Knowledge Exchange, Spatial Analysis & Healthy Urban Environments (KESUE): Project Report

The Knowledge Exchange, Spatial Analysis and Healthy Urban Environments (KESUE) project has extended work previously undertaken by a QUB team of inter-disciplinary researchers engaged with the Physical Activity in the Regeneration of Connswater (PARC) project (Tully et al, 2013). The PARC project focussed on parts of East Belfast to assess the health impact of the Connswater Community Greenway. The KESUE project has aimed to extend some of the tools used initially in East Belfast so that they have data coverage of all of Belfast and Derry-Londonderry. The purpose of this has been to enable the development of evidence and policy tools that link features of the built environment with physical activity in these two cities. The project has used this data to help shape policy decisions in areas such as physical activity, park management, public transport and planning.

Working with a range of local partners who part-funded the project (City Councils in Belfast and Derry-Londonderry, Public Health Agency, Belfast Healthy Cities and Department of Regional Development), this project has mapped all the footpaths in the two cities (covering 37% of the NI population) and employed this to develop evidence used in strategies related to healthy urban planning. Using Geographic Information Systems (GIS), the footpath network has been used as a basis for a wide range of policy-relevant analyses including pedestrian accessibility to public facilities, site options for new infrastructure and assessing how vulnerable groups can access services such as pharmacies. Key outputs have been Accessibility Atlases and maps showing how walkability of the built environment varies across the two cities.

In addition to generating this useful data, the project included intense engagement with potential users of the research, which has led to its continued uptake in a number of policies and strategies, creating a virtuous circle of research, implementation and feedback. The project has proved so valuable to Belfast City Council that they have now taken on one of the researchers to continue the work in-house.

Integration of numerical models in geographic databases: the case of Sado estuary management

Geographic information systems (GIS) are now widely applied in coastal resource management. Their ability to organise and interface information from a large range of public and private data sources, and their ability to combine this information, using management criteria, to develop a comprehensive picture of the system explains the success of GIS in this area. The use of numerical models as a tool to improve coastal management is also widespread. Less usual is a GIS-based management to ol implementing a comprehensive management model and integrating a numerical modelling system into itself. In this paper such a methodology is proposed. A GIS-based management tool based on the DPSIR model is presented. An overview of the MOHID numerical modelling system is given and the method of integrating this model in the management tool is described. This system is applied to the Sado Estuary (Portugal). Some preliminary results of the integration are presented, demonstrating the capabilities of the management system.

Assessing soil erosion due to land use change at the Alqueva reservoir surrounding area

Tese de doutoramento, Ciências do Mar, da Terra e do Ambiente, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, 2015

Desenvolvimento de uma plataforma SIG para apoio ao controlo da segurança das grandes barragens portuguesas

Trabalho Final de Mestrado elaborado no Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil (LNEC) para a obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Civil pelo Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa no âmbito do protocolo de cooperação entre o ISEL e o LNEC

Business micro-location: factors, preferences and indicators to assess the influence factors

The paper presents a study on business micro-location behaviour as well as corresponding factors of influence, conducted in two metropolitan areas, Bucharest-Ilfov (Romania) and Greater Porto (Portugal). By business micro-location we refer to a specific site such as a building or facility, accommodating a business within a small, compact geographical area (e.g. metropolitan area). At this geographical scale, the macroeconomic layer factors were excluded, applicable when discern between regions or countries. The factors derived from location theory and previous empirical studies were surveyed, completing a cross-sectional analysis in order to find out the specific weights of the location factors and preferences, by region and by industry. Based on already established firms’ feedback on location, the specific weights were granted by each industry to the main location factors, types of areas, and types of accommodation facilities. The authors also suggested a model to integrate these results into a Geographical Information System (GIS).

Implementação de um sistema de gestão municipal com recurso a sistemas de informação geográfica

Dissertação para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Civil na Área de Especialização em Vias de Comunicação e Transportes

Contributos para a análise espacial em sistemas de informação geográfica da vulnerabilidade socio-territorial no município de Humpata (Angola)

