O espaço-sala como meio de aprendizagem das crianças: relato de uma experiência vivida

Relatório de Estágio apresentado à Escola Superior de Educação de Paula Frassinetti para obtenção de grau de Mestre em Educação Pré-Escolar

Formação e profissionalidade: um estudo na formação inicial de professores do ensino básico em Moçambique

Visando analisar a Formação Inicial de Professores (FIP) do Ensino Básico em Moçambique, no intuito de captar como concorre para a construção da representação de profissionalidade na atividade docente, este estudo descritivo e interpretativo estrutura-se em duas dimensões complementares (extensiva e intensiva). Através dessas duas dimensões procurou-se explicitar os pontos críticos do objeto de estudo e produzir conhecimento sobre o mesmo. E, nessa linha, nas conclusões do estudo ficarão disponíveis possíveis contributos para a melhoria da sustentação e eficácia da formação inicial. Na dimensão extensiva, em função de descritores de profissionalidade associados ao reconhecimento social de uma atividade como profissional, definidos na literatura investigativa da sociologia das profissões e da educação, analisou-se a noção de profissionalidade que norteia a FIP. Essa análise foi desenvolvida com recurso ao estudo de documentos legais e curriculares, inquéritos por questionário a 289 formadores e por entrevista a 7 agentes-chave da formação de professores (gestores, académicos e formadores de professores). Na dimensão intensiva, concretizada num estudo multicaso (4 estudos de caso) envolvendo, essencialmente, 16 formadores de 4 instituições de formação de professores (polos), aprofundou-se a compreensão da visão de formadores de professores sobre profissionalidade, com recurso à observação de atividade docente e respetiva planificação, entrevistas semi-estruturadas a 4 gestores da Prática Pedagógica e estágio nesses polos, à luz do quadro teórico fundamentador dos caraterizadores de profissionalidade referenciais do estudo e dos resultados obtidos na dimensão extensiva. Os resultados do estudo denotam falta de sintonia entre o conceito de ensinar patenteado nos documentos e discursos dos agentes-chave da Formação de Professores (a indicar que ensinar é fazer aprender) e a prática letiva dos formadores, a denunciar que ensinar é entendido como expôr conteúdos/transmitir conhecimentos. Quanto aos caraterizadores de profissionalidade, discursivamente destacam-se como atributos reconhecidos ao professor: ser educador e profissional; possuir conhecimento específico para ensinar; ter a função e a responsabilidade de ensinar; ser inovador e investigador; e agir de acordo com o quadro deontológico associado à profissão. No entanto, estas representações entram em choque com a realidade, marcada por falta de poder dos professores sobre o currículo e sobre o conhecimento profissional, que não produzem nem controlam; baixas qualificações (possuem nível correspondente à 10ª classe); inexistência de um quadro deontológico específico e por uma prática docente dos formadores inscrita na racionalidade técnica e mais alinhada com uma dinâmica de funcionarização do que de profissionalização. Na esteira do isomorfismo pedagógico, da chamada naturalização das práticas de ensino, e da força da gramática escolar, o tipo de prática docente que marca a ação dos formadores tenderá a ser replicada pelos formandos quando professores. Aliás, os documentos curriculares parecem resumir o ser profissional ao facto de se possuir formação para professores. O estudo fundamenta a possibilidade de, nas políticas, se reforçar uma maior coerência entre discursos e práticas na visão de profissionalidade construída na FIP, aprofundar os pontos de descontinuidade detetados no estudo ou outros relevantes e trabalhar no sentido da clarificação do conceito de profissionalidade pretendida na Formação de Professores do Ensino Básico em Moçambique.

The challenges of integrating the discussion of controversial issues in initial teacher training

In the framework of the Bologna process, and with regard to pre-service teacher education, it is necessary to model student-centred learning experiences in order to promote the required competences for future professional practice and critical participation in society. Despite the potential of discussion in promoting several competences, this methodology does not always integrate the teaching practices. This case study sought to: a) understand the experiences and views of future teachers from a School of Education on the use of discussion in their past education; and b) investigate the impact of an educational experience centred on discussion. Data were collected through narratives, questionnaires, interviews and participant observation. The learning situations experienced through this study contributed to the development of citizens more aware of their role in society and allowed the promotion of skills indispensable for an Elementary Education teacher.

