Stable isotope variations in particulate organic matter and a planktivorous fish in the Yangtze River

Temporal and spatial changes in delta(13) C and delta 15 N of particulate organic matter (POM) and Hemiculter leucisculus were studied in the Yangtze River of China. Isotopic signatures of POM showed seasonal variations, which was assumed to be associated with allochthonous organic input and autochthonous phytoplankton growth. delta C-13 of H. leucisculus was 1.1 % higher than that of POM, which suggested that the food source of H. leucisculus was mostly from the POM. A mass balance model indicated the trophic position of H. leucisculus in the food web of Yangtze River was estimated to be 2.0 - 2.1, indicating that this fish mainly feeds on planktonic organic matter, which agreed with previous gut content analysis.

Size-related shifts in reliance on benthic and pelagic food webs by lake anchovy

This paper reports large variations in stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios of lake anchovy (Coilia ectenes taihuensis) from Lake Chaohu, China. The lake anchovy exhibited a significant C-13- and N-15- enrichment in relation to increasing fish length, and the isotopic compositions of small lake anchovy (<= 130 mm) were significantly more enriched than those of large lake anchovy (> 130 mm). The significant differences in the isotopic compositions of small and large lake anchovy suggested that their assimilated diets differed over a period of time and reflected the size-related diet shift of this fish. Bellamya aeruginosa and Corbicula fluminea were used to establish the baseline carbon signal of benthic and pelagic food webs, and these data were used to parameterize a 2-source mixing model to estimate in consumers the contribution of carbon derived from benthic versus pelagic food webs. Mixing models showed that small lake anchovy derived only 37% of their carbon from benthic food web, indicating increased reliance on pelagic prey, whereas benthic prey contributed 71% of large lake anchovy diet, suggesting greater use of benthic sources. These data indicate that there was a change in lake anchovy feeding strategy related to their size, suggesting a role in dynamic coupling between pelagic and benthic food chains. The trophic position of small lake anchovy averaged 3.0, indicating a zooplankton-based diet, compared with 3.6 in large lake anchovy, indicative of an increase in piscivorous diet. Overlap in the isotopic compositions of small and large lake anchovy probably indicated that these fish occasionally shared common diets, as suggested by stomach content studies, and/or resulted from the differences in the rate of isotopic turnover depending on differences in growth rate and metabolic turnover between small and large anchovy during diet shift from pelagic to benthic food webs. This study presents the contributions of benthic and pelagic food webs supporting lake anchovy and indicates that the intraspecific isotopic dynamic should be considered when applying stable isotope analyses to infer trophic interactions in aquatic ecosystems.

Trophic relationship between the parasitic isopod ichthyoxenus japonensis and the fish carassius auratus auratus as revealed by stable isotopes

Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis was used to investigate the host-parasite trophic relationship between the parasitic isopod Ichthyoxenus japonensis and one of its freshwater fish host Carassius auratus auratus from Lake Fuxian, China. No significant differences in delta C-13 and delta N-15 were observed between the heterosexual pairs of I. japonensis in the same host. delta C-13 and delta N-15 of I. japonensis were significantly lower than those of its host fish, and the isotopic ratios of the isopod increased with the increase of host fish isotopic signatures. Unlike isotopic fractionation patterns generally observed among consumers and their diets, isopod parasite was delta C-13 and N-15 depleted relative to the muscle tissue of this host fish. Differential isotopic fractionation patterns in the isopod parasite and the fish may be attributed to differences in parasite and host metabolism.

