Sistema de treinamento: proposta para um tratamento integrado do meio instrucional

Este trabalho procura desenvolver uma nova concepção para a compreensão de meio instrucional,particularmente quando utilizado em sistemas de treinamento. Está comosto por quatro capitulos. O primeiro deles denominado Bases de Estudo apresenta o porquê da preocupação com o problema e fornece alguns elementos justificativos. Quanto ao segundo denominado Influências Consideradas na Definição do Capacitor lnstrucional Aspectos Teóricos, descreve alguns aspectos relevantes das teorias da Intormação da Aprendizagem e da Administração, inclusive o enfoque sistemico da organização com vistas a proporcionar uma compreensão interdisciplinar da questão central deste trabalho

A cidade, a cultura, e a ideologia da cultura

Estudar uma cidade significa ter em mãos uma certa variedade de fatos e processos cuja expressão se dê a nível do espaço urbano embora não necessariamente tenham origem ou se completem dentro dos limites da cidade. Devo dizer que ao longo de boa parte de minha vida, estive cercada de Salvador por todos os lados em todos os sentidos. Pensei então que seria justo e eventualmente interessante, inverter tal relação: tentar reconhecer Salvador, abordá-la, fazendo-a meu objeto de estudo. Desde muito tempo, a cidade tem sido assunto para os mais diversos ramos de conhecimento, alimentando polêmicas e suscitando direta ou indiretamente uma produção teórica razoável vasta. Ao que parece, todavia, um aspecto básico nessa discussões, diz respeito à existência de duas posturas básicas,"a priori": uma tendente a considerar a cidade como categoria explicativa "per se"; outra, que limita em maior ou menor grau essa possibilidade de auto-reflexão, relacionando o chamado "fenômeno urbano" a uma problemática mais geral, onde a cidade não seria vista como totalizadora de em si, mas como lugar de manifestação dessa totalidade.

Um estudo sobre a inter-relação dos mercados de ações e títulos públicos sob a ótica da liquidez e volatilidade

Na última década, a economia brasileira apresentou-se estável adquirindo maior credibilidade mundial. Dentre as opções de investimento, estão os mercados de ações e de títulos públicos. O portfolio de investimento dos agentes é determinado de acordo com os retornos dos ativos e/ou aversão ao risco, e a diversificação é importante para mitigar risco. Dessa forma, o objetivo principal do presente trabalho é estudar a inter-relação entre os mercados de títulos públicos e ações, avaliando aspectos de liquidez e quais variáveis representariam melhor esta relação, verificando também como respondem a um choque (surpresa econômica), pois a percepção de alteração do cenário econômico, ou variações de fluxo financeiro, pode alterar/inverter as relações entre esses mercados. Para isso, estimou-se modelos de vetores auto-regressivos - VAR, com variáveis de retorno, volatilidade e volume negociado para cada um dos mercados em combinações diferentes das variáveis representativas, visando encontrar o(s) modelo(s) mais descritivo(s) das inter-relações entre os mercados, dado a amostra utilizada, para aplicar a dummy de surpresa econômica. Em estudo semelhante Chordia, Sarkar e Subrahmanyam (2005) concluiram que choques de liquidez e volatilidade são positivamente correlacionado nos mercados de ações e títulos públicos em horizontes diários, indicando que os choques de liquidez e volatilidade são muitas vezes de natureza sistêmica. O mesmo não foi observado para a proxy de liquidez utilizada na amostra brasileira. Um resultado interessante a ser ressaltado deve-se as séries SMLL11 (índice Small Caps) e IDkAs (índice de duração constante ANBIMA) não possuírem relação de causalidade de Granger com as demais séries, mas os retornos dos IDkAs Granger causam os retornos do índice SMLL11. Por fim, o choque de surpresa econômica não se mostra explicativo sobre qualquer alteração nas inter-relações entre os mercados de títulos públicos e ações.