A pesquisa tem como objectivo contribuir para a discussão do conceito de vulnerabilidade socio-territorial em países em desenvolvimento e dar contributos de análise espacial para a construção de um modelo geográfico de vulnerabilidade socio-territorial, tendo como estudo caso o município de Humpata-Angola. A metodologia recorreu a vários instrumentos, nomeadamente organização bibliográfica e documental, discussão do conceito de vulnerabilidade socio-territorial e outros complementares, recolha de informação diversa, através de levantamentos urbanísticos, realização de inquéritos aos chefes de famílias (usando indicadores de domínios social, económico e territorial) e de entrevistas aos governantes ou representantes da Administração Municipal. Foram tomadas as coordenadas dos equipamentos sociais (Saúde e Educação) e todos os dados recolhidos inseridos numa Geodatabase e, com recurso aos Sistemas de Informação Geográfica (análise espacial), foi possível a construção de um modelo de vulnerabilidade socio-territorial para o município de Humpata. O modelo representa um contributo para o futuro ordenamento do município, permitindo uma melhor visão geográfica das áreas mais carenciadas e das áreas melhor equipadas, constituindo um instrumento de apoio a tomada de decisão em políticas públicas, procurando assegurar em simultâneo melhor distribuição dos recursos e beneficiação das condições de vida das comunidades.

Visions d’État : deux systèmes d'informations géographiques dans la « gouvernance »

L'administration fédérale canadienne et la Commission européenne ont construit, dans le courant des années 2000, deux réseaux de Systèmes d'informations géographiques (SIG) : le Système national d'information forestière au Canada, et l'Infrastructure d'information géographique dans la Communauté européenne. Ces SIG permettent le traitement géographique de données sociales et environnementales ainsi que leur représentation sur des cartes. Nous appréhendons ces deux réseaux de SIG sous l'angle de leur valeur heuristique : leur analyse nous permet d'étudier les configurations institutionnelles dans lesquelles ils ont été développés, c'est-à-dire, dans ces cas précis, ce qu'il est convenu d'appeler la « gouvernance ». Les SIG sont des instruments de mesure et de représentation de certains phénomènes : ils appartiennent à la classe des instruments d'objectivation. En tant qu'instruments d'objectivation, ils nous permettent de discuter deux éléments théoriques de la « gouvernance » : le rapport entre les administrations centrales et les administrations locales ; le rapport entre les administrations étatiques et les organisations non-étatiques. A travers cette discussion, nous montrons d'une part que la réarticulation de paliers de gouvernement différents ne signifie pas, comme cela a pu être écrit, un retrait de l'administration centrale au profit des administrations locales, mais au contraire une manière de contrôler plus étroitement celles-ci. Nous montrons d'autre part que cette renégociation des rapports entre les administrations centrales et locales ne s'accompagne pas, en pratique, d’une renégociation des rapports entre administrations étatiques et organisations non-étatiques. En révélant que les données non-étatiques ne sont pas intégrées dans les réseaux de SIG étatiques, nous relativisons les théories qui voient dans la « gouvernance » un mode de gouvernement ouvert aux organisations non-étatiques. Cela nous conduit à approfondir la piste qui envisage les instruments étatiques d'objectivation comme des moyens d'écarter de l'objectivation des phénomènes sociaux ou naturels les éléments qui contredisent l'action gouvernementale. Cette exégèse politique de deux ensembles de programmes informatiques particuliers – les SIG – nous amène, en conclusion, à proposer de considérer certains programmes informatiques comme des institutions politiques.

Évaluation de l’intégration "forme urbaine – transports durables" dans les trois grandes régions métropolitaines canadiennes : nouvelle approche exploratoire