Variation in stable isotope signatures of seston and a zooplanktivorous fish in a eutrophic Chinese lake

Temporal and spatial changes in delta(13)C and delta(15)N of seston (mainly phytoplankton) and isotopic relationship between seston and the lake anchovy (Coilia ectenes) were studied in the large eutrophic freshwater Lake Chaohu in China. Much of the spatial and temporal variation in delta(13)C of lake anchovies was explained by variation in seston, indicating a strong link between pelagic primary production and higher order consumers. Because the lake is shallow, there were no significant differences in delta(13)C and delta(15)N of seston between surface and overlying waters. Spatially, the relatively high delta(13)C and delta(15)N of seston in the western part of the lake might be due to high levels of anthropogenically derived N and C introduced from the surrounding cities through sewage drainage systems. The trophic position of the lake anchovy in the food web of Lake Chaohu was estimated to be 2.9-4.1 (3.5 +/- 0.4), which agrees well with the previous stomach content analysis suggesting that the lake anchovy fed both on zooplankton and small planktivorous fishes.

Studies on the food web structure of Lake Donghu using stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios

Food web structure was studied by using carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios in a hypereutrophic subtropical Chinese lake, Lake Donghu. High external nutrient loading and the presence of abundant detritus from submersed macrophytes were responsible for the high sediment delta(15)N and delta(13)C, respectively. C-13 was significantly higher in submersed macrophytes than in other macrophytes. The similar delta(13)C values in phytoplankton, zooplankton, zoobenthos, and planktivorous fish indicate that phytoplankton was the major food source for the consumers. By using a delta(15)N mass balance model, we estimate that the contributions of zooplankton to the diet of silver carp and bighead carp were 54% and 74%, respectively, which is in agreement with previous microscopic observations on intestinal contents of these fishes.

Peak identification for PCDD/Fs in environmental samples at different temperature programs

A method has been developed for peak recognition of 136 polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) at different temperature programs. Their retention behaviours are predicted on the basis of an identification database of retention values (A, B) of gas chromatography. By the retention times of C-13 labelled 2,3,7,8-substituted PCDD/F internal standards, the retentions of all PCDDs and PCDFs can be calculated. After comparison with the retentions of practical environmental samples, the predicted values have been proved to be very accurate. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Comparative extraction of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/F-s) from a variety of solid samples

Extraction experiments with spiking of C-13(12)-PCDD/Fs were performed with a variety of PCDD/Fs contaminated samples. The extraction recovery of PCDD/Fs was mainly influenced by PCDD/Fs concentration and the sample matrix. Generally, the first soxhlet extraction with toluene has suitable recovery. From the selected samples, only FAMS4 and 5 which are fly ashes with high concentration, the recovery of the first soxhlet extraction with 24 hr. is low, but PCDD/Fs were almost completely removed after 72 hr. Copyright (C) 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd

Computer assisted peak recognition for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDF) in environmental samples

A software has been developed for the peak recognition of 136 polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDF) after high resolution gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (HRGC/HRMS). Based on the retention times of C-13 labelled 2,3,7,8-substituted PCDD/F internal standards, the retention times of all PCDD and PCDF can be calibrated automatically and accurately. Therefore, it is very convenient to identify the peaks by comparing the retention of samples and the calibrated retention times of their chromatograms. Hence, this approach is very significant because it is impossible to obtain always a standard chromatogram and PCDD/F analysis are very expensive and time consuming. The calibration results can be transferred to Excel for calculation. The approach is a first step to store costly and environmentally relevant data for future application.

