedade, com enfoque nas nossas tradições. E por que não trazer à Escola artesãos açorianos para dar um testemunho das diferentes formas de artesanato tão características da nossa região? Muitos alunos certamente adorariam fazer as suas próprias peças orientados por quem sabe, para não falar no potencial deste tipo de atividades para a promoção de aprendizagens significativas. (...)

Comparison of different breast planning techniques and algorithms for radiation therapy treatment

This work aims at investigating the impact of treating breast cancer using different radiation therapy (RT) techniques – forwardly-planned intensity-modulated, f-IMRT, inversely-planned IMRT and dynamic conformal arc (DCART) RT – and their effects on the whole-breast irradiation and in the undesirable irradiation of the surrounding healthy tissues. Two algorithms of iPlan BrainLAB treatment planning system were compared: Pencil Beam Convolution (PBC) and commercial Monte Carlo (iMC). Seven left-sided breast patients submitted to breast-conserving surgery were enrolled in the study. For each patient, four RT techniques – f-IMRT, IMRT using 2-fields and 5-fields (IMRT2 and IMRT5, respectively) and DCART – were applied. The dose distributions in the planned target volume (PTV) and the dose to the organs at risk (OAR) were compared analyzing dose–volume histograms; further statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS v20 software. For PBC, all techniques provided adequate coverage of the PTV. However, statistically significant dose differences were observed between the techniques, in the PTV, OAR and also in the pattern of dose distribution spreading into normal tissues. IMRT5 and DCART spread low doses into greater volumes of normal tissue, right breast, right lung and heart than tangential techniques. However, IMRT5 plans improved distributions for the PTV, exhibiting better conformity and homogeneity in target and reduced high dose percentages in ipsilateral OAR. DCART did not present advantages over any of the techniques investigated. Differences were also found comparing the calculation algorithms: PBC estimated higher doses for the PTV, ipsilateral lung and heart than the iMC algorithm predicted.

Sequencing of a 17.6 kb segment on the right arm of yeast chromosome VII reveals 12 ORFs, including CCT, ADE3 and TR-I genes, homologues of the yeast PMT and EF1G genes, of the human and bacterial electron-transferring flavoproteins (beta-chain) and of the Escherichia coli phosphoserine phosphohydrolase, and five new ORFs.

A 17.6 kb DNA fragment from the right arm of chromosome VII of Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been sequenced and analysed. The sequence contains twelve open reading frames (ORFs) longer than 100 amino acids. Three genes had already been cloned and sequenced: CCT, ADE3 and TR-I. Two ORFs are similar to other yeast genes: G7722 with the YAL023 (PMT2) and PMT1 genes, encoding two integral membrane proteins, and G7727 with the first half of the genes encoding elongation factors 1gamma, TEF3 and TEF4. Two other ORFs, G7742 and G7744, are most probably yeast orthologues of the human and Paracoccus denitrificans electron-transferring flavoproteins (beta chain) and of the Escherichia coli phosphoserine phosphohydrolase. The five remaining identified ORFs do not show detectable homology with other protein sequences deposited in data banks. The sequence has been deposited in the EMBL data library under Accession Number Z49133.

I encontro de imigrantes no desporto açoriano

Na qualidade de Diretora Regional das Comunidades, fomos responsável pela redação dos artigos e coordenação da página "Comunidades Açorianas no Mundo", integrada no jornal Mundo Português, servindo a mesma para a divulgação das atividades realizadas pela Direção Regional Das Comunidades do Governo dos Açores.

I Edição campo de férias intercultural

Na qualidade de Diretora Regional das Comunidades, fomos responsável pela redação dos artigos e coordenação da página "Comunidades", integrada no jornal Açoriano Oriental, servindo a mesma para a divulgação das atividades realizadas pela Direção Regional Das Comunidades do Governo dos Açores.

Os bordados de palha de trigo sobre tule da Dona Isaura Rodrigues (parte I)

O Arquipélago dos Açores é rico em formas diversificadas e criativas de artesanato. Em artigos publicados no Tribuna das Ilhas ao longo dos últimos anos, analisámos as simetrias das rendas tradicionais do Faial e do Pico e de peças feitas noutros suportes como, por exemplo, as obtidas do recorte de papel ou do recorte de madeira. Neste contexto, seria uma falha não explorar as simetrias dos bordados tradicionais dos Açores. (...) Na Portaria n.º 89/98, de 3 de dezembro, foram contemplados os bordados tradicionais do Faial, da Terceira e de S. Miguel, sendo que cada um apresenta características muito próprias. No Faial, destacam-se os bordados de palha de trigo sobre tule. (...) Sentámo-nos à conversa com a Dona Isaura Rodrigues, artesã de reconhecido mérito na arte de bordar palha de trigo sobre tule. Começámos por falar nas diferentes fases de execução de uma peça. Em primeiro lugar, deve-se escolher o desenho que tem de se adaptar à estrutura do tule. Em seguida, passa-se o desenho para papel vegetal, que é anexado a uma folha de papel de ferro para ficar mais fácil de trabalhar. Por fim, coloca-se o tule sobreposto ao papel vegetal, que deve ser alinhado e mantido fixo (...) A matéria-prima necessária exige também algum cuidado. Por exemplo, a palha de trigo deve ser cortada com uma rachadeira artesanal, que está preparada para dividir a palha em 5 ou 6 hastes (...)

