Biotipos musculares en la raza criolla

En razón del crecimiento de pruebas funcionales que requieren fuerza explosiva en la Raza Criolla, se observa un creciente cambio en el biotipo muscular. Del tradicional biotipo muscular aeróbico se está cambiando progresivamente, y en forma acelerada hacia un biotipo muscular anaeróbico, mucho mas adaptado y eficiente para las pruebas funcionales selectivas / deportivas en constante expansión y con un número muy importante de participantes. Estos cambios traerán como consecuencia la adquisición de nuevas cualidades deseables, en desmedro de cualidades características de la Raza Criolla.

Development Of Biosensor Based On Imaging Ellipsometry

The concept of biosensor based on imaging ellipsometry was proposed ten years ago. Its principle and the methodology as well as some solutions to problems which have to be faced during the development are mentioned. Its properties of phase sensitive, high throughput and fast sampling, as well as label-free, sensitivity better than 1 ng/ml for Immunoglobulin G, and real-time analysis for protein interaction process, etc. provide a potential for applications in biomedicine field. The recent biosensing development with total internal reflection imaging ellipsometry is presented also. [GRAPHICS] An example of 48 protein arrays in matrix. (C) 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Evaluación de la eficacia de la técnica de floating system para la producción de radicchio rosso var. di Verona en condiciones controladas

La técnica de producción en Floating system constituye una alternativa económica y veloz de producción en hidroponia. Este sistema permite obtener hojas de vegetales de pequeño tamaño “Baby leaf” listas para consumir (IV Gama), cuyo consumo a nivel mundial muestra una tendencia creciente. Dicha técnica no se encuentra aún muy difundida para la producción de radicchio rosso. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el efecto del tamaño de celda, del substrato y de la técnica de floating system sobre la producción de radicchio. Los ensayos se realizaron en cámara a 25 ºC con un fotoperíodo de 16 hs de luz y 8 de oscuridad y con una intensidad de luz de 10 000 Lux. Se utilizó un diseño experimental factorial totalmente aleatorizado, con 5 repeticiones y 3 factores, cuyos niveles fueron: 1) Tamaño de celda, (T), con 3 niveles: grande, mediano y pequeño, 2) Técnica de producción, (F), con 2 niveles: floating system y sistema convencional, 3) Sustrato, (S), con 2 niveles: vermiculita y mezcla. Se analizaron las siguientes variables: 1) peso fresco, 2) peso seco, 3) largo de planta, 4) número de hojas y 5) área foliar. Los resultados obtenidos resultan alentadores respecto del empleo de la técnica de floating system. Para la obtención de plántulas con calidad de IV Gama resulta más conveniente el empleo de celdas de 80 cm3 y sustrato mezcla.

Some comments on the stability theory of mhd shock waves

The stability (evolutionarity) problem for a kind of MHD shock waves is discussed in this paper. That is to solve the interaction problem of MHD shock waves with (2-dimensional) oblique incident disturbances. In other words, the result of gasdynamic shocks is generalized to the case of MHD shocks. The previous conclusion of stability theory of MHD shock waves obtained from the solution of interaction problem of MHD shock wave with (one-dimensional) normal shock wave is that only fast and slow shocks are stable, and intermediate shocks are unstable. However, the results of this paper show that when the small disturbances are the Alfven waves a new stability condition which is related to the parameters in front of and behind the shock wave is derived. When the disturbances are entropy wave and fast and slow magneto acoustic waves the stability condition is related to the frequency of small disturbances. As the limiting ease, i. e. when a normal incident (reflection, refraction) is consid...更多ered, the fast and slow shocks are unstable. The results also show that the conclusion drawn by Kontorovich is invalid for the stability theory of shock waves.

A detailed investigation of classification methods for vowel speech imagery recognition

Accurate and fast decoding of speech imagery from electroencephalographic (EEG) data could serve as a basis for a new generation of brain computer interfaces (BCIs), more portable and easier to use. However, decoding of speech imagery from EEG is a hard problem due to many factors. In this paper we focus on the analysis of the classification step of speech imagery decoding for a three-class vowel speech imagery recognition problem. We empirically show that different classification subtasks may require different classifiers for accurately decoding and obtain a classification accuracy that improves the best results previously published. We further investigate the relationship between the classifiers and different sets of features selected by the common spatial patterns method. Our results indicate that further improvement on BCIs based on speech imagery could be achieved by carefully selecting an appropriate combination of classifiers for the subtasks involved.