稀土/有机-无机杂化材料发光性能的研究

稀土有机配合物是一类性能优良的发光体，具有较高的发光效率，但其稳定性较差使得其潜在的应用价值不能充分的发挥出来。有机－无机杂化材料不但具有有机材料和无机材料自身的优点，而且还是发光活性物质的优良基质。有机－无机杂化中孔材料具有良好的热稳定性，大的比表面，规则的孔排列，结合其优点和稀土材料独特的发光性能，有望开发出性能独特的发光材料。本文主要研究如何通过Si－C共价键将稀土有机杂环配合物嫁接到有机－无机材料基质的骨架上以及它们的发光性能。据我们所掌握的资料，尚未见有关稀土有机杂环（如邻菲罗琳和联毗咙）配合物的相关报道。有机改性溶胶一凝胶前驱体的合成：我们将杂环有机配体联毗淀(bipyridine)和邻菲罗琳(phenanthroline)进行有机修饰，使其不但能够和稀土离子进行配位，而且还能进行水解缩聚反应从而制备有机一无机杂化材料，这样，在水解的过程中加入稀土离子，便可制得含有稀土配合物的有机一无机杂化材料。有机一无机杂化材料的制备：应用我们自己制备的溶胶一凝胶反应前驱体，分别制备出发红光和绿光的有机一无机杂化材料，其中，稀土有机配合物被通过Si-C共价键嫁接到杂化材料的骨架上，应用固态"Si NMR，固态‘℃NMR,红外光谱，紫外吸收光谱，荧光光谱对其进行了详细的表征，通过漂洗实验和浓度实验对材料的发光性能进行了考察。另外，还对比研究了通过共价键嫁接所制得杂化材料与通过物理复合所得材料的发光性能。研究结果表明，稀土离子的掺杂量有了较大的提高。所得材料的稳定性较好，没有漏析现象发生。有机－无机杂化中孔粉体材料的制备：在表面活性剂的存在下，通过共水解缩聚反应制得有机－无机杂化中孔粉体材料，应用溶剂萃取法将表面活性剂移去，通过紫外漫反射和荧光光谱研究了邻菲罗琳在材料中所处的位置，应用固态2961核磁谱研究了有机前驱体的聚合程度，应用荧光光谱研究了稀土配合物在杂化中孔材料中的发光情况。研究结果表明，有机配体邻菲罗琳分布在中孔分子筛的表面而不是其孔壁里。有机－无机杂化中孔膜材料的制备：为进一步拓宽中孔材料和稀土有机配合物的应用空间，我们还制备了新的有机－无机杂化中孔膜材料，其中，稀土有机配合物通过Si－C共价键嫁接到中孔材料的骨架上。另外，我们还制备了无定型的有机－无机杂化膜材料和相应的纯的稀土有机配合物Eu(phen)ZCl3。应用荧光光谱考察了稀土有机配合物的发光性能，并对比研究了所得结果。另外，还考察了稀土有机配合物在有机－无机－杂化中孔膜材料的热稳定性。通过两种溶胶一凝胶反应前驱体进行化学反应并将产物进行水解缩聚反应，我们制备了新的有机－无机发光杂化材料，并考察了此发光材料对稀土离子的敏化作用。