Frações (parte I)

A temática das frações é provavelmente o assunto mais delicado no que diz respeito ao ensino da matemática inicial. Por terem múltiplas aplicações, contextos e sentidos, as frações pedem um ensino altamente especializado e esmerado. Há que modelar de forma cuidadosa o conceito de fração, fasear e ordenar os nós conceptuais ao longo dos anos e dosear o caráter abstrato/concreto dos exemplos e atividades. Muito se testou, teorizou e escreveu sobre esta temática. Este trabalho consiste num resumo alargado sobre o ensino das frações, documentado em literatura especializada e ilustrado através de exemplos concretos retirados de manuais do Singapore Math, um dos mais cotados métodos de ensino do mundo.

O Balanced Scorecard como instrumento de gestão estratégica: sua aplicabilidade no Instituto de Gestão Financeira da Segurança Social, I.P.

Mestrado em Contabilidade e Gestão das Instituições Financeiras

Atas do VI Encontro do CIED – I Encontro Internacional em estudos educacionais. avaliação: desafios e riscos

Esta publicação contém as comunicações apresentadas no VI Encontro do CIED – I Encontro Internacional em Estudos Educacionais. Avaliação: Desafios e Riscos, nos dias 15 e 16 de novembro de 2013, na Escola Superior de Educação de Lisboa, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, organizado pelo CIED, com o apoio da Escola Superior de Educação de Lisboa.

Voltammetric oxidation of drugs of abuse I. Morphine and metabolites

A detailed study of the electrochemical oxidative behavior of morphine in aqueous solution is reported. Through the synthesis of several metabolites and derivatives, pseudomorphine, morphine N-oxide, normorphine, dihydromorphine and 2-(N,N-dimethylaminomethyl)morphine, and their voltammetric study it was possible to identify the oxidation peaks for morphine. The anodic waves are related with the oxidation of phenolic and tertiary amine groups. It is also possible to verify that a poorly defined peak observable during morphine oxidation is not a consequence of further oxidation of pseudomorphine but due to formation of a dimer during phenolic group oxidation. The results obtained and especially those regarding the formation of a new polymer based on a C O coupling could be useful for clarifying the discoloration phenomenon occurring during storage of morphine solutions as well as leading to a better understanding of its oxidative metabolic pathways.

Comparison of the pencil beam convolution algorithm and the analytical anisotropic algorithm in breast tumors

The calculation of the dose is one of the key steps in radiotherapy planning1-5. This calculation should be as accurate as possible, and over the years it became feasible through the implementation of new algorithms to calculate the dose on the treatment planning systems applied in radiotherapy. When a breast tumour is irradiated, it is fundamental a precise dose distribution to ensure the planning target volume (PTV) coverage and prevent skin complications. Some investigations, using breast cases, showed that the pencil beam convolution algorithm (PBC) overestimates the dose in the PTV and in the proximal region of the ipsilateral lung. However, underestimates the dose in the distal region of the ipsilateral lung, when compared with analytical anisotropic algorithm (AAA). With this study we aim to compare the performance in breast tumors of the PBC and AAA algorithms.

Soil remediation time to achieve clean-up goals I: influence of soil water content

The current models are not simple enough to allow a quick estimation of the remediation time. This work reports the development of an easy and relatively rapid procedure for the forecasting of the remediation time using vapour extraction. Sandy soils contaminated with cyclohexane and prepared with different water contents were studied. The remediation times estimated through the mathematical fitting of experimental results were compared with those of real soils. The main objectives were: (i) to predict, through a simple mathematical fitting, the remediation time of soils with water contents different from those used in the experiments; (ii) to analyse the influence of soil water content on the: (ii1) remediation time; (ii2) remediation efficiency; and (ii3) distribution of contaminants in the different phases present into the soil matrix after the remediation process. For sandy soils with negligible contents of clay and natural organic matter, artificially contaminated with cyclohexane before vapour extraction, it was concluded that (i) if the soil water content belonged to the range considered in the experiments with the prepared soils, then the remediation time of real soils of similar characteristics could be successfully predicted, with relative differences not higher than 10%, through a simple mathematical fitting of experimental results; (ii) increasing soil water content from 0% to 6% had the following consequences: (ii1) increased remediation time (1.8–4.9 h, respectively); (ii2) decreased remediation efficiency (99–97%, respectively); and (ii3) decreased the amount of contaminant adsorbed onto the soil and in the non-aqueous liquid phase, thus increasing the amount of contaminant in the aqueous and gaseous phases.

Diane Arbus: the wonderful wizard of odds or the poetics of the i (eye)

Diane Arbus‘ photographs are mainly about difference. Most of the time she is trying ‗[…] to suppress, or at least reduce, moral and sensory queasiness‘ (Sontag 1977: 40) in order to represent a world where the subject of the photograph is not merely the ‗other‘ but also the I. Her technique does not coax her subjects into natural poses. Instead she encourages them to be strange and awkward. By posing for her, the revelation of the self is identified with what is odd. This paper aims at understanding the geography of difference that, at the same time, is also of resistance, since Diane Arbus reveals what was forcefully hidden by bringing it into light in such a way that it is impossible to ignore. Her photographs display a poetic beauty that is not only of the ‗I‘ but also of the ‗eye‘. The world that is depicted is one in which we are all the same. She ―atomizes‖ reality by separating each element and ‗Instead of showing identity between things which are different […] everybody is shown to look the same.‘ (Sontag 1977: 47). Furthermore, this paper analyses some of Arbus‘ photographs so as to explain this point of view, by trying to argue that between rejecting and reacting against what is standardized she does not forget the geography of the body which is also a geography of the self. While creating a new imagetic topos, where what is trivial becomes divine, she also presents the frailty of others as our own.