Finite element studies of the mechanical behaviour of the diaphragm in normal and pathological cases

The diaphragm is a muscular membrane separating the abdominal and thoracic cavities, and its motion is directly linked to respiration. In this study, using data from a 59-year-old female cadaver obtained from the Visible Human Project, the diaphragm is reconstructed and, from the corresponding solid object, a shell finite element mesh is generated and used in several analyses performed with the ABAQUS 6.7 software. These analyses consider the direction of the muscle fibres and the incompressibility of the tissue. The constitutive model for the isotropic strain energy as well as the passive and active strain energy stored in the fibres is adapted from Humphrey's model for cardiac muscles. Furthermore, numerical results for the diaphragmatic floor under pressure and active contraction in normal and pathological cases are presented.

Solução doméstica para televisão digital

Mestrado em Engenharia Electrotécnica e de Computadores

Shells of the limpet Patella aspera as habitat for epibionts

World Congress of Malacology, Universidade dos Açores, Ponta Delgada, 21-28 de julho.

O complexo Myosotella 'myosotis/denticulata': uma perspetiva morfológica, molecular e ecológica

Dissertação de Mestrado, Biodiversidade e Ecologia Insular, 29 de Maio de 2013, Universidade dos Açores.

Removal of sulfamethoxazole from solution by raw and chemically treated walnut shells

Purpose: The sorption of sulfamethoxazole, a frequently detected pharmaceutical compound in the environment, onto walnut shells was evaluated. Methods: The sorption proprieties of the raw sorbent were chemically modified and two additional samples were obtained, respectively HCl and NaOH treated. Scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric (TG/DTG) techniques were applied to investigate the effect of the chemical treatments on the shell surface morphology and chemistry. Sorption experiments to investigate the pH effect on the process were carried out between pH 2 and 8. Results: The chemical treatment did not substantially alter the structure of the sorbent (physical and textural characteristics) but modified the surface chemistry of the sorbent (acid–base properties, point of zero charge—pHpzc). The solution pH influences both the sorbent’s surface charge and sulfamethoxazole speciation. The best removal efficiencies were obtained for lower pH values where the neutral and cationic sulfamethoxazole forms are present in the solution. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were applied to the experimental adsorption data for sulfamethoxazole sorption at pH 2, 4, and 7 onto raw walnut shell. No statistical difference was found between the two models except for the pH 2 experimental data to which the Freundlich model fitted better. Conclusion: Sorption of sulfamethoxazole was found to be highly pH dependent in the entire pH range studied and for both raw and treated sorbent.

Shells of Patella aspera as 'islands' for epibionts

Copyright © Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 2014.

Estudo de optimização energética da unidade 1400

O estudo de optimização energética da Unidade 1400 da Fábrica de Combustíveis da Refinaria de Matosinhos da Galp Energia foi realizado com base no projecto de revamping elaborado pela AXENS, devido à existência de dúvidas (Galp Energia) de que aquele projecto não estivesse, do ponto de vista energético, totalmente rentabilizado. Para a consecução deste estudo, foi aplicado o conceito Pinch (Ponto de Estrangulamento), recorrendo-se quer a software dedicado disponível (ASPEN Energy Analyser), quer ao cálculo da Cascata de Calor. Os resultados obtidos em definitivo foram-no através deste último, tendo servido o primeiro apenas como indicador, devido à existência de incoerências (pelo menos aparentes). Foram considerados três cenários, tendo apenas como elemento diferenciador o valor de ΔTmin: 10, 15 e 20 oC. Foi detectado, somente para este último (20 oC), um ponto de estrangulamento. Os três cenários concordam na necessidade de inclusão de um novo permutador de calor entre a corrente de gasóleo após sofrer reacção de hidrogenação (fundo do reactor) e após dois estágios de arrefecimento e a corrente de gasóleo à entrada da Unidade e após recepção do reciclo de hidrogénio, constituindo assim a sua fonte inicial de aquecimento. Como consequência, também são reduzidas as necessidades de serviço da fornalha pré-reactor e das utilidades de arrefecimento. Para o cálculo do novo permutador de calor, seguiram-se duas vias: carcaça e tubos convencional e carcaça e tubos com disposição helicoidal das chicanas (Helixchanger®). Para o primeiro tipo, recorreu-se ao software ASPEN Exchanger Design & Rating, sendo, para o segundo, a empresa detentora da tecnologia (Lummus Technology) a fornecer a solução pretendida. Procedeu-se a um breve estudo de rentabilidade económica do investimento em causa, considerando o seu maior valor (Helixchanger®), sendo o resultado favorável à sua aplicação.

