Facteurs de risque de développement de troubles intériorisés : études en Imagerie par Résonance Magnétique structurelle

Plusieurs facteurs de risque de développement de troubles intériorisés, tels que les troubles d’anxiété et de l’humeur, ont été identifiés dans la littérature. Les deux plus importants facteurs de risques regroupent l’adversité vécue durant l’enfance (par exemple la maltraitance) et le risque parental (c’est-à-dire la présence d’un trouble intériorisé chez l’un ou les deux parents). Ces facteurs de risque ont été liés à des changements neuroanatomiques similaires à ceux observés en lien avec les troubles intériorisés. Ainsi, en présence de ces facteurs de risque, des anomalies anatomiques pourraient laisser présager l’apparition prochaine d’une symptomatologie de troubles intériorisés chez des individus encore asymptomatiques. Chez les quelques populations de jeunes investiguées, les participants présentaient des comorbidités et/ou étaient sous médication, ce qui rend difficile l’interprétation des atteintes cérébrales observées. Ce travail de thèse s’est intéressé aux liens entre ces deux facteurs de risque et les substrats neuroanatomiques associés à chacun d’eux, chez des adolescents asymptomatiques et n’étant sous aucune médication. Une première étude a examiné le lien entre le niveau de pratiques parentales coercitives et le niveau de symptômes d’anxiété, mesurés de manière longitudinale depuis la naissance, et les différences neuroanatomiques observées à l’adolescence (voir Chapitre 2). Une deuxième étude a examiné le lien entre le risque parental de développer des troubles d’anxiété et les différences neuroanatomiques observées à l’adolescence (voir Chapitre 3). Une troisième étude s’est intéressée au lien entre le risque parental de développer un trouble de dépression ou un trouble bipolaire et les différences neuroanatomiques observées à l’adolescence (voir Chapitre 4). Les résultats démontrent des différences de volume et/ou d’épaisseur corticale dans plusieurs structures clés impliquées dans le traitement et la régulation des émotions. C’est le cas du cortex préfrontal, de l’amygdale, de l’hippocampe et du striatum. Ces résultats suggèrent que certaines des différences neuroanatomiques observées dans les troubles intériorisés peuvent être présentes avant que le trouble ne se manifeste, et représenter des marqueurs neuronaux du risque de développer le trouble. Les implications théoriques et les limites de ces trois études sont finalement discutées dans le Chapitre 5.

The Spanish online program "Educar en Positivo" ("The Positive Parent"): whom does it benefit the most?

This study evaluated the Spanish online program 'Educar en Positivo' ("The Positive Parent") (http://educarenpositivo.es). Eighty-five users were surveyed to examine changes in views of online parenting support and satisfaction with the module completed, as a function of their sociodemographic profile, their level of experience with the Internet, and their general and educational use of Internet resources. Results showed that parents changed their views of online support, the benefits thereof, and their parenting skills. Participants reported high satisfaction with the program's usability, the module content, and their perception of parental self-efficacy. These findings are moderated by level of Internet experience and educational use of web-based resources, suggesting that improving parents' digital literacy and promoting Internet use may be an effective avenue for improving access to prevention resources. In sum, this program offers a space for Spanish-speaking parents to learn and exchange experiences, thereby filling a gap in ensuring the promotion of positive parenting in this large community of potential users.

Ser um bom pai

Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada ao Instituto Superior de Psicologia Aplicada para obtenção de grau de Mestre na especialidade de Psicologia Clínica.

Réactions des bébés au chant et à la parole : impacts sur l’attention et l’affect

