Identificação do potencial renovável para produção de electricidade na perspectiva da microgeração

Tese submetida à Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências e aprovada em provas públicas para a obtenção do Grau de Doutor em Energia e Ambiente (especialidade em Energia e Desenvolvimento Sustentável).

Città Metropolitane e Smart Governance Iniziative di successo e nodi critici verso la Smart City

The volume contains the results of the research project "Governance Analysis Project (GAP) for the Smart Energy City. The actualization of Smart Cities in the Metropolitan Areas of Europe and Italy” conducted within the PON “Smart Energy Master for the energy management of the territory” at the University Federico II of Naples (TeMA Lab of the Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering). Smart Cities have gained increasing relevance in the scientific debate and in the national and international operational practice, emerging as one of the opportunities to rethink cities and, more generally, the life of urban communities. First reflections, researches and projects on the issue seem to converge towards the idea that a “smart” urban development should not only be a result of the yet necessary and unavoidable infrastructural endowment (physical capital) and of its continuing innovation, but also of the quality of human, social and environmental capital, conceived as strategic factors for development. A “smart” city is, primarily, a city able to effectively satisfy the needs of its citizens respecting the rules imposed by the environmental context. It is in such a debate that the project GAP fits with the aim to address Smart Cities in light of the administrative reorganization of Italian large cities as a consequence of the Law 56/2014. With a scientific approach, the volume provides a comprehensive and updated framework of how Italian and European Metropolitan cities are declining the Smart City issue and this thanks to the collection of a wide-ranging screening represented by more than 1.000 initiatives including researches, projects, interventions, technologies, etc. Furthermore, one original element of this research is that after an analysis conducted through indirect sources, a phase of dialogue with “stakeholders” was carried out (and of this there is a wide picture in the volume in which, by the way, are reported long excerpts of the interviews). This has enabled to give a clearer framework of what is now experimenting in Italian and European cities, avoiding being totally naïve for interventions and projects labelled as “smart”, but often lacking of innovative methods and contents.

Protección de los ocupantes de viviendas ante la insuficiente y heterogénea regulación del derecho de realojamiento en el Derecho español

El desarrollo de las ciudades comporta una integral transformación o renovación de zonas o barrios degradados, envejecidos e inadaptados a los servicios y estructuras requeridos por las actividades económicas y sociales actuales. Estas actuaciones de transformación y regeneración exigen el derribo de aquellas edificaciones incompatibles con la ordenaciónurbanística de nueva implantación, lo que conduce al desalojo y reubicación de sus ocupantes, de comprensible complejidad por las graves consecuencias que de ello se derivan cuando se trata de viviendas habitadas.

Programa ciclovida como política de mobilidade urbana sustentável: estudo empírico na Universidade Federal do Paraná

The urban mobility has in the bicycle its symbol of the most environmentally sustainable modal of transportation of the planet, title conferred by the United Nations Organization (ONU). Nevertheless, the cities suffer with the traffic jam caused by the automobile fleet growth, what implies in a larger displacement time, injuries to the environment, to financials and to the quality of life. In order to build in a sustainable way the urban mobility, public policies are necessary to encourage the preferential usage, by the society, of the mass transit or the non-motorized type of transportation. Objecting cooperate with the public power and the civil society, this study intents to, through an analysis about the UFPR Extension Program - CICLOVIDA, propose a sustainable urban mobility public policy development, with emphasis in the bicycle´s usage. eferentially, it is discussed concepts such as Society, State and Government as well as public policies, which go in cycles to the State´s and Government´s responsibilities; and are presented the Sustainable Urban Mobility Public Policies (PPMUS) in Brazil. Also, it is debated about the transport by bicycle as an option to the sustainable mobility. Methodologically, the study is of an empiric-social nature, with the application of both qualitative and observational methods, what characterizes as an exploratory level of research, with the researcher´s involvement in the participant form, due to her acting on the Program. Regarding the research lineation, it was used the bibliographic and documental form as well as case study, by means of the nonparametric sampling by accessibility or convenience. Related to the data collection technique, it was used structured interviews with self-applied questionnaires and natural participant observation. Aligned with the research´s objective and matter, the outcome confirmed that the Extension Program CICLOVIDA of the Federal University of Paraná (UFPR) may effectively contribute in the development of a PPMUS proposal with emphasis in the bicycle usage. Thus, it was built a political proposal with a free form writing, objecting subsidize policies both institutional as public MUS through the bicycle usage and therefore, support the mobility, also contributing to the sustainability and to the public development planning.

