928 resultados para Life cycle stages


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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

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O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os aspectos biológicos de Psyllobora confluens alimentada com o fungo Erysiphe cichoracearum em folhas de quiabeiro. Larvas recém-eclodidas de P. confluens foram individualizadas e alimentadas diariamente com hifas e conídios do fungo, em folhas de quiabeiro, a 23,6±3 e 27,4±2ºC e fotófase de 12 horas. A duração dos estágios imaturos, os aspectos reprodutivos e a longevidade de P. confluens foram avaliados. O período de desenvolvimento de larva a adulto foi 20,5 dias a 23,6ºC e 16,6 dias a 27,4ºC. em ambas as temperaturas, 80% das larvas de P. confluens atingiram a fase adulta. Fêmeas de P. confluens apresentaram período de oviposição de 32,7 dias, com capacidade diária e total de oviposição de 16,8 e 439,9 ovos, respectivamente. A longevidade das fêmeas foi de 46,1 dias e a dos machos 58,7 dias. P. confluens, ao se alimentar do fungo E. cichoracearum em folhas de quiabeiro, completa o ciclo de vida e apresenta elevados padrões de sobrevivência e reprodução.

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Social wasps from temperate zones have clear annual colony cycles, and the young queens hibernate during winter. In the subtropics, the only previously reported evidence for the existence of hibernation is the facultative winter aggregations of females during harsh climate conditions. As in temperate-zone species analyzed so far, we show in this study that in the paper wasp, Polistes versicolor, a subtropical species, body size increases as an unfavorable season approaches. Our morphological studies indicate that larger females come from winter aggregations-that is, they are new queens. Multivariate analyses indicate that size is the only variable analyzed that shows a relationship to the differences. Given the absence of a harsh climate, we suggest that the occurrence of winter aggregations in tropical P. versicolor functions to allow some females to wait for better environmental conditions to start a new nest, rather than all being obliged to start a new nest as soon as they emerge.

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The life cycle of decapod crustaceans can be classified into three distinct morphological phases: larval, juvenile and adult. Despite its recognized importance, studies of the juvenile phase have been neglected. The present Study aimed to analyze the growth of juveniles from a single population of Uca maracoani under laboratory conditions, and also to describe the morphological differentiation of pleopods in each sex. Megalopae and juvenile crabs or U. maracoani obtained on a Mud beach at Jabaquara, Paraty, on the southern coast of the state of Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), were reared in the laboratory. The specimens were checked daily for molts and deaths. The carapace widths (CW) of intact exuviae and dead individuals were measured under a stereoscopic microscope provided with a micrometer rule. These data allowed the definition of a growth equation as well as the stages related to the beginning of pleopod development, which begins when females reach 3.0 mill CW (6th juvenile developmental stage), similar to the sizes reported for other species of the genus. In males, however, pleopods appear when the crabs reach 3.5 mm CW, equivalent to the 7th developmental stage. This difference may be related to differential growth between sexes. It also may be a consequence of laboratory rearing, or may represent an actual feature of the species.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

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Seedling morphology is relevant in classification, taxonomy, and vegetation studies to understand plant life cycles, germination succession and requirements, and developmental progression. However, most morphological studies of seedlings lack analysis of organ anatomy, impeding the comprehension of series of development and establishment in a particular environment. Here, we have taken a traditional anatomical approach to examine the stages of seedling development in Epiphyllum phyllanthus, a holo-epiphytic cactus of tribe Hylocereeae. The goals were 1) to offer a comprehensive description of growth series in E. phyllanthus seedlings based on morphological and anatomical analysis and 2) to examine the initial growth phases in the life cycle of this species to identify organ development and understand their adaptive significance in relation to seedling establishment. Our results include descriptions of seed morphology, embryonic features, and seedling vascularization pattern in the root, hypocotyl, cotyledons, and epicotyl. The morphological and developmental patterns in E. phyllanthus seedlings have potential phylogenetic and ontogenetic implications in the Cactaceae. Characters such as the presence of mucilage on the seed coat, the lack of seed operculum, and large cotyledons in E. phyllanthus are comparable to basal cacti, but the root anatomy is more similar to columnar relatives. At the familial level, there is an apparent trend in decreasing number of phloem and xylem poles in the stele of primary root, correlated with degree of specialization and advanced phylogenetic position: tetrarch to septarch-octarch in basal lineages, tetrarch Cereus-type in columnar species, to the diarch vascular system in Rhipsalideae and some species with cylindric/globose stem. © Torrey Botanical Club.

