Heliconia acuminata reproductive success is independent of local floral density

Reproductive plants in tropical forests are patchily distributed, with some in large aggregations of reproductive consepecifics while others are relatively isolated. This variation in floral density is hypothesized to have a major effect on plant reproductive success, since individuals in higher density neighborhoods can attract more or higher quality pollinators. We experimentally tested this hypothesis with populations of the understory herb Heliconia acuminata in central Amazonia. We created replicated plots in which reproductive plant density spanned the range of naturally occurring floral neighborhood size, then measured three surrogates of plant fitness in focal plants in each array. There was no significant difference between any of the three floral neighborhood treatments in total seed production, fruit set, or the number of seeds produced per fruit. Pollinator visitation rates to plants in all treatments were extremely low, with many plants not visited at all during the observation period. This could be because H. acuminata's hummingbird pollinators are unable to find the widely scattered reproductive plants, however this hypothesis appears unlikely. Instead, natural flowering plant densities may simply be below the threshold value at which neighborhood effects become important, even in "high-density" aggregations. Nutrient limitation, selective fruit abortion, and reproduction via male rather than female function may also be playing a role. We argue the absence of neighborhood effects may be a general phenomenon in central Amazonian forests, though additional experiments with other plant-pollinator systems are needed to determine the extent to which this hypothesis is supported.

Rapid assessment of fruit-color selection by birds using artificial fruits at local scale in Central Amazonia

Modeling clays have been used in several ecological experiments and have proved to be an important tool to variables control. The objective of our study was to determine if fruit color in isolated and grouped displays influences the fruit selection by birds in the field using artificial fruits. Data were collected in six plots distributed homogeneously in 3 km long trails with a minimum distance of 0.5 km. We used a paired experimental design to establish our experiments, so that all treatments were available to the local bird community in each plot. Overall, red was more pecked than brown and white. Isolated red and brown displays were significantly more pecked than others display. Even though our study was conducted in small spatial scales, artificial fruits appeared to be efficient in register fruit consumption attempts by bird. Although inconclusive about selective forces that sharp the dynamics of fruit color polymorphisms and choice by frugivorous birds, our findings corroborate recent studies wherein birds showed preferences by high- over low-contrast fruit signals.

Revisões da infraestrutura viária local: o reconhecimento do lugar público no território desruralizado e extensamente urbanizadode Santa Maria da Feira

Tese de Doutoramento Arquitetura, Cidade e Território.

Global vs. local nonlinear optimization techniques for human-like movement of an anthropomorphic robot

In this paper a comparison between using global and local optimization techniques for solving the problem of generating human-like arm and hand movements for an anthropomorphic dual arm robot is made. Although the objective function involved in each optimization problem is convex, there is no evidence that the admissible regions of these problems are convex sets. For the sequence of movements for which the numerical tests were done there were no significant differences between the optimal solutions obtained using the global and the local techniques. This suggests that the optimal solution obtained using the local solver is indeed a global solution.

Variación florística de especies arbóreas a escala local en un bosque de tierra firme en la Amazonia colombiana

El presente estudio se llevó a cabo en cinco hectáreas de una parcela permanente establecida en el Parque Nacional Amacayacu, Amazonia colombiana. En éste, se evaluó el efecto de la variación ambiental y la configuración espacial sobre los patrones florísticos de las especies arbóreas (DAP>10 cm) a escala local en un bosque de tierra firme. Se estudió la variación florística y ambiental en cuadrantes de 20x20 m. Adicionalmente, se consideraron diferentes categorías de abundancia (total, alta, media y baja). Se utilizó el Análisis de Correspondencia Linealizado y el Análisis de Correspondencia Canónica, seguido de una partición de la variación, para cuantificar la magnitud a la cual el ambiente y la limitación en dispersión determinan la variación florística. La fracción espacial, representando procesos de autocorrelación como la limitación en dispersión, se analizó mediante dos métodos: Asumiendo un polinomio de tercer grado y por el método de Coordenadas Principales de Matrices Vecinas (PCNM). La diversidad beta de la parcela fue baja. El PCNM aparece como el método de análisis más apropiado para estudios a esta escala. Las diferencias florísticas explicadas a lo largo de la parcela de 5-ha fueron principalmente asociadas con procesos biológicos como la limitación en dispersión. La mayor parte de la variación florística, no obstante, no fue explicada por las variables ambientales o espaciales consideradas. En conclusión, estos resultados sugieren que procesos aleatorios son determinantes esenciales de la variación espacial de las especies arbóreas a escala local en tierra firme en los bosques en el Parque Nacional Amacayacu.

Local non-negative initial data scalar characterization of the Kerr solution

For any vacuum initial data set, we define a local, non-negative scalar quantity which vanishes at every point of the data hypersurface if and only if the data are Kerr initial data. Our scalar quantity only depends on the quantities used to construct the vacuum initial data set which are the Riemannian metric defined on the initial data hypersurface and a symmetric tensor which plays the role of the second fundamental form of the embedded initial data hypersurface. The dependency is algorithmic in the sense that given the initial data one can compute the scalar quantity by algebraic and differential manipulations, being thus suitable for an implementation in a numerical code. The scalar could also be useful in studies of the non-linear stability of the Kerr solution because it serves to measure the deviation of a vacuum initial data set from the Kerr initial data in a local and algorithmic way.