Desenvolvimento do método de Índice de Qualidade ("QIM-Quality Index Method") para as lapas (Patella candei e Patella aspera) e estudo das suas condições de transporte

Dissertação de Mestrado, Estudos Integrados dos Oceanos, 15 de Março de 2016, Universidade dos Açores.

First Curl, Then Wrinkle

The excellent properties of elastomers are exploited to trigger wrinkling instabilities in curved shells. Micro- and nano-fibres are produced by electrospinning and UV irradiated: each fibre consists of a soft core and a stiff outer half-shell. Upon solvent de-swelling, the fibres curl because the shell and the core have different natural lengths. Wrinkling only starts after the fibre has attained a well-defined helical shape. A simple analytical model is proposed to find the curling curvature and wrinkle wavelength, as well as the transition between the “curling” and “wrinkling” regimes. This new instability resembles that found in the tendrils of climbing plants as they dry and lignify.

Este luminoso e magnifico céu azul

Num texto de cariz jornalístico, escrito na plena maturidade da sua vida literária, em 1895, Eça de Queirós reflecte irónica e liricamente sobre a chamada ―influência‖ do clima sobre a mentalidade, a cultura e a economia dos povos europeus. É seu pretexto uma cómica palinódia dos seus sarcasmos juvenis acerca de um romântico desabafo poético-político de um ex-primeiro-ministro português, o qual enaltecia, como principal riqueza nacional, ―o luminoso e magnífico céu azul que nos cobre!‖. Já desde a década de 1870, no advento da sua vida de escritor, que, para Eça, é tema recorrente uma espécie de ―mitologia do sul‖, em que impera a tutela benfazeja e doce do céu meridional. Nesta crónica, no fim da sua vida, Eça de Queirós retoma e desenvolve, definitivamente, uma representação cultural e psicológica do clima meridional, pretexto para uma magnífica síntese contrastiva sobre o Norte e o Sul da Europa, uma enternecida apologia do sol, do calor e da luz dos climas ―ricos‖, saudosamente evocados durante um Inverno sombrio em Paris. É justamente a coerência exemplar deste motivo – associada, não obstante, à natural e estratégica evolução estético-ideológica do autor – que será objecto de reflexão deste texto: porque o signo climático e a oposição Norte/ Sul podem funcionar como noções heurísticas de uma obra e de um autor sobre os quais (como sobre Flaubert) já se disse muito, mas nunca se diz o suficiente.

Natural waste materials containing chitin as adsorbents for textile dyestuffs: batch and continuous studies

In this work three natural waste materials containing chitin were used as adsorbents for textile dyestuffs, namely the Anodonta (Anodonta cygnea) shell, the Sepia (Sepia officinalis) and the Squid (Loligo vulgaris) pens. The selected dyestuffs were the Cibacron green T3G-E (CI reactive green 12), and the Solophenyl green BLE 155% (CI direct green 26), both from CIBA, commonly used in cellulosic fibres dyeing, the most used fibres in the textile industry. Batch equilibrium studies showed that the materials’ adsorption capacities increase after a simple and inexpensive chemical treatment, which increases their porosity and chitin relative content. Kinetic studies suggested the existence of a high internal resistance in both systems. Fixed bed column experiments performed showed an improvement in adsorbents’ behaviour after chemical treatment. However, in the column experiments, the biodegradation was the main mechanism of dyestuff removal, allowing the materials’ bioregeneration. The adsorption was strongly reduced by the pore clogging effect of the biomass. The deproteinised Squid pen (grain size 0.500–1.41 mm) is the adsorbent with highest adsorption capacity (0.27 and 0.037 g/g, respectively, for the reactive and direct dyestuffs, at 20ºC), followed by the demineralised Sepia pen and Anodonta shell, behaving like pure chitin in all experiments, but showing inferior performances than the granular activated carbon tested in the column experiments.