Internetbasierte Wissensorganisation in der Lehrerbildung

In diesem Artikel geht es um die internetbasierte Wissensorganisation von multimedialen Lerninhalten. Die Lernenden in der Lehrerausbildung sollen nicht allein eine rezeptive Rolle bei der Nutzung multimedialer Inhalte einnehmen, sondern sie werden aufgefordert, eine aktive Rolle bei der Erstellung von Inhalten zu übernehmen. Dabei wird die Trennung zwischen dem Autor auf der einen Seite und dem Leser bzw. Nutzer von Inhalten auf der anderen Seite aufgebrochen. Basis ist die Auseinandersetzung mit konkreten Lehr-/Lern-Situationen über die Nutzung von Video- und Audiosequenzen (Situated Learning). Eine internetbasierte Wissensbasis mit multimedialen Inhalten ist dabei der Ausgangspunkt, um die individuelle Wissensorganisation in der Lehrerbildung zu unterstützen. Exemplarisch werden diese Aspekte einer internetbasierten Wissensorganisation an dem Projekt MaDiN deutlich gemacht (MathematikDidaktik im Netz). Ohne detailliert auf die in MaDiN aufgebaute Wissensbasis einzugehen, geht es in diesem Artikel um allgemeine Methoden, internetbasiertes Wissensmanagement in die Lehrerbildung zu integrieren. Im Rahmen des vom Bundesministerium für Wissenschaft und Forschung mit 1,6 Millionen Euro geförderten Projektes zum Aufbau einer Wissensbasis mit mathematischen und mathematikdidaktischen Inhalten (Primarstufe, Sekundarstufe I und II) wurde eine spezielle Methode zur internetbasierten Wissensorganisation entwickelt. Das Konzept einer internetbasierten Wissensorganisation hat einen konstruktivistischen Hintergrund. Die Umsetzung in der Lehrerbildung erfolgt über ein Autorensystem, mit dem der Nutzer ein Werkzeug zur Online-Strukturierung personalisierter Lerninhalte besitzt.(DIPF/Orig.)