Híbrida, mas não caótica, a literatura brasileira é

A realização deste trabalho tem como norte a verificação de questões típicas de países periféricos colonizados, como a busca identitária imbricada num processo de hibridação cultural. Para tanto, trabalhamos com duas obras consagradas da literatura brasileira: Iracema, de José de Alencar, e Macunaíma, de Mário de Andrade, vinculando as mesmas a seus períodos literários correspondentes e, estes, ao meio social e político, numa abordagem que privilegia a sociologia da literatura, em que a obra de Antonio Candido, especialmente, serve de base teórico-prática para a realização desta pesquisa. Nesse contexto, achamos interessante, também, verificar como o indianismo de Alencar, trabalhando numa perspectiva pós-colonial e imbuído de um sentimento patriótico e mitificador do índio e da natureza, faz com que a literatura brasileira integre-se às literaturas européias. E, ainda, com que estratégias Macunaíma consegue inverter esteticamente a visão etnocêntrica tradicional e trabalhar com a capacidade crítica de selecionar o que não é do autóctone mas que nos interessa, tingindo esta ação seletiva e seu produto com as cores locais para torná-los dignos representantes de nosso sincretismo racial e cultural. Assim, através de uma postura crítico-sociológica, damos início a uma caminhada pelo viés literário e verificamos que este revelou a hibridação cultural própria do povo brasileiro, ultrapassando preconceitos etnocêntricos, aparentemente sólidos, e mostrando que o caldeamento de raças e, conseqüentemente de crenças e costumes, não deve ser olhado sob a ótica da anomalia mas, sim, sob a luz da fertilidade. Desse modo, as obras analisadas, apesar de possuírem estéticas singulares e pertencerem a quadros sócio-políticos distintos, apresentam em sua essência um compromisso literário maior: fazer uma ficção representativa da realidade cultural brasileira.

Título da Beija-Flor suscita debate sobre as contradições do Carnaval

O Carnaval permite à sociedade brasileira se reconhecer como tal, favorecendo a construção de sua identidade social, aquilo que nos torna singularmente brasileiros. Como todo ritual, o Carnaval interrompe do fluxo da vida cotidiana, colocando em relevo alguns de seus aspectos que normalmente não são evidentes, podendo alterar seu significado. O ritual é um meio privilegiado de acesso aos valores e ideologia de uma sociedade e é através dele que ela “pode ter (efetivamente tem) uma visão alternativa de si mesma”*. Roberto DaMatta opõe o Dia da Pátria ao Carnaval, afirmando que enquanto no primeiro há um reforço da ordem social, através da explicitação dos elementos autoritários e hierárquicos da sociedade brasileira, o segundo dramatiza seu oposto, promovendo sua inversão. As folias de Momo celebram a igualdade, dissolvendo temporariamente as barreiras sociais e culturais que definem nosso cotidiano, promovendo a negação das estruturas de poder e autoridade. “Por tudo isso, o carnaval é a possibilidade utópica de mudar de lugar, de trocar de posição na estrutura social. De realmente inverter o mundo em direção à alegria, à abundância, à liberdade e, sobretudo, à igualdade de todos perante a sociedade.”** O Carnaval permite assim a reflexão sobre a vida social. É comum, por exemplo, fantasias ironizando figuras e escândalos políticos.

Aplicações da trigonometria do 3º Ciclo na astronomia

Este relatório foi escrito no âmbito da disciplina de Prática de Ensino Supervisionado, unidade curricular pertencente ao Mestrado em Ensino da Matemática no 3º Ciclo do Ensino Básico e Secundário, durante o ano letivo de 2012/2013. Neste relatório, de forma resumida, descrevo todo o trabalho desenvolvido por mim e pelo grupo de estágio aquando da nossa formação numa escola básica e secundária da Região Autónoma da Madeira. Apresento também um enquadramento teórico que, de forma breve, corrobora as minhas ideias sobre o ensino da Matemática e o conhecimento da Ciência. Acredito que esta disciplina pode ser ensinada e aprendida com recurso a estratégias que englobam outras Ciências. O propósito está em, não só aprender Matemática, mas também desenvolver o raciocínio, pensamento crítico e interesse pelas Ciências de um modo geral nos alunos. Desta forma, neste relatório poder-se-á encontrar três métodos de ensino-aprendizagem (visitas de estudo, atividades investigativas e resolução de problemas) que utilizei nas aulas de Matemática, com o intuito de os alunos aprenderem Trigonometria com a Astronomia. O gosto e interesse pela Matemática e pelas Ciências desvanecem a cada dia que passa em grande parte dos alunos e caso os professores não encontrem estratégias para inverter esta tendência, corremos o sério risco de estar a criar gerações cientificamente iliteradas. Assim, neste relatório procurei verificar como é que a Astronomia poderá contribuir para a aprendizagem da Matemática e como é que, no ensino desta disciplina, a Astronomia poderá contribuir para uma melhor compreensão do mundo por parte dos alunos.