Ideologia da casa própria... sem casa própria: o Programa de Arrendamento Residencial na cidade de João Pessoa-PB

Brazilian Housing policy has always promoted homeownership. In 1999, a new form of housing promotion was set up in the country with the PAR (Programa de Arrendamento Residencial, or residential rental programme). This is a sort of leasing, in which a right to buy is granted at the end of contract. Again, with this, the final objective is homeownership. This dissertation aims at further understanding the role of PAR in the wake of the country s housing policies of the post-BNH period, analysing the case of João Pessoa, capital city of Paraíba state. By focusing in the city, it has been possible to analyse also the impact of the programme in the dynamics of the city s urban development. Accordingly, the analysis of PAR seeks to understand the programme s operational aspects as well as its location, urban and architectural aspects. The operational aspects refer to how the programme is operated, considering the differences to the other housing programmes in the country. The urban and architectural aspects refer to location, typology and construction characteristics of housing estates produced under the scheme. This study gives a general view of the country s recent housing policy and programmes and the specific characteristics of PAR, observing also its impacts in the city development

Influência das áreas verdes no microclima local: um estudo do conjunto habitacional Ponta Negra, Natal/RN

Owing to na intense process of urban development, urban uneasiness and discomfort in the daily life of populations have nowadays, especially in the big cities, become increasingly ordinary issues. Population density, degeneration of central areas and pollution are some of the environmental stressors the urban man is subjected to. The existence of open areas in the urban network contributes to a better movement of the air and transforms salubrity conditions. Yet, it has been noticed that parks and squares are disappearing from the heart of the city districts. In their place there are either unused plots of land where garbage has been dumped or nearly all-paved squares with meager or no vegetation at all. Such areas, when handled properly, play an important role in the city because in addition to being zones for rendering a mild climate they perform social, cultural and hygienic functions. Aiming at demonstrating that proper handling of green areas can favorably influence the local microclimate, we have attempted to develop analysis from the point of view of bioclimatizing attributes of urban form and their relationship to the local microclimate found in the eight open areas located in the Ponta Negra Housing Complex in the city of Natal/RN

Centros históricos e desenvolvimento urbano: um estudo comparativo entre os programas Monumenta no Brasil e Polis em Portugal

Both the end of the twentieth century and the beginning of the twenty-first century have been characterized as a period of major political, economic, social and cultural transformations. Two of the major consequences of the political-economical crisis of the end of last century are the restructuring of capitalist production, and the consolidation of neoliberalism as a worldwide phenomenon. This new world political-economical scenario has influenced, in a dialectic way, the contemporary urban development. In that sense, "new" spatial processes and new paradigms in both urban management and urban planning have gained shape. In this context of urban transformations, the central areas of western cities, also known as historic centers, are being increasingly (re)valued. Since the Second World War, the historic centers urban areas which have great infrastructure and symbolic relevance had been undergoing a process of evasion of population and activities, undeniably linked to the neglect of government authorities. However, in recent decades, the question of historic centers rehabilitation has acquired a growing interest, academically and in political agendas. The object of this dissertation is to focus on how the government of each Brazil and Portugal has dealt with the issue of historic center rehabilitation through programs of urban rehabilitation

Configurando a cidade contemporânea em Natal : os processos espaciais em Ponta Negra

This dissertation is about the spatial configuration in Natal and processes in the Ponta Negra neighborhood today. Ponta Negra has undergone a number of critical social and spatial changes due to tourism development after the 1990s. It is of special interest to consider the intensification of real estate investment after 2000, when the new airport terminal, located in the neighboring municipality of Parnamirim, was in use. Ponta Negra is the place where most tourists go to, so attracting considerable public investments. New agents of transformation have produced change in the neighborhood as well. The present study aims at analysing the spatial processes in this part of the city. Here, the spatial configuration that resulted from extended real estate investments, both public and private, in recent years, is analysed in detail. The study identifies the multually differentiated, however internally homogenous areas. The concepts of production of space, contemporanean urban development and spatial dynamics are discussed. The research is based on document analysis and field work. Results were plotted to maps and tables. A detailed analysis of the spatial processes in the Ponta Negra neighborhood is undertaken as a conclusion, considering the contemporanean global scenario

