Making Chronic Conditions Count: 5. Chronic Airflow Obstruction

Chronic conditions are responsible for a significant proportion of early deaths. They reduce qualityof life in many of the adults living with them, represent substantial financial costs to patients andthe health and social care system, and cause a significant loss of productivity to the economy.This report contains estimates and forecasts of the population prevalence of chronic airflowobstruction, and it shows how it varies across the island and what change is expected between2007, 2015 and 2020.

Dynamic visual information plays a critical role for spatial navigation in water but not on solid ground.

In the Morris water maze (MWM) task, proprioceptive information is likely to have a poor accuracy due to movement inertia. Hence, in this condition, dynamic visual information providing information on linear and angular acceleration would play a critical role in spatial navigation. To investigate this assumption we compared rat's spatial performance in the MWM and in the homing hole board (HB) tasks using a 1.5 Hz stroboscopic illumination. In the MWM, rats trained in the stroboscopic condition needed more time than those trained in a continuous light condition to reach the hidden platform. They expressed also little accuracy during the probe trial. In the HB task, in contrast, place learning remained unaffected by the stroboscopic light condition. The deficit in the MWM was thus complete, affecting both escape latency and discrimination of the reinforced area, and was thus task specific. This dissociation confirms that dynamic visual information is crucial to spatial navigation in the MWM whereas spatial navigation on solid ground is mediated by a multisensory integration, and thus less dependent on visual information.

Plasma levels of the enantiomers of thioridazine, thioridazine 2-sulfoxide, thioridazine 2-sulfone, and thioridazine 5-sulfoxide in poor and extensive metabolizers of dextromethorphan and mephenytoin.

Concentrations of total (R) + (S) and of the enantiomers (R) and (S) of thioridazine and metabolites were measured in 21 patients who were receiving 100 mg thioridazine for 14 days and who were comedicated with moclobemide (450 mg/day). Two patients were poor metabolizers of dextromethorphan and one was a poor metabolizer of mephenytoin. Cytochrome P450IID6 (CYP2D6) is involved in the formation of thioridazine 2-sulfoxide (2-SO) from thioridazine and also probably partially in the formation of thioridazine 5-sulfoxide (5-SO), but not in the formation of thioridazine 2-sulfone (2-SO2) from thioridazine 2-SO. Significant correlations between the mephenytoin enantiomeric ratio and concentrations of thioridazine and metabolites suggest that cytochrome P450IIC19 could contribute to the biotransformation of thioridazine into yet-unknown metabolites, other than thioridazine 2-SO, thioridazine 2-SO2, or thioridazine 5-SO. An enantioselectivity and a large interindividual variability in the metabolism of thioridazine have been shown: measured (R)/(S) ratios of thioridazine, thioridazine 2-SO fast eluting (FE), thioridazine 2-SO slow eluting (SE), thioridazine 2-SO (FE+SE), thioridazine 2-SO2, thioridazine 5-SO(FE), and thioridazine 5-SO(SE) were (mean +/- SD) 3.48 +/- 0 .93 (range, 2.30 to 5.80), 0.45 +/- 0.22 (range, 0.21 to 1.20), 2.27 +/- 8.1 (range, 6.1 to 40.1), 4.64 +/- 0.68 (range, 2.85 to 5.70), 3.26 +/- 0.58 (range, 2.30 to 4.30), 0.049 +/- 0.019 (range, (0.021 to 0.087), and 67.2 +/- 66.2 (range, 16.8 to 248), respectively. CYP2D6 is apparently involved in the formation of (S)-thioridazine 2-SO(FE), (R)-thioridazine 2-SO(SE), and also probably (S)-thioridazine 5-SO(FE) and (R)-thioridazine 5-SO(SE).

Pre release Access list Bulletin 5 Drug Prevalence Survey (MS Word 31KB)

Pre Release Access list for Bulletin 5 Drug Prevalence Survey 2006/07

5 Standards pocket guide (PDF 3763 KB)

Improving the Patient and Client experience (Print only)

An ocellar "pupil" that does not change with light intensity, but with the insect age in Triatoma infestans

The simple eyes (ocelli) of recently emerged adult Triatoma infestans exhibit a narrow elongated "pupil", surrounded by a ring of brown-reddish pigment, the "iris". This pupil does not respond to changes in the illumination, but varies in size after the imaginal ecdysis. This change corresponds, internally, with the growth of the corneal lens and the associated retina up to an age of about 20 days. This has not been previously observed in an insect. The use of this characteristic for recognising young adults of this species is suggested.

Síntesi de siRNAs (short interfering RNAs) modificats amb nucleobases 5-metil i 5-propinil pirimidíniques i avaluació de la seva activitat in vitro en cultius cel•lulars i de la seva estabilitat en sèrum humà. Disseny de siRNAs dirigits a la inhibició de l'expressió de mutacions de l'oncogen K-ras.