新型龙脑靶向非甾体类抗炎药的设计、合成和初步活性评价

非甾体类抗炎药（NSAIDs）是临床较常用的处方药，是高效的止痛、退热和抗炎药。NsADs有广泛的临床适应证，尤其适用于各种急、慢性关节炎，软组织风湿症、运动性损伤、头痛、痛经、拔牙后痛以及癌性疼痛等。因此，NsAIDs一直是世界上处方量最大的药物之一，包括我国在内的各国NSAIDs消耗量都呈明显上升趋势。仅疼痛控制部分，预计2007年就将达到300亿美元［l］。但是，大多数NSAIDs，尤其是我国目前使用的NSAIDs，都有较大的毒性和副作用。最新的分子生物学实验证明，各种NSAIDs起治疗作用的基础是通过抑制环氧合酶（cox），阻断致炎介质前列腺素类化合物的合成。环氧合酶至少包括两种同功酶（可能还有未被发现的新的亚类型），COX-1和COX-2。COX-1主要发挥生理性管家功能；COx-2主要为诱导型，在正常组织内活性极低，当受到某些细胞因子、促有丝分裂物质和内毒素刺激时大量表达，相应引起致炎介质的增加，使炎症加重。这些区别为设计兼具高抗炎活性和低毒性的药物提供了可能。阿司匹林是最早获得应用的NSAIDs，随后又出现一批其它NSADOs，最近美国FDA批准上市的罗非考昔，西乐葆是较好的COX-2选择性抑制剂，但是售价过于昂贵，从费用上考虑较难维持长期服用。至今我国还没有具有自主知识产权的COX-2特异性NSAIDs，服用的NSAIDs中，国外更新淘汰多年的毒副作用较大的药物仍占有较大比重，所以开发具有我们自主知识产权的新型NSAIDs迫在眉睫。鉴于COX-1，COX-2酶晶体结构明确，NSAIDs筛选模型确定，尤其是我国传统的中医药对炎症的独特认识，所以，凭借现代医学和化学知识，结合中国传统的中医药知识开发具有我们自主知识产权的新型NSAIDs是切实可行的。在研究过程中我们发现，在中国传统的中医药体系里，冰片是一种独特的药物，其主要成分为结构明确的龙脑、异龙脑。中医文献对其性质和应用详细的记载表明，其不仅广泛地用于抗风湿，而且其性质符合现代药物概念中的“靶向药物”概念。所以，如果合理设计使龙脑负载有抗炎结构化合物，可能会明显改善原药物的COX-2选择性，从而开发一种或几种COX-2特异性抑制剂。据此，又参考COX-2酶晶体结构，设计合成了其他结构的可能具有抗炎活性的药物分子。小茵香醇是龙脑和异龙脑的同分异构体和结构类似分子，我们选择该分子代替龙脑和异龙脑与布洛芬结合，并进行了活性测试和筛选，以深人了解该类分子。（1）设计并合成了含龙脑、异龙脑和小茵香醇结构的分子。相应结构见Tablel。（2）因为该类分子具有比较高的位阻，所以反应惰性较大，经过实验发现，在丁基锂／四氢吠喃反应体系或二环己基碳二亚胺仁甲氨基毗咙反应体系条件下，反应能够顺利进行。其中，二环己基碳二亚脚二甲氨基毗陡反应体系产率稍高。（3）针对几个主要反应详细探讨了分离纯化条件，为将来的放大实验或规模化制备提供了条件，并对所有产品进行了详细的结构表征。（4）通过“药物对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞生成COX-1和COX-2的抑制作用”实验，对所获得的化合物进行了初步的活性评价，并得出如下结果：（a）在所设计的分子中，化合物3和化合物8分子表现出一定的COX-2选择性，其IC50COX-1／ IC50COX-2的比值分另为6.663和6.835，稍优于目前使用的第二代NSAIDs。见第七章Tablel，Table 2 and Figurel。（b）在所设计的分子中，化合物13，即布洛芬小菌香醇酷表现出最好的选择性；IC50COX-1／IC50COX-2比值为21.006，普遍超出目前使用的大部分NSAIDs，如果经过进一步的分子设计或修改有可能获得更好的结果。（c）化合物13与化合物9和化合物10相比较，选择性明显更好。即小茵香醇醋比龙脑酷和异龙脑醋表现出更好的靶向性。（d）从得到的结果可以看出，龙脑所负载的分子的选择性普遍比异龙脑要强，对于阿司匹林表现的尤为明显。（e）在中医药的文献和典籍中，关于小茵香醇性质和应用的记载很少，我们的研究结果表明它可能具有潜在的还不为我们所了解的特殊性质，我们的研究也可能会促进对该化合物的研究。（f）以佐剂关节炎模型对乙酰水杨酸龙脑醋进行了活性评价。