A face humana do complexo industrial da CU.F. : Um património a preservar

Tendo por base o contexto histórico e patrimonial no qual se desenvolveu o interesse pelo património industrial em Portugal, a partir do último quartel do século passado, este trabalho procura ser um contributo para a valorização histórica e patrimonial de um espaço industrial de grandes dimensões como foi o caso do Complexo Industrial da C.U.F. no Barreiro. O trabalho estrutura-se em duas partes, na primeira parte abordamos o tema Património Industrial na sua génese e enquadramento histórico como conceito e suas perspetivas de preservação e valorização; seguidamente faremos uma pequena síntese histórica do Barreiro até ao Complexo Industrial da C.U.F., onde abordaremos também o aumento populacional e o crescimento urbano, passando pelo problema da habitação e o surgimento dos Bairros Operários até aos espaços de lazer e catividades culturais ligadas ao Operariado, não esquecendo as estruturas de saúde, assistência, lazer e as politicas sociais. Na segunda parte abordaremos a importância de valorizar o património industrial e consequentemente o Complexo Industrial com a proposta de um programa de valorização do mesmo, através da criação de núcleos museológicos e de um roteiro de Património Industrial. ABSTRACT: The Human Facet of the Industrial Complex of C.U.F.- a Heritage to Preserve The foundation of this Project is the historical heritage for which developed the interest in Portugal's industrial heritage from the last quarter of the past century. This project has the intention to contribute to the historical and heritage valorization of one of the biggest industrial complexes, which was the case of the Industrial Complex C.U.F. in Barreiro. This project has two parts, the first part will be about defining the theme of industrial heritage and its genesis and the historical setting as a concept and its perspectives of preservation and valorization; afterwards, we will do a small historical synopsis of Barreiro including the Industrial Complex of C.U.F., where we will also refer to the increase in population growth and the urban development, followed by the housing problem and consequently the increase of working class neighborhoods, even to the prices of leisure and culture activities related to the working class, not forgetting the health structures, assistance, leisure and social politics. ln the second part, we will also talk about the importance of valorizing industrial heritage, and subsequently the Industrial Complex, with a proposal of a valorization programme of the Complex with the creation of a museological core as well as an industrial heritage guide.

Las ilhas de Porto : un análisis socio-morfo-tipológico

La “ilha” es un tipo de vivienda clandestina para las clases trabajadoras que surge en la segunda mitad del S.XIX, fruto de la necesidad habitacional de una gran cantidad de población que abandonaba el rural en busca de empleo, en la emergente industria de Oporto. Estas viviendas de bajo coste, fueron declaradas insalubres y elementos a eliminar a partir del s. XX, existiendo numerosos planes para demolerlas. Puede ser la hora de cambiar la forma de pensar, definiendo una política de revitalización de los espacios urbanos, paralela a la búsqueda de nuevas formas de ver las “ilhas” y la ciudad de Oporto. El trabajo comienza con la idea de preguntar si la noción de “ilha” tiene algún significado en la ciudad. Saber qué hacen las “ilhas” - si es que lo hacen - que pueda ser útil a la ciudad de Oporto y cómo lo hacen. En respuesta a la problemática identificada se establecen dos objetivos. El primero se centra en Clasificar matrices morfo-tipológicas de las “ilhas” en la parroquia del Bonfim, para así conocer las diferentes formas y tipologías de las “ilhas”, seleccionando tres casos de estudio. Con los datos extraídos poder abordar el segundo objetivo que propone Definir principios para la valorización del carácter distintivo de las “ilhas” en el contexto urbano portuense. La investigación se estructura en siete capítulos, la fundamentación teórica como reflexión del urbanismo reciente, sobre las diferentes vertientes del urbanismo moderno y como éstas han afectado a las “ilhas” y a la ciudad de Oporto. Destaca la morfología urbana como ciencia que estudia la ciudad y el estado del arte que ha ayudado a poner de relieve las investigaciones realizadas sobre el tema en la actualidad. El siguiente capítulo explica la especificidad del urbanismo portugués y como a partir de éste surgen las “ilhas”, una nueva tipología de Oporto. Posteriormente con base en el análisis documental se escoge la parroquia del Bonfim para delimitar el ámbito, analizando tres casos de estudio con los datos necesarios para la obtención de respuestas y desenvolvimiento de las conclusiones finales. La metodología utilizada está dividida en dos fases: una primera fase corresponde con un marco muestral de las “Ilhas” del Bonfim (estudio mayormente cuantitativo) donde se clasifican todas las comunidades “ilha” que componen la parroquia. Y una segunda fase, estudio cualitativo, donde se analizan de manera individual tres casos de estudio, que se seleccionaran según criterios definidos, para después realizar un análisis comparativo. En conclusión, las “ilhas” se integran en una estructura social que las caracteriza, marcada por la arquitectura y apropiación del espacio que simbolizan estos núcleos habitacionales. Son ejemplo de la utilización del espacio público como espacio de convivencia, frente a multitud de unidades habitacionales con espacios públicos descuidados, sin uso, abandonados, espacios donde las personas no se identifican con el lugar convertidas en sobrantes entre los edificios o territorios vacios. Las “ilhas” muestran unos principios básicos para el diseño y la relevancia de un buen sistema de espacios públicos que permitan vivir mejor.