Beyond hope: Rhetorics of mobility, possibility, and literacy

When writing teachers enter the classroom, they often bring with them a deep faith in the power of literacy to rectify social inequalities and improve their students’ social and economic standing. It is this faith—this hope for change—that draws some writing teachers to locations of social and economic hardship. I am interested in how teachers and theorists construct their own narratives of social mobility, possibility, and literacy. My dissertation analyzes the production and expression of beliefs about literacy in the narratives of a diverse group of writing teachers and theorists, from those beginning their careers to those who are published and widely read. The central questions guiding this study are: How do teachers’ and theorists’ narratives of becoming literate intersect with literacy theories? and How do such literacy narratives intersect with beliefs in the power of literacy to improve individuals’ lives socially, economically, and personally? I contend that the professional literature needs to address more fully how teachers’ and theorists’ personal histories with literacy shape what they see as possible (and desirable) for students, especially those from marginalized communities. A central focus of the dissertation is on how teachers and theorists attempt to resolve a paradox they are likely to encounter in narratives about literacy. On one hand, they are immersed in a popular culture that cherishes narrative links between literacy and economic advancement (and, further, between such advancement and a “good life”). On the other hand, in professional discourse and in teacher preparation courses, they are likely to encounter narratives that complicate an assumed causal relationship between literacy and economic progress. Understanding, through literacy narratives, how teachers and theorists chart a practical path through or around this paradox can be beneficial to literacy education in three ways. First, it can offer direction in professional development and teacher education, addressing how teachers negotiate the boundaries between personal experience, theory, and pedagogy. Second, it can help teachers create spaces wherein students can explore the impact of paradoxical views about the role of literacy on their own lives. Finally, it can offer direction in public policy discourse, extending awareness of what we want—and need—from English language arts education in the twenty-first century. To explore these issues, I draw on case studies and ethnographic observation as well as narrative inquiry into teachers’ and theorists’ published literacy narratives. I situate my findings within three interrelated frames: 1) the narratives of new teachers, 2) the published works of literacy educators and theorists, and 3) my own literacy narrative. My first chapter, “Beyond Hope,” explores the tenuous connections between hope and critique in literacy studies and provides a methodological overview of the study. I argue that scholarship must move beyond a singular focus on either hope or critique in order to identify the transformative potential of literacy in particular circumstances. Analyzing literacy narratives provides a way of locating a critically informed sense of possibility. My second chapter, “Making Teachers, Making Literacy,” explores the intersection between teachers’ lives and the theories they study, based on qualitative analysis of a preservice course for secondary education English teachers. I examine how these preservice English teachers understood literacy, how their narratives of becoming literate and teaching English connected—and did not connect—with theoretical and pedagogical positions, and how these stories might inform their future work as practitioners. Centering primarily on preservice teachers who resisted Nancie Atwell’s pedagogy of possibility because they found it too good to be true, this research concentrates on moments of disjuncture, as expressed in class discussion and in one-on-one interviews, when literacy theories failed to align with aspiring teachers’ understandings of their own experiences and also with what they imagined as possible in disadvantaged educational settings. In my third and fourth chapters, I analyze the narratives of celebrated teachers and theorists who put forth an agenda that emphasizes possibilities through literacy, examining how they negotiate the relationship between their own literacy stories and literacy theories. Specifically, I investigate the narratives of three proponents of critical literacy: Mike Rose, Paulo Freire, and Myles Horton, all highly respected literacy teachers whose working-class backgrounds influenced their commitment to teaching in disenfranchised communities. In chapter 3, “Reading Lives on the Boundary,” I demonstrate how Mike Rose’s 1989 autobiographical text, Lives on the Boundary, juxtaposes rhetorics of mobility with critiques of such possibility. Through an analysis of work published in professional journals, I offer a reception history of Rose’s narrative, focusing specifically on how teachers have negotiated the tension between hope and critique. I follow this analysis with three case studies, drawn from a larger sampling, that inquire into the personal connections that writing teachers make with Lives on the Boundary. The teachers in this study, who provided written responses and participated in audio-recorded follow-up interviews, were asked to compare Rose’s story to their own stories, considering how their personal literacy histories influenced their teaching. My findings illustrate how a group of teachers and theorists have projected their own assessments of what literacy and higher education can and cannot accomplish onto this influential text. In my fourth chapter, “Horton and Freire’s Road as Literacy Narrative,” I concentrate on Myles Horton and Paulo Freire’s 1990 collaborative spoken book, We Make the Road by Walking. Central to my analysis are the educators’ stories about their formative years, including their own primary and secondary education experiences. I argue that We Make the Road by Walking demonstrates how theories of literacy cannot be divorced from personal histories. I begin by examining the spoken book as a literacy narrative that fuses personal and theoretical knowledge, focusing specifically on its authors’ ideas on theory. Drawing on Bakhtin’s notion of the chronotope—the intersection of time and space within narrative—I then explore the literacy narratives emerging from the production process of the book, in a video production about Horton and Freire’s meeting, and ultimately in the two men’s reflections on their childhood years (Dialogic). Interspersed with these accounts is archival material on the book’s editorial production that illustrates the value of increased dialogue between personal history and theories of literacy. My fifth chapter is both a reflective analysis and a qualitative study of my work at a men’s medium-high security prison in Illinois, where I conducted research and served as the instructor of an upper-level writing course, “Writing for a Change,” in the spring of 2009. Entitled “Doing Time with Literacy Narratives,” this chapter explores the complex ways in which literacy and incarceration are configured in students’ narratives as well as my own. With and against students’ stories, I juxtapose my own experiences with literacy, particularly in relation to being the son of an imprisoned father. In exploring the intersections between such stories, I demonstrate how literacy narratives can function as a heuristic for exploring beliefs about literacy between teachers and students both inside and outside of the prison-industrial complex. My conclusion pulls together the various themes that emerged in the three frames, from the making of new teachers to the published literacy narratives of teachers and theorists to my own literacy narrative. Writing teachers encounter considerable pressure to align their curricula with one or another theory of literacy, which has the effect of negating the authority of knowledge about literacy gleaned from experience as readers and writers. My dissertation contends that there is much to be gained by finding ways of articulating theories of literacy that encompass teachers’ knowledge of reading and writing as expressed in personal narratives of literacy. While powerful cultural rhetorics of upward social mobility often neutralize the critical potential of teachers’ own narratives of literacy—potential that has been documented by scholars in writing studies and allied disciplines—this is not always the case. The chapters in this dissertation offer evidence that hopeful and critical positions on the transformational possibilities of literacy are not mutually exclusive.