Les parents à travers le monde chantent et parlent à leurs bébés. Ces deux types de vocalisations aux enfants préverbaux partagent plusieurs similarités de même que des différences, mais leurs conséquences sur les bébés demeurent méconnues. L’objectif de cette thèse était de documenter l’efficacité relative du chant et de la parole à capter l’attention des bébés sur de courtes périodes de temps (Étude 1) ainsi qu’à réguler l’affect des bébés en maintenant un état de satisfaction sur une période de temps prolongée (Étude 2). La première étude a exploré les réactions attentionnelles des bébés exposés à des enregistrements audio non familiers de chant et de parole. Lors de l’expérience 1, des bébés de 4 à 13 mois ont été exposés à de la parole joyeuse s’adressant au bébé (séquences de syllabes) et des berceuses fredonnées par la même femme. Ils ont écouté significativement plus longtemps la parole, qui contenait beaucoup plus de variabilité acoustique et d’expressivité que les berceuses. Dans l’expérience 2, des bébés d’âges comparables n’ont montré aucune écoute différentielle face à une version parlée ou chantée d’une chanson pour enfant turque, les deux versions étant exprimées de façon joyeuse / heureuse. Les bébés de l’expérience 3, ayant entendu la version chantée de la chanson turque ainsi qu’une version parlée de façon affectivement neutre ou s’adressant à l’adulte, ont écouté significativement plus longtemps la version chantée. Dans l’ensemble, la caractéristique vocale joyeuse plutôt que le mode vocal (chanté versus parlé) était le principal déterminant de l’attention du bébé, indépendamment de son âge. Dans la seconde étude, la régulation affective des bébés a été explorée selon l’exposition à des enregistrements audio non familiers de chant ou de parole. Les bébés ont été exposés à du chant ou de la parole jusqu’à ce qu’ils rencontrent un critère d’insatisfaction exprimée dans le visage. Lors de l’expérience 1, des bébés de 7 à 10 mois ont écouté des enregistrements de paroles s’adressant au bébé, de paroles s’adressant à l’adulte ou du chant dans une langue non familière (turque). Les bébés ont écouté le chant près de deux fois plus longtemps que les paroles avant de manifester de l’insatisfaction. Lors de l’expérience 2, des bébés ont été exposés à des enregistrements de paroles ou de chants issus d’interactions naturelles entre la mère et son bébé, dans une langue familière. Comme dans l’expérience 1, le chant s’adressant au bébé était considérablement plus efficace que les paroles pour retarder l’apparition du mécontentement. La construction temporelle du chant, avec notamment son rythme régulier, son tempo stable et ses répétitions, pourrait jouer un rôle important dans la régulation affective, afin de soutenir l’attention, rehausser la familiarité ou promouvoir l’écoute prédictive et l’entraînement. En somme, les études présentées dans cette thèse révèlent, pour la première fois, que le chant est un outil parental puissant, tout aussi efficace que la parole pour capter l’attention et plus efficace que la parole pour maintenir les bébés dans un état paisible. Ces découvertes soulignent l’utilité du chant dans la vie quotidienne et l’utilité potentielle du chant dans des contextes thérapeutiques variés impliquant des bébés.

Homo-quê? Expressão de atitudes implícitas e explicitas face à homoparentalidade – Moderação motivacional

Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada ao Instituto Superior de Psicologia Aplicada para obtenção de grau de Mestre na especialidade de Psicologia Social e das Organizações.

Concepções e práticas de envolvimento dos pais na escolaridade dos filhos

Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada ao Instituto Superior de Psicologia Aplicada para obtenção de grau de Mestre na especialidade de Psicologia Educacional.

Parental feelings face to hospitalization of the child

The hospitalizatíon of a child carnes with it major changes, etther in the child's life or parent. lllness and hospttalizatíon constitute a crisis situation for both the child and the famHy as it incorporates financiai, psychotogical, relational and social changes. The purpose of this work and analyze the satísfactíon and parents' perception on the importance of nursing care during hospttalizatíon and feelings experienced by parents. Objectives: To know the opinions and feelings of the parents in relation to the admlsston of the child 1n the service of Pediatrics at North of Portugal. Methods: Integrated this study parents of chtldren hospttalized in the pediatric inpatíent at the Hospital Trás-os-Montes e alto Douro, Vila Real, whose children were in the service to at least more than 48 hours, In total 33 escorts that replied to the questionnaire. For such a study we chose the type quantitative deschptíve. We proceeded to collect data by conductíng a questíonnaire, and the results of it were drafted in the SPSS program through Quantitatíve model wtth exploratory qualitatíve approach. Results: The age ofthe partícipants is between the 21 and 46 years - old, 75. 8% of respondents were married, 78. 8% of chtldren was hospitalized in the first time. We conclude that the mother is who else accompanies the chtld in the hospital. We had positive feedback regarding the interactíon parent-nurses since many parents stressed the good relatíonship with the nursing team (It reported that "Nurses" and "Nurses and "auxiliaries" were who else helped them, with 30. 3% and 21. 2% respectively). The feelings more mentioned were: anxiety -21 answers, sadness-20, fear-15 and hope with 15. The conditions offered to the parents were considered goodfor60.6%.