Folha de São Paulo: o diário oficial do grande irmão

This project wants to analyze the newspaper like a collective organic intellectual thing, and its action like a conservator integral journalism, it makes it looks like a politics block. In this case, the newspaper inserts itself in a process to support the dominated fundamental class. In the same time, it searches to disqualify politically, using the news and the opinion, the sprouting of against-hegemony even untimely and distant in the historical time. Facing this proposal we take as study object the FOLHA DE S. PAULO, nowadays the most representative agency of the great conservative press. Our theoretical reference takes as base the Gramsci organic intellectual formularizations, hegemony, position´s war, integral journalism and private device of hegemony. We allow ourselves, in a subsidiary way to the Gramsci basement, using the novel 1984 written by George Orwell, as a method to explicit, in a comparative way, the manipulation of the reality by the newspaper in its activity of collective organic intellectual. The ideology is the heuristic connection point to make convergence between reality and fiction. For the intended evidences we develop analysis of the daily covering about two great accidents occurred in 2007: The landslide of part of the workmanships of the tunnel of the Companhia do Metropolitano de São Paulo-Metrô (line yellow 4). And the flying disaster involving the airbus of Transportes Aéreos Meridionais-TAM, flight 3054, also in that state. In the first accident we find endorsement of the newspaper to the São Paulo´s government, in the person of the politician actor José Serra (PSDB), representative of the conservative forces and responsible for the workmanships of the Subway, to who it tried to distance politically of the fact. In the second event, the opposition to the politician actor Luis Inácio Luis Lula da Silva and his politics block, the PT, as a possibility against-hegemonic contested, being the mentioned actor appointed as responsible for the occurrence. However, the newspaper says that it is independent and direct, and this direct action comes from the environment. In this environment, the diversity of conceptions of world would guide the publishing work, making the FOLHA DE S. PAULO to take it as a reference for the intended objective, hiding the politics block militancy

O corpo como matriz pedagógica

The contemporary conjuncture based on the capitalistic knowledge converges to the corporal consciousness that makes us see, feel, taste and hear, be in/to pieces. Disembodied reason legitimate and legislate ways of being and living socially and its development is the dehumanization of human relations causing pain and suffering. The objective of this work is to discuss the body as pedagogical matrix through imagistic/artistic elements: music, painting and literature. Metaphors lead to self knowledge of human subjectivity and approach us to the kaleidoscope of sensitive knowledge and enables learning to learn with the infinite combinations of images, knowledge, feelings and worldviews. The song Memória da Pele comes in the voice of Maria Betânia speak of the memories that are not mine, but are tattooed in me in the memory of skin, singing the memories of a love lived by who tries to forget rationally, but the body insists on remembering. It is password to think about what we are. The short story by Clarice Lispector, entitled Miss Algarve, narrates the life story of an unmarried and virgin woman, and her encounter with an alien called Ixtlan. Until then, she who lived as if every day were a Monday, found herself seduced by the pleasure of having a body in contact with another body, which also allowed her to give visibility to the bodies of others. She had repudiation by the immorality that her body and the other s perspired. The discovery of the body brings important lessons for nursing, involving our body and the others'. The painting the flying bed or Henry Ford Hospital, by Frida Kahlo, is our final metaphor. The traumatic experience of abortion is shown in this painting trough the picture of the artist naked in a hospital bed. This painting invites us to reflect on our work process. We need to think in multiple dimensions of the being and accept the invitation of art, so that the lightness confronts us with the weight imposed by the hegemonic ideology. I believe it is not a single view, but the many views that should justify the knowledge and practices of nursing; what matters is that they are woven into the dialogue, democracy, provided that protagonism of those individuals involved in this process, in the wandering and uncertainty, in the rewiring, solidarity, plurality. To this end, the body must be the great pedagogue that is able to be viewed not as a tapestry seen by the right view, as the logical knowledge sees, but seen by the opposite side in its singular, irregular, discontinuous weavings