三氯化稀土的还原反应及产物的反应性能的研究

本文研究了NdCl_2·nTHF、SmCl_2·nTHF、YbCl_2·nTHF与环辛四烯在室温下的直接反应。发现NdCl_2·nTHF、SmCl_2·nTHF可以在室温下与C_8H_8直接反应，分别得到NdCl_3·nTHF、ClNdC_8H_8·2THF；SmCl_3·nTHF，ClSmC_8H_8·2THF。反应速度NdCl_2 > SmCl_2。YbCl_2·nTHF在室温下不与环辛四烯发生反应。产物LnCl_3·nTHF和ClLnC_8H_8·2THF (Ln = Nd, Sm)已得到水解色谱、质谱、元素分析、红外光谱等的证实。推测反应接下式进行：LnCl_2·nTHF + C_8H_8 → [THFCl_2LnC_8H_8LnCl_2THF] → LnCl_3·nTHF + ClLnC_8H_8·2THF我们近一步研究了NdCl_2·nTHF与K_2C_8H_8的交换反应。结果表明从这一体系中得不到二价钕的有机金属化合物，而是得到了KNd(C_8H_8)_2。首次研究了以2摩尔萘锂为还原剂还原无水三氯化钕的反应，得到了组成为NdClLin (n < 0.3)的还原产物。该产物不溶于四氢呋喃，对空气、水汽比NdCl_2更为敏感。推测钕主要以一价形式存在。还研究了萘钠与三氯化铽的还原反应。三氯化钕的还原产物不与LiCl 形成络合物，而三氯化铽的还原产物却与LiCl形成络全物而溶于THF。为了进一步了解三氯化钕还原产物的性质，研究了其与环辛四烯的反应，结果表明它们也可以在室温下直接反应，并且这一反应比NdCl_2与C_8H_8的反应快。从反应混合物中分出两种产物：ClNdC_8H_8·2THF和[LiNd(C_8H_8)_2·4THF]·2THF，并测定了这二种产物的晶体结构。ClNdC_8H_8·2THF的晶体结构表明它属于单斜晶系，P2_1/C空间群。晶胞参数为a = 11.819(3)A，b = 12.651(3)A，C = 13.478(3)A，β = 122.97(2)°。[LiNd(C_8H_8)_2·4THF的晶体结构表明它是单斜晶系，C_c空间群。晶胞参数：a = 17.858(7)A，b = 13.243(4)A，c = 18.085(6)A，β= 106.52(4)°。

双碳桥联二环戊二烯基酸叔烷基环戊二烯基稀土氯化物的合成与表征

6.6-二甲基富烯与金属镁、CCl_4在THF中还原偶联可产生双碳桥联二环戊二烯基氯化镁，[C_5H_4C(CH_3)_2C(CH_3)_2C_5H_4]Mg_2·Cl_2·4THF。该化合物与无水氯化稀土反应可产生双碳桥联二环戊二烯基稀土氯化物；（I）（II）两类化合物经元素分析，热失重分析，红外光谱，核磁共振谱、电子能谱、水解产物的质谱，核磁共振谱分析及（I）类化合物中镱的络合物的晶体结构分析确定了该化合物的组成及结构。采用低温技术，用Nicolet R_3M/E型四园衍射仪，LT-1低温装置收集衍射数据。并用重原子法解出结构，块矩阵最小二乘法修正。R = 0.0507, R_w = 0.0530。晶体[C_5H_4C(CH_3)_2C(CH_3)_2 C_5H_4]TbClMg_2Cl_4·7THF属三斜晶系，PT空间群，a = 16.911A, b = 13.208A, c = 13.772A, α = 116.52°,β = 111.30°, γ = 87.61°, V = 2549.02A~3, M = 1116.1，晶胞中含2份化学式量，D_C = 1.45g／cm~3, μ = 22.6cm~(-1)(Mokα)。晶体结构分析表明，该化合物为一离子对型络合物，络阴离子的结构为桥联二环戊二烯为－螯含配体，该配体的二个环戊二烯基和两个Cl~-离子与Yb~(+3)离子络合成四面体构型。每个环戊二烯基均以η~5和Yb~(+3)离子成键。该螯合物具有一定的张力。两个桥碳原子及与桥碳原子相连的环戊二烯基环上的碳原子的键角较正常的碳正碳面面体角扩张了约5°。另一THF分子为填隙分子。该离子为两个共用三个氯顶点的变形八面体。两个镁以三重氯桥键相连。这种三重氯镁桥键是首次发现。氯镁核键基本保持离子键的特征，其氯镁键长与氯镁的无机盐键长极为相近。Yb~(+3)离子的配位数与8，Mg~(+2)离子的配位数为6。6，6-二甲基高烯与苯基理在1：1的乙醚，汽油溶剂的中0 ℃反应产生一个叔烷基取代环戊二烯基锂。该锂盐与无水氯化钙反应可产生取代环戊二烯基氯化钙；该化合物的组成已为元素分析，热重分析，红外光谱核磁共振氢谱及水解产物质谱，核磁共振氢谱所证实。红外光谱中700、752、1470、1500、1600cm~(-1)吸收峰示有苯环存在，1360，1380cm~(-1)示有谐二甲基，1025cm~(-1)示有取代环戊二烯基。产物的核磁共振氢谱的化学位移值为：7.21ppm示有苯环，6.13，6.30ppm示有环戊二烯基。1.53ppm为甲基上的氢的化学位移值。