La planification intégrée du développement urbain et des transports durables est aujourd’hui cruciale au double impératif d’une plus grande maîtrise des déplacements automobiles et d’une diminution de la « dépendance automobile », éléments essentiels au développement durable des grandes métropoles. La présente recherche visait l‘approfondissement des connaissances sur l‘évolution récente de la forme urbaine dans les trois régions métropolitaines canadiennes de Toronto, Montréal et Vancouver, sous l’angle particulier de l’intégration « forme urbaine – transports durables ». Notre stratégie de recherche a consisté en l’élaboration d’un cadre d‘analyse qui devait permettre une opérationnalisation complète du paradigme d‘aménagement à l‘étude ainsi qu’une évaluation de sa mise en œuvre. Ce cadre tire parti des opportunités analytiques qu‘offrent les systèmes d‘information géographique (SIG) ainsi que certains outils Internet courants de « visite virtuelle des lieux » tel que Google Earth. Il en est résulté une approche méthodologique originale, multidimensionnelle et multi-échelle. Son application a permis des analyses particulières de la forme urbaine pour chacune des trois régions cibles, structurées selon trois axes principaux : leur performance globale (autour de 2006), leur performance en périphérie métropolitaine ainsi que l’évolution de leur performance entre 2001 et 2006. De nos analyses comparatives, Vancouver se démarque avec des performances supérieures pour les trois axes, tout particulièrement pour l‘évolution de ses performances. Montréal arrive quant à elle troisième, en raison notamment de sa faible performance en périphérie. Globalement, les trois régions métropolitaines affichent de faibles niveaux d’intégration entre la forme urbaine et les réseaux de transport durable et souffrent d’une grande dépendance automobile structurelle, particulièrement en leur périphérie. Par ailleurs, en dépit d’objectifs de planification adéquats, les déficiences de leur forme urbaine et leurs progrès relativement modestes laissent présager une prédominance de la dépendance automobile qui perdurera au cours des prochaines années. Il nous apparaît primordial que tous les acteurs du domaine public fassent preuve d‘une plus grande « lucidité », voire maturité, face aux lourds constats exposant la difficile mise en œuvre de leurs objectifs ainsi que la dichotomie entre ce qui « se passe sur le terrain » et le contenu de leurs politiques. Une première étape obligée vers un raffinement des politiques et, peut-être, vers leur plus grande efficacité passe sans doute par la pleine reconnaissance des limites du paradigme d’aménagement actuel et de l‘immense défi que représente un inversement des tendances. Cela implique notamment une plus grande transparence en matière d‘évaluation des politiques ainsi que des efforts communs pour le développement et la diffusion de données de qualité dans les domaines connexes de la forme urbaine et des transports urbains, de meilleurs outils de monitoring, etc., qui pourraient aider à instituer une nouvelle synergie entre tous les acteurs impliqués tant dans la recherche urbaine, le développement urbain que les politiques d’aménagement et de transport. Le raffinement de notre propre approche méthodologique pourrait aussi bénéficier de telles avancées, approche qui constitue une des avenues possibles pour la poursuite de l‘exploration de l‘enjeu de l‘intégration « forme urbaine – transports durables » dans les régions métropolitaines canadiennes.

The role of ligneous vegetation for livestock nutrition in the sub-Sahelian and Sudanian zones of West Africa: Potential effects of climate change