O reflexo dos estilos parentais no jogo infantil

Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada ao Instituto Superior de Psicologia Aplicada para obtenção de grau de Mestre na especialidade de Psicologia Educacional.

A Feminist Affective Turn for Public Relations: Mothers, Passionate Publics, and the Childhood Vaccine Debate

This project proposes a feminist intervention in how affect and publics are theorized in public relations research. Drawing from extant literature, I argue that public relations theories of affect and publics have been apolitical and lack depth and context (Leitch & Motion, 2010a). Using the context of the online childhood vaccine debate, I illustrate several theories and concepts of the new feminist affective turn, as well as postmodern theories of affect, relevant to public relations research: (a) Public Feelings, “ugly” feelings, agency, and community (Cvetkovich, 2012; Ngai, 2007); (b) passionate politics (Mouffe, 2014); (c) postmodern assemblages, biopower, and body politics (Deleuze & Guattari, 1988; Foucault, 1984); (d) affective facts and logics of future threats (Massumi, 2010); and (e) affective ethics (Bertleson & Murphie, 2010). Scholarship in the areas of public relations, risk, feminist and postmodern affect theory, and the vaccine debate provided theoretical grounding for this project. My research questions asked: How is feminist affect theory embodied by mothers in the vaccine debate? How do mothers understand risks as affective facts in the vaccine debate (if at all)? What affective logics are used by mothers in the vaccine debate (if any)? And, What are sources of knowledge for mothers in the vaccine debate? Multi-sited online ethnographic methods were used to explore how feminist affect theory contributes to public relations research, including 29 one-on-one in-depth interviews with mothers of young children and participant observation of 15 online discussions about vaccines on parenting websites BabyCenter.com, TheBump.com, and WhatToExpect.com. I used snowball sampling to recruit interview participants and grounded theory (Glaser & Strauss, 1967) to analyze interview and online data. Results show that feminist affect theory contributes to theoretical and practical knowledge in public relations by politicizing and contextualizing understandings of publics and elucidating how affective facts and logics inform publics’ knowledge and choices, specifically in the context of risk. I also found evidence of suppression of dissent (Martin, 2015) and academic bias in vaccine debate research, which resulted in cultures of silence. Further areas of study included how specific contexts such as motherhood and issues of privilege and access affect publics’ experiences, knowledges, and choices.

Estilos de crianza parentales en familias indígenas Cañaris inmigrantes en Cuenca

La presente investigación es de corte cualitativa, a nivel exploratorio-descriptivo, cuyo propósito es identificar los estilos de crianza de familias indígenas migrantes en Cuenca, así como caracterizar la estructura familiar de dichas familias, para lo cual se aplicó dos instrumentos. Para la obtención de la información sobre estilos de crianza parental se trabajó con algunos ítems del cuestionario de Susana Torío (2008), especialmente los apartados de tendencias actitudinales educativas, cuyos ítems fueron utilizados como preguntas dentro una entrevista semiestructurada;para la caracterización de la estructura familiar se trabajó con una entrevista semiestructurada denominada La estructura familiar del niño víctima y agresor de acoso escolar, elaborada por Ordóñez y Mazón (2014), estos instrumentos fueron aplicados acinco familias indígenas que viven en Cuenca alrededor de 10 años. Los resultados muestran una tendencia actitudinal educativa de los padres hacia el cuidado de sus hijos de corte flexible/democrático. Con relación a la estructura familiar referente al sub sistema conyugal se evidencian límites y fronteras flexibles; sin embargo, la construcción de reglas no son claras, situación que podría estar enmarcada en su condición de migración y su proceso de adaptación. Dentro del subsistema parental, los límites, jerarquías y reglas son flexibles. El rol descriptivo y la función afectiva en las familias del estudio se centran mayoritariamente en la madre;no obstante, el padre también es involucrado dentro del proceso de socialización de los hijos.