Uso de técnicas de otimização baseadas em derivadas como suporte do planejamento operacional de redes de distribuição de energia elétrica

The usual programs for load flow calculation were in general developped aiming the simulation of electric energy transmission, subtransmission and distribution systems. However, the mathematical methods and algorithms used by the formulations were based, in majority, just on the characteristics of the transmittion systems, which were the main concern focus of engineers and researchers. Though, the physical characteristics of these systems are quite different from the distribution ones. In the transmission systems, the voltage levels are high and the lines are generally very long. These aspects contribute the capacitive and inductive effects that appear in the system to have a considerable influence in the values of the interest quantities, reason why they should be taken into consideration. Still in the transmission systems, the loads have a macro nature, as for example, cities, neiborhoods, or big industries. These loads are, generally, practically balanced, what reduces the necessity of utilization of three-phase methodology for the load flow calculation. Distribution systems, on the other hand, present different characteristics: the voltage levels are small in comparison to the transmission ones. This almost annul the capacitive effects of the lines. The loads are, in this case, transformers, in whose secondaries are connected small consumers, in a sort of times, mono-phase ones, so that the probability of finding an unbalanced circuit is high. This way, the utilization of three-phase methodologies assumes an important dimension. Besides, equipments like voltage regulators, that use simultaneously the concepts of phase and line voltage in their functioning, need a three-phase methodology, in order to allow the simulation of their real behavior. For the exposed reasons, initially was developped, in the scope of this work, a method for three-phase load flow calculation in order to simulate the steady-state behaviour of distribution systems. Aiming to achieve this goal, the Power Summation Algorithm was used, as a base for developing the three phase method. This algorithm was already widely tested and approved by researchers and engineers in the simulation of radial electric energy distribution systems, mainly for single-phase representation. By our formulation, lines are modeled in three-phase circuits, considering the magnetic coupling between the phases; but the earth effect is considered through the Carson reduction. It s important to point out that, in spite of the loads being normally connected to the transformer s secondaries, was considered the hypothesis of existence of star or delta loads connected to the primary circuit. To perform the simulation of voltage regulators, a new model was utilized, allowing the simulation of various types of configurations, according to their real functioning. Finally, was considered the possibility of representation of switches with current measuring in various points of the feeder. The loads are adjusted during the iteractive process, in order to match the current in each switch, converging to the measured value specified by the input data. In a second stage of the work, sensibility parameters were derived taking as base the described load flow, with the objective of suporting further optimization processes. This parameters are found by calculating of the partial derivatives of a variable in respect to another, in general, voltages, losses and reactive powers. After describing the calculation of the sensibility parameters, the Gradient Method was presented, using these parameters to optimize an objective function, that will be defined for each type of study. The first one refers to the reduction of technical losses in a medium voltage feeder, through the installation of capacitor banks; the second one refers to the problem of correction of voltage profile, through the instalation of capacitor banks or voltage regulators. In case of the losses reduction will be considered, as objective function, the sum of the losses in all the parts of the system. To the correction of the voltage profile, the objective function will be the sum of the square voltage deviations in each node, in respect to the rated voltage. In the end of the work, results of application of the described methods in some feeders are presented, aiming to give insight about their performance and acuity

Uso de técnicas de otimização baseadas em derivadas como suporte do planejamento operacional de redes de distribuição de energia elétrica