Entwicklung einer einfachen und schnellen Analysenmethode für Kohlenmonoxid in Fisch – Teil 2: Methodenoptimierung

After having described in our first paper (Haase et al. 2005) the main features of an easy and fast method for determination of carbon monoxide in fish and the equipment and chemicals necessary as well as first results measured on fish samples, this part deals with the influence of sample preparation, variation of the size of samples, type of solvent, duration of extraction and further conditions on the result of analyses. Both variants of the method are evaluated with regard to measuring expected errors. The single components of the equipment, including prises, are listed to allow a reliable assessment of costs. Additional instrumental colour and DSC measurements on both untreated and CO-treated tuna illustrate the effects.

Analog VLSI-based, neuromorphic sensorimotor systems: modeling the primate oculomotor system

Using neuromorphic analog VLSI techniques for modeling large neural systems has several advantages over software techniques. By designing massively-parallel analog circuit arrays which are ubiquitous in neural systems, analog VLSI models are extremely fast, particularly when local interactions are important in the computation. While analog VLSI circuits are not as flexible as software methods, the constraints posed by this approach are often very similar to the constraints faced by biological systems. As a result, these constraints can offer many insights into the solutions found by evolution. This dissertation describes a hardware modeling effort to mimic the primate oculomotor system which requires both fast sensory processing and fast motor control. A one-dimensional hardware model of the primate eye has been built which simulates the physical dynamics of the biological system. It is driven by analog VLSI circuits mimicking brainstem and cortical circuits that control eye movements. In this framework, a visually-triggered saccadic system is demonstrated which generates averaging saccades. In addition, an auditory localization system, based on the neural circuits of the barn owl, is used to trigger saccades to acoustic targets in parallel with visual targets. Two different types of learning are also demonstrated on the saccadic system using floating-gate technology allowing the non-volatile storage of analog parameters directly on the chip. Finally, a model of visual attention is used to select and track moving targets against textured backgrounds, driving both saccadic and smooth pursuit eye movements to maintain the image of the target in the center of the field of view. This system represents one of the few efforts in this field to integrate both neuromorphic sensory processing and motor control in a closed-loop fashion.

Phase behavior of complex superprotonic solid acids

Superprotonic phase transitions and thermal behaviors of three complex solid acid systems are presented, namely Rb3H(SO4)2-RbHSO4 system, Rb3H(SeO4)2-Cs3H(SeO4)2 solid solution system, and Cs6(H2SO4)3(H1.5PO4)4. These material systems present a rich set of phase transition characteristics that set them apart from other, simpler solid acids. A.C. impedance spectroscopy, high-temperature X-ray powder diffraction, and thermal analysis, as well as other characterization techniques, were employed to investigate the phase behavior of these systems.

Rb3H(SO4)2 is an atypical member of the M3H(XO4)2 class of compounds (M = alkali metal or NH4+ and X = S or Se) in that a transition to a high-conductivity state involves disproportionation into two phases rather than a simple polymorphic transition [1]. In the present work, investigations of the Rb3H(SO4)2-RbHSO4 system have revealed the disproportionation products to be Rb2SO4 and the previously unknown compound Rb5H3(SO4)4. The new compound becomes stable at a temperature between 25 and 140 °C and is isostructural to a recently reported trigonal phase with space group P3̅m of Cs5H3(SO4)4 [2]. At 185 °C the compound undergoes an apparently polymorphic transformation with a heat of transition of 23.8 kJ/mol and a slight additional increase in conductivity.

The compounds Rb3H(SeO4)2 and Cs3H(SeO4)2, though not isomorphous at ambient temperatures, are quintessential examples of superprotonic materials. Both adopt monoclinic structures at ambient temperatures and ultimately transform to a trigonal (R3̅m) superprotonic structure at slightly elevated temperatures, 178 and 183 °C, respectively. The compounds are completely miscible above the superprotonic transition and show extensive solubility below it. Beyond a careful determination of the phase boundaries, we find a remarkable 40-fold increase in the superprotonic conductivity in intermediate compositions rich in Rb as compared to either end-member.

The compound Cs6(H2SO4)3(H1.5PO4)4 is unusual amongst solid acid compounds in that it has a complex cubic structure at ambient temperature and apparently transforms to a simpler cubic structure of the CsCl-type (isostructural with CsH2PO4) at its transition temperature of 100-120 °C [3]. Here it is found that, depending on the level of humidification, the superprotonic transition of this material is superimposed with a decomposition reaction, which involves both exsolution of (liquid) acid and loss of H2O. This reaction can be suppressed by application of sufficiently high humidity, in which case Cs6(H2SO4)3(H1.5PO4)4 undergoes a true superprotonic transition. It is proposed that, under conditions of low humidity, the decomposition/dehydration reaction transforms the compound to Cs6(H2-0.5xSO4)3(H1.5PO4)4-x, also of the CsCl structure type at the temperatures of interest, but with a smaller unit cell. With increasing temperature, the decomposition/dehydration proceeds to greater and greater extent and unit cell of the solid phase decreases. This is identified to be the source of the apparent negative thermal expansion behavior.