READY FOR KINDERGARTEN: A TRAINING PROGRAM DESIGNED TO ENCOURAGE PARENT-CHILD CONVERSATION DURING THE PRESCHOOL YEARS

Many children in the United States begin kindergarten unprepared to converse in the academic language surrounding instruction, putting them at greater risk for later language and reading difficulties. Importantly, correlational research has shown there are certain experiences prior to kindergarten that foster the oral language skills needed to understand and produce academic language. The focus of this dissertation was on increasing one of these experiences: parent-child conversations about abstract and non-present concepts, known as decontextualized language (DL). Decontextualized language involves talking about non-present concepts such as events that happened in the past or future, or abstract discussions such as providing explanations or defining unknown words. As caregivers’ decontextualized language input to children aged three to five is consistently correlated with kindergarten oral language skills and later reading achievement, it is surprising no experimental research has been done to establish this relation causally. The study described in this dissertation filled this literature gap by designing, implementing, and evaluating a decontextualized language training program for parents of 4-year-old children (N=30). After obtaining an initial measure of decontextualized language, parents were randomly assigned to a control condition or training condition, the latter of which educated parents about decontextualized language and why it is important. All parents then audio-recorded four mealtime conversations over the next month, which were transcribed and reliably coded for decontextualized language. Results indicated that trained parents boosted their DL from roughly 17 percent of their total utterances at baseline to approximately 50 percent by the mid-point of the study, and remained at these boosted levels throughout the duration of the study. Children’s DL was also boosted by similar margins, but no improvement in children’s oral language skills was observed, measured prior to, and one month following training. Further, exploratory analyses pointed to parents’ initial use of DL and their theories of the malleability of intelligence (i.e., growth mindsets) as moderators of training gains. Altogether, these findings are a first step in establishing DL as a viable strategy for giving children the oral language skills needed to begin kindergarten ready to succeed in the classroom.

Perception of HIV among pregnant women in the public health system in two municipalities of the state of São Paulo

Aim: To verify the knowledge of pregnant women on mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV, the availability of HIV tests in the public health system and counseling on the disease in two cities, Birigui and Piacatu, São Paulo State, Brazil. Methods: This is a descriptive and exploratory research using as samples, the files of 141 pregnant women attending the Basic Health Unit. Data were collected by survey, followed by a semi-structured questionnaire with open and closedend questions. Data were analyzed on Epi Info™ 7.1.4, by the Chi-square and Exact Fisher tests. Results: From all the 141 pregnant women, 119 were interviewed and 92.4% reported to have been informed about the need of taking the HIV test during prenatal exams. However, only 5.9% were counseled and 20.2% reported to be aware of how to prevent MTCT of HIV, usually mentioning lactation suppression and prescribed medication. The association between the knowledge about how to prevent MTCT of HIV and some social, demographic and economic variables like ethnics, educational level, home location, occupation, age and parenting was not verified. Conclusions: It is necessary to advise pregnant women on the importance of taking the HIV test regardless of the examination outcome, which was not observed in the cities where the research was conducted.

Conhecimentos dos pais sobre o desenvolvimento da criança na 1ª infância : um estudo exploratório