The usual programs for load flow calculation were in general developped aiming the simulation of electric energy transmission, subtransmission and distribution systems. However, the mathematical methods and algorithms used by the formulations were based, in majority, just on the characteristics of the transmittion systems, which were the main concern focus of engineers and researchers. Though, the physical characteristics of these systems are quite different from the distribution ones. In the transmission systems, the voltage levels are high and the lines are generally very long. These aspects contribute the capacitive and inductive effects that appear in the system to have a considerable influence in the values of the interest quantities, reason why they should be taken into consideration. Still in the transmission systems, the loads have a macro nature, as for example, cities, neiborhoods, or big industries. These loads are, generally, practically balanced, what reduces the necessity of utilization of three-phase methodology for the load flow calculation. Distribution systems, on the other hand, present different characteristics: the voltage levels are small in comparison to the transmission ones. This almost annul the capacitive effects of the lines. The loads are, in this case, transformers, in whose secondaries are connected small consumers, in a sort of times, mono-phase ones, so that the probability of finding an unbalanced circuit is high. This way, the utilization of three-phase methodologies assumes an important dimension. Besides, equipments like voltage regulators, that use simultaneously the concepts of phase and line voltage in their functioning, need a three-phase methodology, in order to allow the simulation of their real behavior. For the exposed reasons, initially was developped, in the scope of this work, a method for three-phase load flow calculation in order to simulate the steady-state behaviour of distribution systems. Aiming to achieve this goal, the Power Summation Algorithm was used, as a base for developping the three phase method. This algorithm was already widely tested and approved by researchers and engineers in the simulation of radial electric energy distribution systems, mainly for single-phase representation. By our formulation, lines are modeled in three-phase circuits, considering the magnetic coupling between the phases; but the earth effect is considered through the Carson reduction. Its important to point out that, in spite of the loads being normally connected to the transformers secondaries, was considered the hypothesis of existence of star or delta loads connected to the primary circuit. To perform the simulation of voltage regulators, a new model was utilized, allowing the simulation of various types of configurations, according to their real functioning. Finally, was considered the possibility of representation of switches with current measuring in various points of the feeder. The loads are adjusted during the iteractive process, in order to match the current in each switch, converging to the measured value specified by the input data. In a second stage of the work, sensibility parameters were derived taking as base the described load flow, with the objective of suporting further optimization processes. This parameters are found by calculating of the partial derivatives of a variable in respect to another, in general, voltages, losses and reactive powers. After describing the calculation of the sensibility parameters, the Gradient Method was presented, using these parameters to optimize an objective function, that will be defined for each type of study. The first one refers to the reduction of technical losses in a medium voltage feeder, through the installation of capacitor banks; the second one refers to the problem of correction of voltage profile, through the instalation of capacitor banks or voltage regulators. In case of the losses reduction will be considered, as objective function, the sum of the losses in all the parts of the system. To the correction of the voltage profile, the objective function will be the sum of the square voltage deviations in each node, in respect to the rated voltage. In the end of the work, results of application of the described methods in some feeders are presented, aiming to give insight about their performance and acuity

Modelagem e controle de um microveículo aéreo: uma aplicação de estabilidade robusta com a técnica backstepping em uma estrutura hexarrotor

In this Thesis, the development of the dynamic model of multirotor unmanned aerial vehicle with vertical takeoff and landing characteristics, considering input nonlinearities and a full state robust backstepping controller are presented. The dynamic model is expressed using the Newton-Euler laws, aiming to obtain a better mathematical representation of the mechanical system for system analysis and control design, not only when it is hovering, but also when it is taking-off, or landing, or flying to perform a task. The input nonlinearities are the deadzone and saturation, where the gravitational effect and the inherent physical constrains of the rotors are related and addressed. The experimental multirotor aerial vehicle is equipped with an inertial measurement unit and a sonar sensor, which appropriately provides measurements of attitude and altitude. A real-time attitude estimation scheme based on the extended Kalman filter using quaternions was developed. Then, for robustness analysis, sensors were modeled as the ideal value with addition of an unknown bias and unknown white noise. The bounded robust attitude/altitude controller were derived based on globally uniformly practically asymptotically stable for real systems, that remains globally uniformly asymptotically stable if and only if their solutions are globally uniformly bounded, dealing with convergence and stability into a ball of the state space with non-null radius, under some assumptions. The Lyapunov analysis technique was used to prove the stability of the closed-loop system, compute bounds on control gains and guaranteeing desired bounds on attitude dynamics tracking errors in the presence of measurement disturbances. The controller laws were tested in numerical simulations and in an experimental hexarotor, developed at the UFRN Robotics Laboratory

Uma proposta de regulador nebuloso para geradores eólicos de indução

This work presents a proposal for a voltage and frequency control system for a wind power induction generator. It has been developed na experimental structure composes basically by a three phase induction machine, a three phase capacitor and a reactive static Power compensator controlled by histeresys. lt has been developed control algorithms using conventional methods (Pl control) and linguistic methods (using concepts of logic and fuzzy control), to compare their performances in the variable speed generator system. The control loop was projected using the ADJDA PCL 818 model board into a Pentium 200 MHz compu ter. The induction generator mathematical model was studied throught Park transformation. It has been realized simulations in the Pspice@ software, to verify the system characteristics in transient and steady-state situations. The real time control program was developed in C language, possibilish verify the algorithm performance in the 2,2kW didatic experimental system