Climate change and variability in sub-Saharan West Africa is expected to have negative consequences for crop and livestock farming due to the strong dependence of these sectors on rainfall and natural resources, and the low adaptive capacity of crops farmers, agro-pastoralist and pastoralists in the region. The objective of this PhD research was to investigate the anticipated impacts of expected future climate change and variability on nutrition and grazing management of livestock in the prevailing extensive agro-pastoral and pastoral systems of the Sahelian and Sudanian zones of Burkina Faso. To achieve this, three studies were undertaken in selected village territories (100 km² each) in the southern Sahelian (Taffogo), northern Sudanian (Nobere, Safane) and southern Sudanian (Sokouraba) zone of the country during 2009 and 2010. The choice of two villages in the northern Sudanian zone was guided by the dichotomy between intense agricultural land use and high population density near Safane, and lower agricultural land use in the tampon zone between the village of Nobere and the National Park Kaboré Tambi of Pô. Using global positioning and geographical information systems tools, the spatio-temporal variation in the use of grazing areas by cattle, sheep and goats, and in their foraging behaviour in the four villages was assessed by monitoring three herds each per species during a one-year cycle (Chapter 2). Maximum itinerary lengths (km/d) were observed in the hot dry season (March-May); they were longer for sheep (18.8) and cattle (17.4) than for goats (10.5, p<0.05). Daily total grazing time spent on pasture ranged from 6 - 11 h with cattle staying longer on pasture than small ruminants (p<0.05). Feeding time accounted for 52% - 72% of daily time on pasture, irrespective of species. Herds spent longer time on pasture and walked farther distances in the southern Sahelian than the two Sudanian zones (p<0.01), while daily feeding time was longer in the southern Sudanian than in the other two zones (p>0.05). Proportional time spent resting decreased from the rainy (June - October) to the cool (November - February) and hot dry season (p<0.05), while in parallel the proportion of walking time increased. Feeding time of all species was to a significantly high proportion spent on wooded land (tree crown cover 5-10%, or shrub cover >10%) in the southern Sahelian zone, and on forest land (tree crown cover >10%) in the two Sudanian zones, irrespective of season. It is concluded that with the expansion of cropland in the whole region, remaining islands of wooded land, including also fields fallowed for three or more years with their considerable shrub cover, are particularly valuable pasturing areas for ruminant stock. Measures must be taken that counteract the shrinking of wooded land and forests across the whole region, including also active protection and (re)establishment of drought-tolerant fodder trees. Observation of the selection behaviour of the above herds of cattle and small ruminant as far as browse species were concerned, and interviews with 75 of Fulani livestock keepers on use of browse as feed by their ruminant stock and as remedies for animal disease treatment was undertaken (Chapter 3) in order to evaluate the consequence of climate change for the contribution of browse to livestock nutrition and animal health in the extensive grazing-based livestock systems. The results indicated that grazing cattle and small ruminants do make considerable use of browse species on pasture across the studied agro-ecological zones. Goats spent more time (p<0.01) feeding on browse species than sheep and cattle, which spent a low to moderate proportion of their feeding time on browsing in any of the study sites. As far as the agro-ecological zones were concerned, the contribution of browse species to livestock nutrition was more important in the southern Sahelian and northern Sudanian zone than the southern Sudanian zone, and this contribution is higher during the cold and hot dry season than during the rainy season. A total of 75 browse species were selected on pasture year around, whereby cattle strongly preferred Afzelia africana, Pterocarpus erinaceus and Piliostigma sp., while sheep and goats primarily fed on Balanites aegyptiaca, Ziziphus mauritiana and Acacia sp. Crude protein concentration (in DM) of pods or fruits of the most important browse species selected by goats, sheep and cattle ranged from 7% to 13% for pods, and from 10% to 18% for foliage. The concentration of digestible organic matter of preferred browse species mostly ranged from 40% to 60%, and the concentrations of total phenols, condensed tannins and acid detergent lignin were low. Linear regression analyses showed that browse preference on pasture is strongly related to its contents (% of DM) of CP, ADF, NDF and OM digestibility. Interviewed livestock keepers reported that browse species are increasingly use by their grazing animals, while for animal health care use of tree- and shrub-based remedies decreased over the last two decades. It is concluded that due to climate change with expected negative impact on the productivity of the herbaceous layer of communal pastures browse fodder will gain in importance for animal nutrition. Therefore re-establishment and dissemination of locally adapted browse species preferred by ruminants is needed to increase the nutritional situation of ruminant stock in the region and contribute to species diversity and soil fertility restoration in degraded pasture areas. In Chapter 4 a combination of household surveys and participatory research approaches was used in the four villages, and additionally in the village of Zogoré (southern Sahelian zone) and of Karangasso Vigué (northern Sudanian zone) to investigate pastoralists’ (n= 76) and agro-pastoralists’ (n= 83) perception of climate change, and their adaptation strategies in crop and livestock production at farm level. Across the three agro-ecological zones, the majority of the interviewees perceived an increase in maximum day temperatures and decrease of total annual rainfall over the last two decades. Perceptions of change in climate patterns were in line with meteorological data for increased temperatures while for total rainfall farmers’ views contrasted the rainfall records which showed a slight increase of precipitation. According to all interviewees climate change and variability have negative impacts on their crop and animal husbandry, and most of them already adopted some coping and adaptation strategies at farm level to secure their livelihoods and reduce negative impacts on their farming system. Although these strategies are valuable and can help crop and livestock farmers to cope with the recurrent droughts and climate variability, they are not effective against expected extreme climate events. Governmental and non-governmental organisations should develop effective policies and strategies at local, regional and national level to support farmers in their endeavours to cope with climate change phenomena; measures should be site-specific and take into account farmers’ experiences and strategies already in place.

LocalGIS

LocalGIS, anteriormente denominado GeoPista, es el Sistema de Información Territorial Software Libre para Entidades Locales que surgió a iniciativa del Ministerio de Industria, Turismo y Comercio y está englobado dentro del Plan Avanza. LocalGIS cuenta con el respaldo de la FEMP, Catastro, MAP e IGN, entre otros organismos, y facilita realizar la gestión municipal de forma georreferenciada, al ser un Sistema de Información Geográfica, permitiendo también ofrecer servicios de información on-line a los ciudadanos utilizando la cartografía de la entidad local. (...)

Gestión del riesgo de desastres en el contexto de la Ola Invernal 2010-2011. Estudio de caso municipio de Campo de la Cruz, Atlántico.