对金属稀土金属有机配合物的合成、结构及催化性质研究

合成出三类18种双金属稀土金属有机配合物：第一类：Ln-Li双金属π－烯丙基稀土配合物－LiLn(π-C_3H_5)_4 nD(Ln=La、Tb, n=3; Ln=Y、Dy, n=2.5; Ln=Ce、Pr、Nd、Sm、Gd、Er, n=2; D=二氧六环）。第二类：Ln-Mg双金属π－烯丙基稀土配合物-(π-C_3H_5)_2CnCl_5Mg_2(tmed)_2 (Ln=Ce、Nd)和(π-C_4H_7)_2LnCl_5Mg_2(tmed)_2 (Ln=La、Ce、Nd; C_4H_7=i-C_4H_7)。第三类：Ln-Al双金属配合物－[(CF_3CO_2)_3LnHAlR_2·2THF]_2 (Ln=Y、Nd, R=i-Bu; Ln=Eu, R=Et)。用四园X－ray衍射仪在低温下测定了LiCe(π-C_3H_5)_4·4D、[(CF_3CO_2)_3YHAl(i-Bu)_2 2THF]_2、[(CF_3CO_2)_3NdHAl(i-Bu)_2 2THF]_2和[(CF_3CO_2)_3EuHAlEt_2·2THF]_2的晶体结构。对[(CF_3CO_2)_3YHAl(i-Bu)_2·2THF]_2和LiLn(π-C_3H_5)_4 nD类配合物进行了较详细的NMR研究。二维C－H相关NMR谱表明在[(CF_3CO_2)_3YHAl(i-Bu)_2·2THF]_2配合物中6个CF_3CO_2~-有2个羰基的C与H成键，该结果解释了Ln-Al双金属配合物中相应羰基的非平面结构现象。研究表明LiLn(π-CC_3H_5)_4·nD可催化异戊二烯和苯乙烯均聚合；不同配合物中均以Y配合物的活性为最高。(π-C_3H_5)_2CeCl_5Mg_2(tmed)_2对异戊二烯、丁二烯、苯乙烯以及甲基丙烯酸甲酯（MMA）的聚合有较低的催化活性；(π-C_4H_7)_2LnCl_5Mg_2(tmed)_2也对苯乙烯和异戊二烯的聚合有一定的催化活性。分别以LiCe(π-C_3H_5)_4·4D和(π-C_3H_5)_2CeCl_5Mg_2(tmed)_2作为稀土配位催化剂的模型配合物，研究了其催化所得聚异戊二烯的端基结构。表明聚合物均具有烯丙基端基(-CH_2-CH=CH_2)。证明单体在Ce~(3+)和π－烯丙基之间发生了插入反应，聚合按π－烯丙基机理进行。该结果首次为稀土配位催化共轭双烯烃聚合的活性链端π－烯丙基机理提供了直接的实验证据。(π-C_3H_5)_2CeCl_5Mg_2(tmed)_2-Al(i-Bu)_3(Al/Ce(摩尔比)=4))体系对异戊二烯的聚合具有较高的催化活性，所得聚合物仍具有－CH_3-CH=CH_2端基，而没有i-Bu端基。该结果又一次为上述π-烯丙基机理提供了直接的实验证据。发现Ln(CF_3CO_2)_3-AlEt_3体系可催化THF开环聚合。首次实现稀土催化THF开环聚合。研究了Y(CF_3CO_2)_3-HAl(i-Bu)_2-ECH（环氧氯丙烷）体系催化THF开环聚合法性及聚合机理。讨论了各种聚合条件对该体系催化活性的影响。研究了[(CF_3Co_2)YHAl(i-Bu)_2·2THF]_2在ECH存在下催化THF聚合活性并认为该双金属配合物为Y(CF_3CO_2)_3-HAl(i-Bu)_2-ECH体系的活性体。[(CF_3CO_2)_3YHA(i-Bu)_2·2THF]_2和[(CF_3CO_2)_3EuHAlEt_2·2THF]_2均可催化ECH和MMA聚合，所得PMMA的间同(rr)含量可达76.5％。