Analysis of a Local HIV-1 Epidemic in Portugal Highlights Established Transmission of non-B and -G Subtypes

Existing data supports Portugal as the Western Europe country with highest HIV-1 subtype diversity. However, detailed phylogenetic studies of Portuguese HIV-1 epidemics are still scarce. Thus, our main goal was to analyze the phylodynamics of a local HIV-1 infection in the Portuguese region of Minho. Molecular epidemiological analysis was applied to data from 289 HIV-1 infected individuals followed in the reference Hospital of the province of Minho, Portugal, in which isolated viruses had been sequenced between 2000 and 2012. Viruses of the G (29.1%) and B (27.0%) subtypes were the most frequent, followed by recombinant forms (17.6%), C (14.5%), F1 (7.3%) and A1 (4.2%) subtypes. Multinomial logistic regression revealed that the odds of being infected with A1 and F1 subtype increased over the years when compared with B, G, C or recombinant viruses. As expected, polyphyletic patterns suggesting multiple and old introductions of subtypes B and G were found. However, transmission clusters of non-B and -G viruses among native individuals were also found with the dates of the most recent common ancestor estimated to the early 2000s. Our study supports that the HIV-1 subtype diversity in the Portuguese region of Minho is high and has been increasing in a manner that is apparently driven by factors other than immigration and international travel. Infections with A1 and F1 viruses in the region of Minho are becoming established and were mainly found in sexually transmitted clusters, reinforcing the need for more efficacious control measures targeting this infection route.

Oportunidades de negócio e desenvolvimento económico local em territórios do interior: setores de investimento prioritário em Montalegre

(CO)EMPREENDE-Programa de Empreededorismo

Regulamentação, concentração e instituições bancárias em contexto de crise

Dissertação de mestrado em Economia Monetária, Bancária e Financeira

O reforço da democracia local no âmbito da reforma da administração autárquica

Dissertação de mestrado em Direito das Autarquias Locais

Global and local coordinates

This chapter described the global and local coordinate systems utilized in the formulation of spatial multibody systems. Global coordinate system is considered in the present work to denote the inertia frame. Additionally, body-fixed coordinate systems, also called local coordinate systems, are utilized to describe local properties of points that belong to a particular body. Furthermore, the process of transforming local coordinates into global coordinates is characterized by considering a transformation matrix. In the present work, Cartesian coordinates are utilized to locate the center of mass of each rigid body, as well as the location of any point that belongs to a body.

Transferência de conhecimento da formação para o local de trabalho: um estudo de caso misto exploratório

Dissertação de mestrado integrado em Psicologia

Designation of natural monuments by the local administration: the example of Viana do Castelo municipality and its engagement with geoconservation (NW Portugal)

"First online: 11 April 2016"

Risco em Saúde e Políticas Sociais:a Intervenção do Serviço Social Local na promoção do Acesso à Saúde.

Dissertação de Mestrado em Sociedade, Risco e Saúde

Infecciones conjuntivales crónicas o recurrentes: Análisis de la inmunidad local y sistémica y su relación con parámetros nutricionales y de estrés

El sistema inmune del huésped dirige a los linfocitos T cooperadores o helper (Th) activados a madurar hacia linfocitos Th1 o Th 2 según el antígeno específico estimulante. Los linfocitos Th1 son responsables de estimular la respuesta inmune celular e inducir el cambio del isotipo de las inmunoglobulinas (Ig) de los linfocitos B hacia la síntesis de IgG1 e IgG3. En contraste, los linfocitos Th2 inducen respuesta humoral con cambio de isotipo de las Igs a la producción de IgE e IgG4, isotipos involucrados en la respuesta alérgica y con mínimo rol en la defensa contra microorganismos. Las inflamaciones crónicas de la mucosa ocular pueden ser causadas por alergias, infecciones, traumatismos o mixtas. En estudios previos en niños de 3 a 5 meses de edad con infecciones conjuntivales crónicas o recurrentes y asociadas a dacrioestenosis congénita hemos determinado que los procesos infecciosos inducen una respuesta hacia isotipos de Igs mediados por linfocitos Th2 (IgE e IgG4) no protectivos y asociados con alergia. En adultos, una minoría de los casos de inflamaciones conjuntivales crónicas o recurrentes se asocian con niveles elevados de IgE en lágrimas, presencia de eosinófilos en la citología conjuntival y diagnóstico clínico de alergia. Sin embargo, la mayoría de los pacientes que manifiestan esta enfermedad no tienen diagnóstico clínico de alergia pero muestran niveles bajos de IgE e IgG en lágrimas, ausencia de eosinófilos y presencia de microorganismos en sus conjuntivas. En base a estos hallazgos surge el interrogante respecto a ¿cuál es el motivo de los niveles bajos de IgE en la respuesta inmune local a estos patógenos que en forma crónica y recurrente agreden las conjuntivas de estos pacientes? Y ¿por qué la respuesta de IgG en baja concentración no los defiende? Por lo expuesto, el presente proyecto tiene como objetivo evaluar la inmunidad inespecífica sistémica y la específica de la superficie ocular de pacientes adultos con infecciones conjuntivales crónicas o recurrentes para caracterizar la respuesta de linfocitos Th1/Th2. Además, analizar el efecto del estrés y deficiencias nutricionales sobre la respuesta inmune local y sistémica. Estos estudios permitirán determinar modificaciones de la inmunidad ocular y caracterizar el perfil de la respuesta inmune. La identificación del tipo de respuesta inmune afectada permitirá la detección de pacientes con predisposición a esta patología y por ello, ayudar a prevenir y en algunos casos, a revertir este proceso recurrente; lo que constituirá un valioso aporte a programas de prevención de enfermedades oculares.