El objetivo de este estudio de caso es analizar los procesos de gestión del riesgo de desastres por inundación en el municipio de Campo de la Cruz, al sur del Atlántico, en el contexto de la ola invernal 2010-2011. La ruptura del Canal del Dique, el 30 de diciembre de 2010, implicó la entrada de una gran cantidad de agua al departamento del Atlántico, afectando el 100% del municipio. La normativa colombiana en materia de gestión del riesgo de desastres es reciente, de ahí que su aplicación se haya producido efectivamente con el fenómeno a estudiar en este trabajo. Así, se identifican aquellas características del ordenamiento municipal y de la ola invernal para después analizar sus efectos sobre el municipio. Las inundaciones afectaron tanto a la población como al territorio, especialmente porque éste no estaba preparado ni contaba con las suficientes herramientas para mitigar los riesgos. En este sentido, el presente trabajo identifica los instrumentos de planificación y gestión que permiten consolidar la gestión del riesgo de desastres como una política de estado ligada a lo territorial, pero al mismo tiempo desde una perspectiva integral en la que predomine el enfoque preventivo más que el reactivo.

El Empleo de software libre en el estudio de la morfología de los paisajes antiguos: el ejemplo del modelado coste-distancia aplicado a la investigación arqueológica

Los Sistemas de Información Geográfica (SIG) son una herramienta válida para el estudio de los paisajes antiguos. Los SIG se pueden configurar como un conjunto de medios analíticos útiles para comprender la dimensión espacial de las formaciones sociales y su dinámica histórica. En otras palabras, los SIG posibilitan un acercamiento válido a la racionalidad de las conductas espaciales de una comunidad y a las pautas globales de una sociedad que quedan plasmadas en la morfología de un paisaje. Atendiendo a la abundante y creciente oferta de programas informáticos que procesan y analizan información espacial, enfocaremos las ventajas que supone la adopción de soluciones libres y de código abierto para la investigación arqueológica de los paisajes. Como ejemplo presentaremos el modelado coste-distancia aplicado a un problema locacional arqueológico: la evaluación de la ubicación de los asentamientos respecto a los recursos disponibles en su entorno. El enfoque experimental ha sido aplicado al poblamiento castreño de la comarca de La Cabrera (León). Se presentará una descripción detallada de cómo crear tramos isócronos basados en el cálculo de los costes anisótropos inherentes a la locomoción pedestre. Asimismo, la ventaja que supone la adopción del SIG GRASS para la implementación del análisis

Desarrollo de un SIG para el análisis de patrones espaciales de incendios en viviendas

Los servicios de extinción de incendios en las ciudades se ven obligados a realizar su tarea cada vez con mayor rapidez y eficiencia, pero sin que exista a menudo un equilibrio entre el aumento de las exigencias en su trabajo y el correspondiente incremento de los recursos tanto materiales como humanos. Por eso se hace cada vez más imprescindible contar con nuevas técnicas y herramientas que faciliten su labor, permitiéndoles mejorar sus prestaciones con los mismos recursos. Una de las herramientas emergentes que puede ayudar a los servicios de extinción de incendios a optimizar su funcionamiento son los Sistemas de Información Geográfica (SIG). En este artículo se presentan los trabajos desarrollados hasta el momento por los autores para construir una herramienta informática basada en la tecnología SIG que pueda ser utilizada por los servicios de extinción de incendios tanto para prevenirlos como para responder de manera más rápida, eficaz y económica ante una emergencia por incendio en una vivienda o edificio. La herramienta desarrollada está orientada fundamentalmente al análisis de la distribución espacio-temporal de los incendios, con el objetivo de determinar los puntos calientes, esto es, aquellos lugares y/o momentos en los que existe una concentración atípica de incendios en el espacio y/o en el tiempo. Dicha herramienta ha sido desarrollada utilizando como base los programas gvSIG y R, ambos de acceso libre. El primero proporciona la funcionalidad de los SIG para trabajar con información geográfica, mientras que del segundo se aprovecha su capacidad para realizar análisis estadísticos. El sistema desarrollado se está utilizando para estudiar puntos calientes de incendios ocurridos en el municipio de Vigo entre los años 2005 y 2008

El uso de Sistemas de Infomación Geográfica Libre en Costa Rica

The main topic of this article is the use of the free of charge Geographic Information Systems (GIS), in Costa Rica. It begins establishing the advantages associated with the application of this technologies and which benefits can be obtained. Next, a description of the use of commercial software by part of the national institutions is presented and the variety of fields it is used for. In the manner the application that has been developed is shown. The importance of the GIS’s in the management of the territory is explained and how the institutional information is been treated. It also explains the advantages of using free software in the institutions and it's been implemented by them. At the end of this article a series of conclusions about the status of a free GIS and several activities that had been done are explained