References

[1] L.A. Cowan, R.M. Morcos, N. Hatada, A. Navrotsky, S.M. Haile, Solid State Ionics 179 (2008) (9-10) 305.

[2] M. Sakashita, H. Fujihisa, K.I. Suzuki, S. Hayashi, K. Honda, Solid State Ionics 178 (2007) (21-22) 1262.

[3] C.R.I. Chisholm, Superprotonic Phase Transitions in Solid Acids: Parameters affecting the presence and stability of superprotonic transitions in the MHnXO4 family of compounds (X=S, Se, P, As; M=Li, Na, K, NH4, Rb, Cs), Materials Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California (2003).

高能离子在稠密等离子体中的传输和能量沉积

用相对论福克-普朗克方程对高能离子在稠密氘氚等离子体中的碰撞动力学进行了研究,用球谐函数来展开方程的解：格林函数,然后简明地求出了不同能量质子和α粒子在等离子体中的停止时间、减速距离、纵向弥散距离和横向偏转距离.与以前研究离子在等离子体中运动的方法相比,没有假设高能离子在等离子体中损失能量远远小于入射离子能量,求解了纵向弥散距离;并且可以求解横向偏转距离.这些计算对实验上用高能离子加热冷的稠密等离子体,然后进行科学研究具有指导作用,并且可以用来研究快点火的可能性.

Travel time tomographic studies of seismic structures around subducted lithospheric slabs

The nature of the subducted lithospheric slab is investigated seismologically by tomographic inversions of ISC residual travel times. The slab, in which nearly all deep earthquakes occur, is fast in the seismic images because it is much cooler than the ambient mantle. High resolution three-dimensional P and S wave models in the NW Pacific are obtained using regional data, while inversion for the SW Pacific slabs includes teleseismic arrivals. Resolution and noise estimations show the models are generally well-resolved.

The slab anomalies in these models, as inferred from the seismicity, are generally coherent in the upper mantle and become contorted and decrease in amplitude with depth. Fast slabs are surrounded by slow regions shallower than 350 km depth. Slab fingering, including segmentation and spreading, is indicated near the bottom of the upper mantle. The fast anomalies associated with the Japan, Izu-Bonin, Mariana and Kermadec subduction zones tend to flatten to sub-horizontal at depth, while downward spreading may occur under parts of the Mariana and Kuril arcs. The Tonga slab appears to end around 550 km depth, but is underlain by a fast band at 750-1000 km depths.

The NW Pacific model combined with the Clayton-Comer mantle model predicts many observed residual sphere patterns. The predictions indicate that the near-source anomalies affect the residual spheres less than the teleseismic contributions. The teleseismic contributions may be removed either by using a mantle model, or using teleseismic station averages of residuals from only regional events. The slab-like fast bands in the corrected residual spheres are are consistent with seismicity trends under the Mariana Tzu-Bonin and Japan trenches, but are inconsistent for the Kuril events.

The comparison of the tomographic models with earthquake focal mechanisms shows that deep compression axes and fast velocity slab anomalies are in consistent alignment, even when the slab is contorted or flattened. Abnormal stress patterns are seen at major junctions of the arcs. The depth boundary between tension and compression in the central parts of these arcs appears to depend on the dip and topology of the slab.

ESTUDO DA CONCENTRAÇÃO DE BIOMASSSA DE MICROALGAS POR FILTRAÇÃO E FLOCULAÇÃO

O cultivo de microalgas é uma matéria prima para produção de biocombustível e de captura de carbono devido a vantagens como alta produção de biomassa e rápido crescimento quando comparado com outras fontes de energia e não necessitar de terra fértil. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo estudar métodos de concentração da biomassa. A microalga utilizada foi a Isochrysis galbana. Os cultivos tiveram duração de 20 dias e concentração inicial de 7.104 cel/mL no meio de cultivo F2/Guillard. e foram realizados em fotobioreatores de 500 mL, 3 L e 12 L. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em foto-período de 12 h claro/escuro, com temperatura de 27 a 29 C. Ao final dos cultivos, as amostras foram levadas para a sequência de processos de separação. Inicialmente, foram realizados ensaios de microfiltração em membrana com porosidade de 0,45 m em procedimento do tipo dead-end e constatou-se a rápida e intensa formação de camada de fouling. Acrescentou-se uma etapa de separação por floculação preliminar à microfiltração, utilizando-se Al2(SO4)3 como agente floculante. O meio coagulado foi então filtrado e microfiltrado. O estudo combinado das 3 etapas de separação possibilitou 99% de remoção de biomassa.O teor de óleo obtido foi de 22,4%. Portanto, o trabalho apresenta uma configuração de concentração da biomassa Isochrysis galbana visando o processo de produção de biocombustíveis