Criatividade para quê? conversas, processos e produções na formação de professores

Esta pesquisa, intitulada CRIATIVIDADE PARA QUÊ? CONVERSAS, PROCESSOS E PRODUÇÕES NA FORMAÇÃO DE PROFESSORES, investiga a criatividade na formação de professores. Sua fundamentação teórica baseia-se, principalmente, na atividade criadora de Fayga Ostrower e é contextualizada nas relações existentes entre imaginação e criatividade, propostas por Vigostky. A investigação intentou compreender as concepções de criatividade de um grupo de estudantes de licenciatura da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG. Os objetivos específicos consistiram em investigar as condições inibidoras e estimuladoras da criatividade no ensino; identificar as necessidades, desejos e possibilidades dos estudantes de licenciatura em relação ao ensino atual; e discutir as evidências e as características do professor criativo. A produção de dados foi realizada a partir da execução de um projeto de extensão, no qual os participantes realizaram atividades com temáticas relacionadas ao tema de pesquisa, tais como a conceituação de criatividade; inibidores e potencializadores da criatividade; a escola criativa e o professor criativo. Os dados foram produzidos por meio de questionários, diários, áudio e criação de objetos tridimensionais, confeccionados com tecido e outros materiais. O projeto de extensão foi realizado em duas ocasiões com públicos distintos. A primeira versão foi realizada em 2013, com nove alunos de diversos cursos de licenciatura. A segunda ocorreu em 2014, com acadêmicos do curso de Artes Visuais - Licenciatura. A análise de dados foi inspirada na Análise Textual Discursiva - ATD, de Moraes e Galiazzi, e os resultados foram apresentados a partir de histórias ficcionais, contadas por professores, personagens fictícios. Os personagens foram compostos por aspectos relacionados à criatividade, apresentados e discutidos pelos grupos durante o desenvolvimento do projeto, e as histórias identificam características que inibem ou potencializam a criatividade no processo de ensino-aprendizagem. Entre os aspectos apontados como inibidores do processo criativo estão o excesso de atividades ao qual estão submetidos os professores e alunos na universidade; o uso de vocabulário prolixo pelo professor; a repressão do sistema educacional, representada pela imposição de regras e pelo excesso de atividades que impedem os alunos de utilizarem a livre expressão. Como elementos que estimulam a criatividade, foram identificados o desejo pelo novo ou desconhecido; a contextualização dos conteúdos, relacionando-os ao cotidiano dos alunos; aulas realizadas em ambientes externos à sala de aula, entre outros. Os aspectos indicados pelos sujeitos da pesquisa como sendo criativos não são surpreendentes ou inovadores. Poucos professores universitários foram lembrados pelos alunos como sendo criativos, e muitas foram as críticas em relação à universidade e aos métodos de ensino utilizados pelos professores que, segundo os sujeitos, inibem o processo criativo. Embora a criatividade seja considerada vital ao homem, constata-se que, no ambiente universitário, há muitas barreiras, dificultando e inibindo o processo criativo dos futuros professores.

The challenges of integrating the discussion of controversial issues in initial teacher training

In the framework of the Bologna process, and with regard to pre-service teacher education, it is necessary to model student-centred learning experiences in order to promote the required competences for future professional practice and critical participation in society. Despite the potential of discussion in promoting several competences, this methodology does not always integrate the teaching practices. This case study sought to: a) understand the experiences and views of future teachers from a School of Education on the use of discussion in their past education; and b) investigate the impact of an educational experience centred on discussion. Data were collected through narratives, questionnaires, interviews and participant observation. The learning situations experienced through this study contributed to the development of citizens more aware of their role in society and allowed the promotion of skills indispensable for an Elementary Education teacher.