Projecte de recerca elaborat a partir d’una estada a la Stanford University, EEUU, entre 2007 i 2009. El present projecte es basa 1) en la síntesi de cadenes d'ARN dirigides a la inhibició de l'expressió gènica per un mecanisme d'ARN d'interferència (siRNAs o short interefering RNAs) i 2) en l'avaluació de l'activitat in vitro d'aquests oligonucleòtids en cultius cel•lulars. Concretament, la meva recerca ha estat enfocada principalment a l'estudi de cadenes de siRNA modificades amb nucleobases 5-metil i 5-propinil pirimidíniques. Es tractava d'avaluar l'efecte que exerceixen els factors estèrics en el major groove (solc major) dels siRNAs sobre la seva activitat biològica. En aquest sentit, he dut aterme síntesi de fosforamidits de nucleòsis pirimidínics modificats a la posició C-5 de la nucleobase. A continuació he incorporat aquestes unitats nucleosídiques en cadenes d'ARN emprant un sintetitzador d’ADN/ARN i he estudiat l'estabilitat dels corresponents dúplexs d'ARN mitjançant experiments de desnaturalització tèrmica. Finalment he dut a terme experiments d'inhibició de l'expressió gènica en cèl.lules HeLa per tal d'avaluar l'activitat biològia d'aquests siRNAs modificats. Els resultats d'aquests estudis han posat de manifest que la presència de grups voluminosos com el propinil a l'extrem 5' del dúplex de siRNA (definit per la cadena guia o antisense) influeix de forma molt negativa en la seva activitat biològica. En canvi, grups menys voluminosos com el metil hi influeixen positivament, de manera que algunes de les cadenes sintetitzades han resultat ser més actives que els corresponents siRNAs naturals (wild type siRNAs). A més, aquest tipus de modificació contribueix positivament en l'estabilitat de cadenes de siRNA en sèrum humà. Aquest treball ha estat publicat (Terrazas, M.; Kool, E.T. "Major Groove Modifications Improve siRNA Stability and Biological Activity" Nucleic Acids Res. 2009, in press).

Determination of 13C/12C ratios of endogenous urinary 5-amino-imidazole-4-carboxamide 1-D-ribofuranoside (AICAR)

RATIONALE: AICAR (5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide 1β-D-ribofuranoside) is prohibited in sport according to rules established by the World Anti-Doping Agency. Doping control laboratories identify samples where AICAR abuse is suspected by measuring its urinary concentration and comparing the observed level with naturally occurring concentrations. As the inter-individual variance of urinary AICAR concentrations is large, this approach requires a complementary method to unambiguously prove the exogenous origin of AICAR. Therefore, a method for the determination of carbon isotope ratios (CIRs) of urinary AICAR has been developed and validated. METHODS: Concentrated urine samples were fractionated by means of liquid chromatography for analyte cleanup. Derivatization of AICAR yielding the trimethylsilylated analog was necessary to enable CIR determinations by gas chromatography/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry. The method was tested for its repeatability and stability over time and a linear mixing model was applied to test for possible isotopic discrimination. A reference population of n = 63 males and females was investigated to calculate appropriate reference limits to differentiate endogenous from exogenous urinary AICAR. These limits were tested by an AICAR elimination study. RESULTS: The developed method fulfills all the requirements for adequate sports drug testing and was found to be fit for purpose. The investigated reference population showed a larger variability in the CIR of AICAR than of the endogenous steroids. Nevertheless, the calculated thresholds for differences between AICAR and endogenous steroids can be applied straightforwardly to evaluate suspicious doping control samples with the same statistical confidence as established e.g. for testosterone misuse. These thresholds enabled the detection of a single oral AICAR administration for more than 40 h. CONCLUSIONS: Determination of thee CIRs is the method of choice to distinguish between an endogenous and an exogenous source of urinary AICAR. The developed method will enable investigations into doping control samples with elevated urinary concentrations of AICAR and clearly differentiate between naturally produced/elevated and illicitly administered AICAR.

Workforce Planning News - Edition 5 (PDF 159 KB)

Apr-04

La parola raccontata dai cavalieri-narratori nella "Continuation du Roman de Meliadus" (ms. Ferrell 5)

Copiato nell'Italia del Nord verso il 1350, il manoscritto Ferrell 5 è oggi il solo testimone della "Continuation du Roman de Meliadus" che racconta le avventure di Artù, di Meliadus il padre di Tristano, e del Buon Cavaliere senza Paura padre di Dinadan, partiti alla ricerca di Morholt, prigioniero su di un'isola lontana. Ora, questa inchiesta è solo un pretesto: al centro dell'interesse dei tre re non sta tanto l'avventura promessa quanto i racconti che essi collezionano in occasione dei diversi scali di questo viaggio per mare, durante il quale non succede quasi niente. La ricerca di Morholt agisce quale racconto-cornice che non solo mette in scena le condizioni della presa di parola da parte dei cavalieri-narratori e organizza i racconti, anzi li drammatizza, ma funziona anche da matrice che informa, feconda e rigenera questi stessi racconti. Quanto all'isolamento, imposto dalla navigazione, esso permette lo sbocciare di una piccola ma prestigiosa società di narratori che non ha nulla da invidiare a quella delle raccolte di novelle. Così, un racconto dopo l'altro, si definisce un'arte di narrare che espone ed esplora i legami tra valore del racconto e bontà della cavalleria: la perfezione poetica, fonte del piacere estetico, è solo l'altra faccia della perfezione cavalleresca.