Talbot-SNOM method for non-contact evaluation of high-density gratings

A Talbot scanning near-field optical microscopy (SNOM) method for non-contact evaluating of high-density gratings was described. This method combines the Talbot self-imaging effect of the gratings and the conventional SNOM technique without damage. The significant advantages of this method are its simple structure, reliable and fast measurement for the surface quality of the tested gratings. Experimental results of three different kinds of gratings were demonstrated to indicate that this method is effective for evaluation surface quality of high-density gratings. (c) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Caracterização de compostos aromáticos em gasolina comercial

A contaminação do ar e do meio ambiente por combustíveis derivados de petróleo tem sido objeto de crescente pesquisa no Brasil. Dentre os tipos de poluição ao meio ambiente, a poluição atmosférica é a que causa mais incômodo à população. Esta exerce efeitos sobre a saúde humana, causando desde simples irritações até câncer de pulmão. Dos poluentes mais perigosos encontrados nesses ambientes, são destaques os hidrocarbonetos e os compostos monoaromáticos como o benzeno, tolueno e xilenos (BTX), presentes nesses combustíveis, que são extremamente tóxicos à saúde humana. Para controle desses compostos orgânicos voláteis, é necessário quantificá-los e compará-los aos valores limites de tolerância legislados no Brasil. A utilização da técnica de cromatografia gasosa e da técnica de espectroscopia por infravermelho permite realizar essa tarefa de maneira relativamente simples e rápida. Portanto o objetivo deste trabalho foi apresentar a composição química de amostras de gasolina do tipo C comercializadas nos postos revendedores da Região Metropolitana do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Foram feitas análises quantitativas dos principais grupos químicos (parafínicos, olefínicos, naftênicos e aromáticos) e etanol por Cromatografia Gasosa de Alta Resolução e da composição de benzeno, tolueno e xileno (BTX) pela técnica de absorção no infravermelho. Os resultados foram comparados com os limites dados pela especificação da ANP (Portaria n 309) para a qualidade da gasolina, com o objetivo de se verificar se estão em conformidade com este agente regulamentador. Os resultados mostraram que todos os teores encontrados de olefínicos e aromáticos foram abaixo do limite especificado. Alguns postos apresentaram os teores de benzeno acima do limite especificado, indicando um nível de ação por parte da ANP principalmente pela ação tóxica do benzeno

Avaliação da biodegradabilidade de misturas poliméricas de policarbonato/poli(-caprolactona) em solo simulado

Neste estudo foram avaliadas amostras de misturas poliméricas de Policarbonato (PC) e Poli--caprolactona (PCL) em diferentes concentrações após enterro em solo preparado, por períodos variando de uma a doze semanas, seguindo a Norma ASTM G 160 - 03. As amostras, após ficarem enterradas, foram retiradas do solo e analisadas por calorimetria diferencial de varredura (DSC), análise termogravimétrica (TGA), microscopia ótica (MO), microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e espectrometria de absorção na região do infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (FTIR). Foi observado através de avaliação morfológica que houve degradação nas amostras de PCL puro e na mistura PC/PCL (60/40). Para misturas com menores teores de PCL a degradação não foi significativa no tempo de avaliação sugerido pela norma. Após o tempo de 12 semanas em contato com o solo houve uma redução no teor de cristalinidade das amostras tanto de PCL puro quanto da mistura PC/PCL com 40% de PCL. As variações ocorridas devido à biodegradabilidade não foram suficientes para acarretar perda de resistência térmica nas amostras. Verificou-se que para avaliar a biodegradabilidade de misturas contendo o polímero biodegradável PCL, é necessária uma adaptação da Norma utilizada, aumentando o tempo de enterro das amostras

Avaliação da indução de cristalinidade de policarbonato

Neste trabalho foram investigados os comportamentos térmico e mecânico e as características morfológicas de amostras de policarbonato de bisfenol-A (PC) com cristalinidade induzida por exposição ao vapor de solvente. A técnica de indução de cristalização foi empregada em três amostras de policarbonato de bisfenol-A de diferentes massas molares. Filmes vazados a partir de soluções de PC em clorofórmio e amostras moldadas por compressão foram expostos a um ambiente contendo vapor de acetona. Os filmes foram expostos por diferentes períodos de tempo e analisados em equipamentos de Calorimetria Diferencial de Varredura, Microscopia Óptica com luz polarizada e Espectroscopia na Região do Infravermelho com Transformada de Fourier, para caracterizar a indução de cristalinidade. A indução de cristalinidade foi confirmada e a fase cristalina apresentou estrutura esferulítica. As amostras de maior massa molar mostraram maior teor de cristalinidade. O desempenho mecânico das amostras cristalinas de policarbonato mostrou diferenças, com a mudança de seu comportamento mecânico de dúctil para frágil, independente da massa molar