Diamond growth by carbon ion implantation of diamond

Medium energy (5-25 keV) C-13(+) ion implantation into diamond (100) to a fluence ranging from 10(16) cm(-2) to 10(18) cm(-2) was performed for the study of diamond growth via the approach of ion beam implantation. The samples were characterized with Rutherford backscattering/channelling spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoemission spectroscopy and Auger electron spectroscopy. Extended defects are formed in the cascade collision volume during bombardment at high temperatures. Carbon incorporation indeed induces a volume growth but the diamond (100) samples receiving a fluence of 4 x 10(17) to 2 x 10(18) at. cm(-2) (with a dose rate of 5 x 10(15) at. cm(-2) s(-1) at 5 to 25 keV and 800 degrees C) showed no He-ion channelling. Common to these samples is that the top surface layer of a few nanometers has a substantial amount of graphite which can be removed by chemical etching. The rest of the grown layer is polycrystalline diamond with a very high density of extended defects.

黑土微生物活力与组成对养分添加的响应

东北黑土是我国重要的商品粮生产基地，在保证我国的粮食安全中起着重要作用。鉴于东北黑土所具有的重要战略地位及其面临的严峻形势，如何通过化肥合理配施培肥黑土已经成为一个亟待解决的关键问题。 本文以东北黑土为供试土壤，设置CK、C、N、P、NP、CN、CP、CNP，8个养分组合，进行室内恒温模拟培养。通过对黑土呼吸强度的监测，研究黑土微生物活力对不同养分响应的规律；同时采用磷脂脂肪酸（Phospholipid Fatty Acids, PLFAs）和中性脂肪酸（Neutral Lipid Fatty Acids, NLFAs）为标识物，研究黑土微生物群落结构以及生理生态特性在不同养分条件下的动态变化，揭示黑土微生物活力与群落组成对不同养分响应的规律。 研究结果表明：黑土微生物活力首先受到可利用C源的限制，单加葡萄糖能够使土壤呼吸释放的CO2-C累积量达到对照的10倍以上，使黑土微生物活力显著提高；而在碳限制的状况被缓解后，氮便成为黑土微生物生长的主要限制因素，可利用碳底物充足的条件下，N的加入能够显著提高土壤呼吸强度，使释放出的CO2-C累积量达到对照处理的13倍以上，CN交互作用非常显著；在碳氮养分都充足的条件下，P的施入能更好地刺激微生物生长，提高黑土微生物活力，CNP处理，黑土微生物活力在培养的第3 d即达到峰值。CN和CNP组合能够迅速刺激真菌、细菌生长，使PLFA和NLFA含量、真菌/细菌比值均增加；并且CNP组合优于CN组合。单独加入C和CP组合，不能在短时间内使真菌、细菌的PLFA和NLFA含量显著增加，真菌/细菌比值也处于较低的水平。G+/G-比值在CN条件下，达到最大之后逐渐趋于平稳；而在单加C、CP和CNP条件下，G+/G-比值均在培养时间内达到两次峰值，显示出不同的养分条件下，微生物群落结构发生着内在的动态变化。