Detection of ZnS phases in CZTS thin-films by EXAFS

Copper zinc tin sulfide (CZTS) is a promising Earthabundant thin-film solar cell material; it has an appropriate band gap of ~1.45 eV and a high absorption coefficient. The most efficient CZTS cells tend to be slightly Zn-rich and Cu-poor. However, growing Zn-rich CZTS films can sometimes result in phase decomposition of CZTS into ZnS and Cu2SnS3, which is generally deleterious to solar cell performance. Cubic ZnS is difficult to detect by XRD, due to a similar diffraction pattern. We hypothesize that synchrotron-based extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS), which is sensitive to local chemical environment, may be able to determine the quantity of ZnS phase in CZTS films by detecting differences in the second-nearest neighbor shell of the Zn atoms. Films of varying stoichiometries, from Zn-rich to Cu-rich (Zn-poor) were examined using the EXAFS technique. Differences in the spectra as a function of Cu/Zn ratio are detected. Linear combination analysis suggests increasing ZnS signal as the CZTS films become more Zn-rich. We demonstrate that the sensitive technique of EXAFS could be used to quantify the amount of ZnS present and provide a guide to crystal growth of highly phase pure films.

Harmónicos em Instalações Eléctricas. Causas, efeitos e normalização

Jean Baptiste Joseph, barão de Fourier, publicou em Paris no ano de 1822 a sua ópera magna “Théorie Analytique de la Chaleur”. Nesta obra Fourier demonstrava que a condução do calor nos corpos sólidos podia ser descrita através de uma série infinita de senos e co‐senos. O trabalho estimulou investigações nos mais variados campos da ciência e da técnica, tendo ressaltado que o tipo de formulação matemática empregada por Fourier era um pré‐requisito para a solução de fenómenos que exibiam natureza periódica. O método de exprimir funções periódicas em termos de somas de senos e co‐senos recebe o nome de Análise Harmónica. O princípio de Fourier é basicamente o seguinte: sendo dado um sinal (função) periódico representá‐lo como série de senos e co‐senos. Obviamente que se o sinal já for um seno ou co‐seno nada mais haverá para dizer (eventualmente, um termo médio não‐nulo); mas o nosso intuito é o de extrair informação de onde a haja, i.e., de funções não‐sinusoidais. Aos vários termos da série de Fourier, cada um deles de argumento múltiplo inteiro do período da função original, dá‐se‐lhes o nome de harmónicos, sendo a ordem destes precisamente o valor desse múltiplo.

Uncertainty analysis based on sensitivity applied to angle-ply composite structures

This article describes a finite element-based formulation for the statistical analysis of the response of stochastic structural composite systems whose material properties are described by random fields. A first-order technique is used to obtain the second-order statistics for the structural response considering means and variances of the displacement and stress fields of plate or shell composite structures. Propagation of uncertainties depends on sensitivities taken as measurement of variation effects. The adjoint variable method is used to obtain the sensitivity matrix. This method is appropriated for composite structures due to the large number of random input parameters. Dominant effects on the stochastic characteristics are studied analyzing the influence of different random parameters. In particular, a study of the anisotropy influence on uncertainties propagation of angle-ply composites is carried out based on the proposed approach.

From local to global importance measures of uncertainty propagation in composite structures

The influence of uncertainties of input parameters on output response of composite structures is investigated in this paper. In particular, the effects of deviations in mechanical properties, ply angles, ply thickness and on applied loads are studied. The uncertainty propagation and the importance measure of input parameters are analysed using three different approaches: a first-order local method, a Global Sensitivity Analysis (GSA) supported by a variance-based method and an extension of local variance to estimate the global variance over the domain of inputs. Sample results are shown for a shell composite laminated structure built with different composite systems including multi-materials. The importance measures of input parameters on structural response based on numerical results are established and discussed as a function of the anisotropy of composite materials. Needs for global variance methods are discussed by comparing the results obtained from different proposed methodologies. The objective of this paper is to contribute for the use of GSA techniques together with low expensive local importance measures.