Impacte do programa de formação em ensino experimental das ciências nas conceções e práticas de professores do 1º ciclo do ensino básico

Numa época em que nos regemos, cada vez mais, pela Ciência e Tecnologia é fundamental que os cidadãos estejam devidamente informados, exercendo uma cidadania plena, tomando decisões fundamentadas e intervindo na sociedade. Para viabilizar estes intentos, é importante que a educação científica se inicie nas escolas o mais cedo possível, para a edificação de futuros cidadãos cientificamente literatos. Apesar das dificuldades manifestadas pelos professores na implementação do ensino das Ciências nas escolas do 1.º Ciclo do Ensino Básico (1.º CEB), são várias as potencialidades que têm vindo a ser atribuídas a este campo curricular. Com este estudo pretendeu-se descrever e interpretar as conceções de ensino e aprendizagem de professores do 1.º CEB, no contexto do Programa de Formação em Ensino Experimental das Ciências (PFEEC), bem como averiguar como implementam as atividades práticas de índole experimental e investigativo em sala de aula, e quais as dificuldades sentidas durante a sua realização. Para atingir estas finalidades, utilizou-se uma abordagem metodológica de orientação interpretativa, de base naturalista, recorrendo-se ao método de estudo de casos múltiplos, fazendo-se uso de distintos instrumentos de recolha de dados: observação naturalista, entrevistas, notas de campo e documentos escritos. Participaram neste estudo três professoras do 1.º CEB, pertencentes a duas escolas do concelho de Faro. Os resultados evidenciaram que a maioria das conceções das professoras relativamente às categorias edificadas foram modificadas após a frequência do PFEEC. Contudo, outras aparentam estar fortemente enraizadas. Estas mudanças que ocorreram parecem estar relacionadas com a modificação das ações, atitudes e sentimentos das professoras que se coadunaram com a metodologia de trabalho defendida pelo PFEEC, culminando na modificação das suas práticas letivas. Durante a planificação e implementação das atividades as professoras manifestaram algumas dificuldades e constrangimentos. Todavia, no decorrer do PFEEC, estes obstáculos foram sendo minimizados; IMPACT OF A TRAINING PROGRAMME ON THE CONCEPTIONS AND PRACTICES OF PRIMARY SCHOOL TEACHERS ABSTRACT: In an era in which we are governed, more and more, by Science and Technology, it is fundamental that citizens are properly informed; exercising full citizenship; making fundamental decisions and intervening in society. To enable these intentions, it is important that scientific education takes place in schools as soon as possible, so as to edify future scientifically literate citizens. Despite the teachers' difficulties in implementing Science teaching in Primary Schools, there are many potentialities that have come to be attributed to this curricular field. This study is intended to describe and interpret science learning and teaching conceptions of the Primary School teachers, in the context of the Training Programme in Experimental Science Teaching (PFEEC), as well as determine how they implement the experimental science and inquiry based learning activities in the classroom, and take into account what experienced difficulties occur during their execution. To reach these goals, a methodological approach of interpretive orientation, on a naturalistic basis, using a method of multiple case study, by means of distinct data collection tools was used: naturalistic observation, interviews, field research notes and written documents. Three Primary School teachers of the municipality of Faro took part in this study. The results showed that the majority of the teachers' conceptions in relation to the edified categories were modified after the attendance of the PFEEC. However, others seem to be deeply rooted. These changes that occurred seem to be related to the modification of actions, attitudes and feelings of the teachers who complied with the work methodology defended by the PFEEC, culminating in the modification of their session practices. During the planning and implementation of the activities, the teachers showed some difficulties and constraints. Nevertheless, during the PFEEC, these obstacles were minimized.

Interessiert euch! Versuch über ein Ethos der Lehramtsstudierenden

Der folgende Text ist die Antwort auf einen Aufruf zur Einreichung von Beiträgen, die sich dem derzeitigen Stand eines Studiums der Germanistik widmen sollten [...]. In diesem Aufruf wird die Frage nach dem „Sinn und Zweck der Germanistik“, wenn diese „weder relevantes Wissen noch relevante Kompetenzen“ vermitteln kann, gestellt. Die Autoren wenden diese Frage in einem Appell nach einem Ethos der Lehramtsstudierenden. Wer die vorgegebenen „relevanten Kompetenzen“ und das vermeintlich „relevante Wissen“ (ebd.) des Lehrplans unhinterfragt aus den bisher in der eigenen Schulzeit gemachten Erfahrungen und dem (Vor-)Gegebenen übernimmt, begeht ihrer Meinung nach einen Fehlschluss, indem er aus dem Sein das Sollen ableitet. (DIPF/Orig.)