Os conhecimentos parentais sobre o desenvolvimento da criança na primeira infância são como a literatura mostra, fundamentais no modo como os pais interagem e atuam com os seus filhos, ou seja, nas práticas educativas parentais, sendo determinantes no comportamento e desenvolvimento futuro dos seus filhos. Muito pouco se tem investido neste tema, ao nível nacional, embora o mesmo não se verifique ao nível internacional. Neste sentido, parece especialmente interessante explorar esta dimensão em pais de crianças portuguesas com um instrumento também pouco conhecido na realidade portuguesa. O presente estudo tem como objetivo caraterizar os conhecimentos sobre o desenvolvimento infantil de um grupo de mães de crianças do pré-escolar, que frequentavam jardins-de-infância na margem sul do Tejo. Para tal pudemos contar com a colaboração de 110 mães de crianças com idades compreendidas entre os 3 e os 7 anos que acederam em participar, preenchendo um questionário com 58 itens, adaptado do “Knowledge of Infant Development Inventory - Preeschoolers” (KIDI-P); (MacPhee, 1981). Os dados obtidos através do KIDI-P, foram cruzados com diversas variáveis sociodemográficas, tendo-se verificado alguns resultados, significativos, nomeadamente no que se refere ao nível de instrução, de situação profissional e nível de rendimento familiar. O nível de instrução, apresenta uma correlação significativa com os conhecimentos maternais, sendo que quanto mais baixo, menor o número de respostas corretas. As mães empregadas conseguem dar um maior número de respostas corretas, demonstrando assim mais conhecimento sobre o desenvolvimento da criança, do que as que estão desempregadas, assim aquelas com nível baixo de rendimento familiar apresentam mais respostas erradas do que as que têm rendimento familiar mais elevado. Podemos assim concluir que algumas variáveis sociodemográficas estão relacionadas com o conhecimento das mães sobre o desenvolvimento da criança, confirmando vários dos estudos científicos realizados ao nível internacional.

Introdução da linguagem CIPE na Maternidade Dr. Francisco Feitinha nos focos gravidez, trabalho de parto e parto

Os sistemas de informação têm cada vez mais importância nos serviços de saúde. Sistemas de informação eficientes, permitem a maximização da gestão dos serviços promovendo a melhoria da qualidade dos cuidados. A ordem dos enfermeiros sugere a implementação de sistemas de registos que englobem necessidades de cuidados, intervenções de enfermagem e resultados dessas mesmas intervenções. A associação portuguesa de enfermeiros faz referência à importância de uma linguagem comum entre os enfermeiros. A linguagem CIPE® “é uma classificação de fenómenos, intervenções e resultados a nível da enfermagem. Pretende ser uma matriz unificadora em que as taxonomias e classificações de enfermagem já existentes se possam entrecruzar, de modo a permitir comparar dados em enfermagem” (CIE,2000:11) A adaptação da linguagem CIPE à gravidez, trabalho de parto e parto, é uma mais-valia no que concerne á realização de registos de qualidade que permitam uma linguagem comum, abrangente e facilitadora da comunicação entre os enfermeiros, e entre estes e outros profissionais de saúde. Através da consulta de bibliografia, dos manuais CIPE® disponíveis, de documentos existentes no serviço, dos processos clínicos e pelos conhecimentos adquiridos durante a especialização de enfermagem de saúde materna e obstetrícia, foi feito o levantamento dos fenómenos, diagnósticos e intervenções de enfermagem em relação aos focos gravidez, trabalho de parto e parto, para futura introdução no sistema informático, tendo em conta as actividades mais frequentes na maternidade para estes focos. A definição de uma Linguagem uniforme a ser utilizada por todos os enfermeiros do serviço, levou a um esforço conjunto da equipa de enfermagem e chefia. Este trabalho continua em curso, uma vez que as actividades que se realizam na maternidade têm que ser todas parametrizadas, o que torna o trabalho de parametrização um pouco mais moroso. Os dados só serão introduzidos no sistema depois da parametrização de todas actividades do serviço. Após a introdução dos dados no sistema informático e da linguagem CIPE perfeitamente adaptada à realidade da maternidade, é nossa convicção que a economia de tempo e a desburocratização dos registos libertará os profissionais para uma relação enfermeiro/utente que se pretende mais humana.

Risco psicossocial, sintomas psicopatológicos e competências parentais. Um estudo comparativo entre mães com menores em perigo e mães sem menores em perigo

Dissertação de Mestrado, Psicologia Clínica e da Saúde, Faculdade de Ciências Humanas e Sociais, Universidade do Algarve, 2016