Performance evaluation on electronic control systemsfor field sprayers using programmable logic controllers

The aim of this study was to develop a laboratory method for time response evaluation on electronically controlled spray equipment using Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs). For that purpose, a PLC controlled digital drive inverter was set up to drive an asynchronous electric motor linked to a centrifugal pump on a experimental sprayer equipped with electronic flow control. The PLC was operated via RS232 serial communication from a PC computer. A user program was written to control de motor by adjusting the following system variables, all related to the motor speed: time stopped; ramp up and ramp down times, time running at a given constant speed and ramp down time to stop the motor. This set up was used in conjunction with a data acquisition system to perform laboratory tests with an electronically controlled sprayer. Time response for pressure stabilization was measured while changing the pump speed by +/-20%. The results showed that for a 0.2 s ramp time increasing the motor speed, as an example, an AgLogix Flow Control system (Midwest Technologies Inc.) took 22 s in average to readjust the pressure. When decreasing the motor speed, this time response was down to 8 s. General results also showed that this kind of methodology could make easier the definition of standards for tests on electronically controlled application equipment.

Uma fonte chaveada de 50kW com correção de fator de potência para alimentação de uma tocha de plasma Indutiva utilizando técnicas de controle digital

This work deals with the development of an experimental study on a power supply of high frequency that provides the toch plasmica to be implemented in PLASPETRO project, which consists of two static converters developed by using Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT). The drivers used to control these keys are triggered by Digital Signal Processor (DSP) through optical fibers to reduce problems with electromagnetic interference (EMI). The first stage consists of a pre-regulator in the form of an AC to DC converter with three-phase boost power factor correction which is the main theme of this work, while the second is the source of high frequency itself. A series-resonant inverter consists of four (4) cell inverters operating in a frequency around 115 kHz each one in soft switching mode, alternating itself to supply the load (plasma torch) an alternating current with a frequency of 450 kHz. The first stage has the function of providing the series-resonant inverter a DC voltage, with the value controlled from the power supply provided by the electrical system of the utility, and correct the power factor of the system as a whole. This level of DC bus voltage at the output of the first stage will be used to control the power transferred by the inverter to the load, and it may vary from 550 VDC to a maximum of 800 VDC. To control the voltage level of DC bus driver used a proportional integral (PI) controller and to achieve the unity power factor it was used two other proportional integral currents controllers. Computational simulations were performed to assist in sizing and forecasting performance. All the control and communications needed to stage supervisory were implemented on a DSP

Desempenho de um painel fotovoltaico de baixa tensão, acoplado ao protótipo de um conversor dc/dc topologia Booster

Low voltage solar panels increase the reliability of solar panels due to reduction of in series associations the configurations of photovoltaic cells. The low voltage generation requires DCDC converters devices with high efficiency, enabling raise and regulate the output voltage. This study analyzes the performance of a photovoltaic panel of Solarex, MSX model 77, configured to generate an open circuit voltage of 10.5 V, with load voltage of 8.5 V, with short circuit current of 9 A and a power of 77 W. The solar panel was assembled in the isolated photovoltaic system configuration, with and without energy storage as an interface with a DCDC converter, Booster topology. The converter was designed and fabricated using SMD (Surface Mounted Devices) technology IC (integrated circuit) that regulates its output voltage at 14.2 V, with an efficiency of 87% and providing the load a maximum power of 20.88 W. The system was installed and instrumented for measurement and acquisition of the following data: luminosities, average global radiation (data of INPE Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais), solar panel and environment temperatures, solar panel and DC-DC converter output voltages, panel, inverter, and battery charge output currents. The photovoltaic system was initially tested in the laboratory (simulating its functioning in ideal conditions of operation) and then subjected to testing in real field conditions. The panel inclination angle was set at 5.5°, consistent with the latitude of Natal city. Factors such as climatic conditions (simultaneous variations of temperature, solar luminosities and ra diation on the panel), values of load resistance, lower limit of the maximum power required by the load (20.88 W) were predominant factors that panel does not operate with energy efficiency levels greater than 5 to 6%. The average converter efficiency designed in the field test reached 95%