Beiträge zum Mathematikunterricht 2015. Vorträge auf der 49. Tagung für Didaktik der Mathematik vom 09.02.2015 bis 13.02.2015 in Basel [Band 1]

Die Jahrestagung der Gesellschaft für Didaktik der Mathematik fand im Jahr 2015 zum dritten Mal in der Schweiz statt. [...] Mit rund 300 Vorträgen, 16 moderierten Sektionen, 15 Arbeitskreistreffen und 21 Posterpräsentationen eröffnete sich ein breites Spektrum an Themen und unterschiedlichen Zugangsweisen zur Erforschung von Fragen rund um das Lernen und Lehren von Mathematik. (DIPF/Orig.)

Keeping the promise? Contextualizing inclusive education in developing countries

Inclusive education became a global promise corroborated by international declarations such as the Salamanca Statement (1994) and the Incheon Declaration (2015). Most countries worldwide have committed to the goal of inclusive education, putting a lot of pressure on so-called developing countries. Against this backdrop the threefold purpose of this book is to: 1. Generate research evidence on the development and implementation of inclusive education in developing countries, 2. Contextualize inclusive education in specific developing countries and contexts, and 3. Reflect on the future of inclusive education in developing countries. (DIPF/Orig.)

Relatório de Estágio da Prática Pedagógica Supervisionada

No âmbito da Unidade Curricular de Prática Pedagógica Supervisionada, parte integrante do plano de estudos do Mestrado em Educação Pré-escolar, foi solicitada a elaboração do Relatório de Estágio que evidenciasse a prática e a aprendizagem profissional desenvolvida nos contextos de Creche e de Educação Pré-Escolar. Neste sentido, a mestranda expõe o seu percurso nas duas valências, tendo este permitido o conhecimento e posterior desenvolvimento de saberes e competências em prol da construção e edificação de um perfil na profissão docente, suportado por um quadro teórico e concetual. A prática pedagógica da mestranda desenvolveu-se mediante uma aproximação à metodologia de investigação-ação, assente sobre quatro etapas fundamentais: observação, planificação, ação e reflexão/avaliação. Esta metodologia, suporte basilar da sua prática, possibilita a articulação entre saberes e atitudes, culminando numa co construção de saberes entre os diversos atores envolvidos na prática pedagógica. Os contextos e processos de estágio revelaram-se cruciais nos processos educativos de qualidade na educação de infância, no que concerne ao desenvolvimento de competências para a educação, constituindo estes, bases importantes na formação docente. Por fim, a mestranda está consciente que para responder aos desafios advindos da sociedade atual, deve procurar a formação constante, atualizando e desenvolvendo novas aprendizagens, quer a nível pessoal, quer a nível profissional.

Newly qualified teachers’ needs of support for professional competences in four European countries: Finland, the United Kingdom, Portugal, and Belgium

The first few years in the teaching profession are usually demanding. Although initial teacher education forms an essential foundation for teachers’ work, it cannot fully prepare new teachers for the complexities of working life. This study focuses on investigating the need for professional development support among newly qualified teachers to determine what their professional learning needs are and how these needs differ among teachers from four different countries: Finland, the United Kingdom (England), Portugal and Belgium (Flanders). The research data was collected via a questionnaire from 314 teachers, each with less than five years of teaching experience, and both closed and open-ended questions were included. The quantitative data was analysed using descriptive statistics and factor analysis to identify the latent variables associated with their needs. Answers to the open-ended questions were used to gain deeper insight into the newly qualified teachers’ situation. The results indicate that new teachers need support, especially regarding conflict situations and in differentiating their teaching. In addition, when analysing the profiles of eight support-need latent variables, all of the teachers in the different countries viewed supporting students’ holistic development as the most important area. Although the results of this study cannot be generalised, they provide an important overview of new teachers’ learning needs that should be taken into account when planning and organising support for them. (DIPF/Orig.)

Docência online na educação superior

Tese (doutorado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Educação, Programa de Pós-graduação em Educação, 2015.