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Mortality factors that act sequentially through the demographic transitions from seed to sapling may have critical effects on recruitment success. Understanding how habitat heterogeneity influences the causal factors that limit propagule establishment in natural populations is central to assess these demographic bottlenecks and their consequences. Bamboos often influence forest structure and dynamics and are a major factor in generating landscape complexity and habitat heterogeneity in tropical forests. To understand how patch heterogeneity influences plant recruitment we studied critical establishment stages during early recruitment of Euterpe edulis, Sloanea guianensis and Virola bicuhyba in bamboo and non-bamboo stands in the Brazilian Atlantic forest. We combined observational studies of seed rain and seedling emergence with seed addition experiments to evaluate the transition probabilities among regeneration stages within bamboo and non-bamboo stands. The relative importance of each mortality factor was evaluated by determining how the loss of propagules affected stage-specific recruitment success. Our results revealed that the seed addition treatment significantly increased seedling survivorship for all three species. E. edulis seedling survival probability increased in the addition treatment in the two stand types. However, for S. guianensis and V. bicuhyba this effect depended strongly on artificially protecting the seeds, as both species experienced increased seed and seedling losses due to post-dispersal seed predators and herbivores. Propagules of all three species had a greater probability of reaching subsequent recruitment stages when protected. The recruitment of large-seeded V. bicuhyba and E. edulis appears to be much more limited by post-dispersal factors than by dispersal limitation, whereas the small-seeded S. guianensis showed an even stronger effect of post-dispersal factors causing recruitment collapse in some situations. We demonstrated that E. edulis, S. guianensis and V. bicuhyba are especially susceptible to predation during early compared with later establishment stages and this early stage mortality can be more crucial than stand differences as determinants of successful regeneration. Among-species differences in the relative importance of dispersal vs. establishment limitation are mediated by variability in species responses to patch heterogeneity. Thus, bamboo effects on the early recruitment of non-bamboo species are patchy and species-specific, with successional bamboo patches exerting a far-reaching influence on the heterogeneity of plant species composition and abundance. © 2012 Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics.

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Pós-graduação em Educação - IBRC

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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Pós-graduação em Psicologia do Desenvolvimento e Aprendizagem - FC

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

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Corvina uçu (Cynoscion microlepidotus), Pescada gó (Macrodon ancylodon) e Pescada curuca (Plagioscion surinamensis) são cianídeos demersais, amplamente distribuídos na costa do Brasil, constituindo importantes recursos pesqueiros. Este trabalho objetiva descrever aspectos da biologia reprodutiva dessas espécies capturadas em áreas próximas aos terminais portuários do Itaqui (Maranhão) e de Miramar (Pará). Para cada espécie sob estudo, foram descritas macro e microscopicamente as diversas fases reprodutivas, determinado o tamanho de primeira maturação sexual, a proporção sexual das espécies por mês e tamanho, a época de reprodução e tipo de desova. Os dados foram coletados através de amostragens bimestrais efetuadas durante o período de dezembro de 2005 a outubro de 2006. Foram examinados 247 exemplares de C. microlepidotus, 253 de M. ancylodon e 251 de P. surinamensis. Os indivíduos analisados de C. microlepidotus, M. ancylodon e P. surinamensis variaram de 175 a 780 mm, 187 a 399mm e 220 a 590 mm de comprimento total, respectivamente. A relação comprimento total (mm) e peso total (g) para fêmeas, machos e sexos agrupados foi altamente significativa para as três espécies analisadas, com alometria negativa para C. microlepidotus e positiva para M. ancylodon e P. surinamensis. O comprimento de primeira maturação (L50) para C. microlepidotus, considerando sexos agrupados, foi de 260,8 mm, para os sexos separadamente foi de com 235mm (machos) e 321mm (fêmeas) mm de comprimento total. Para M. ancylodon o L50 considerando sexos agrupados, foi de 210,5 mm, para os sexos separadamente foi de com 201,6mm (machos) e 221,8mm (fêmeas) mm de comprimento total. Para P. surinamensis o L50 considerando sexos agrupados, foi de 279 mm, para os sexos separadamente foi de com 305mm (machos) e 269mm (fêmeas) mm de comprimento total. A proporção sexual, considerando o total de indivíduos, foi favorável às fêmeas para M. ancylodon (1macho:3fêmea) e favorável aos machos para P. surinamensis (2,02macho:1fêmea). Para C. microlepidotus, a proporção sexual foi de 1,01macho:1fêmea. Macroscopicamente, as gônadas das três espécies foram classificadas em Imaturo (A), Em maturação (B), Maturo (C) e Desovado/Esgotado (D), entretanto quando analisamos microscopicamente, pudemos subdividir os estádio B em maturação inicial e maturação final. As avaliações macro e microscópicas das gônadas das três espécies indicaram um período prolongado de desova, com picos entre junho-agosto e entre dezembro-fevereiro, coincidindo com os períodos de transição do regime pluviométrico. Isto comprova que as espécies em estudo completam todo o seu ciclo de vida nas áreas adjacentes aos terminais portuários do Itaqui e de Miramar, o que torna essas áreas muito sensíveis, principalmente no que se refere a um possível derramamento de petróleo e derivados, uma vez que as regiões próximas a esses terminais são zonas de risco.