Análisis crítico de la planificación urbana de la Ciudad de Cuenca

Las ciudades de todo el mundo deben mantener un entorno urbano habitable. Nueva York y Barcelona fueron una vez ejemplos a seguir, pero la visión urbana de expansión durante las últimas décadas ha dado lugar a un paradigma que comprende pobremente las tendencias de desarrollo de finales del siglo 20 e inicios del siglo 21. La planificación urbana insuficientemente pondera las aspiraciones de los ciudadanos y las funciones socioeconómicas de la ciudad, generando desequilibrios, caracterizados por el aumento de congestiones de tráfico, injusticia social y económica, y degradación medioambiental. En el caso de la ciudad de Cuenca, el desarrollo urbano ilustra claramente una expansión deficientemente controlada con graves fricciones en los mercados de trabajo y de vivienda, con pocos espacios verdes dentro y alrededor de la ciudad, como fue en el pasado. Este estudio intenta ilustrar la discrepancia entre la teoría y la práctica en el campo de la planificación urbana utilizando como caso de estudio a la ciudad andina de Cuenca. Mientras que la nueva doctrina de planificación urbana habla de un intrincado equilibrio entre las funciones socioeconómicas y ambientales en el espacio urbano, la ciudad se ve cada día más desorganizada. Además, para explicar la situación actual de la planificación de la ciudad de Cuenca, basada en razones teóricas y filosóficas, se identificaron las deficiencias en la planificación urbana. Las buenas prácticas de diseño y planificación urbana deben basarse en una buena comprensión del carácter dinámico y complejo de las ciudades. Con el manuscrito el autor tiene como objetivo impulsar la discusión científica sobre la planificación urbana desde la visión medioambiental y sustentable.

Faecal bacteria in Perna perna (Linnaeus, 1758) (Mollusca: Bivalvia) for biomonitoring coastal waters and seafood quality

O desenvolvimento urbano em áreas costeiras é intenso e o aumento das descargas de esgoto é uma das conseqüências. Assim, leis específicas que regulem limites para a contaminação microbiológica das águas e de alimentos de origem marinha são necessárias. O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar a utilização de Enterococos e coliformes termotolerantes na carne de mexilhões Perna perna como alternativa para o monitoramento da qualidade microbiológica de águas costeiras. O estudo também considera relações alométricas aplicadas às taxas de clearance para entender a concentração de bactérias pelo molusco. As densidades bacterianas obtidas no molusco foram de 50 a 4300 vezes maiores do que nas amostras de água coletadas próximas dos moluscos e alguns foram considerados impróprios para consumo, mesmo quando as águas não mostraram restrições. A taxa de clearance média obtida para retenção de Enterococos foi 317.7 ml h-1 e essas taxas (CR) puderam ser relacionadas com o tamanho dos mexilhões (L) pela equação CR = 28.3229L1.6421. Os resultados mostram que as densidades bacterianas nos tecidos dos mexilhões podem refletir a contaminação crônica do ambiente e que as taxas de clearance devem ser consideradas para a tomada de decisão em situações onde, por exemplo, se deseja implantar mexilhões para cultivo.

Dinámicas de licenciamiento en la ciudad colombiana. Estudio de caso: tendencias de licenciamiento urbano en Bogotá, durante la vigencia del plan de ordenamiento territorial 2000-2013

El interés de comprender la manera en la que los instrumentos de planificación afectan la dinámica del mercado inmobiliario, dio origen a la presente investigación que estudia el desarrollo urbano de Bogotá a partir de la implementación del Plan de Ordenamiento Territorial, Decreto 190 de 2004. A través del estudio de las tendencias espaciales de licenciamiento, se evaluó si se logró consolidar el modelo de ocupación propuesto en el POT; encontrándose que las decisiones de localización de los agentes privados no respondieron a la estructura urbana deseada, al no haberse concretado en el territorio por ejemplo la red de centralidades y el programa de renovación urbana.

Análisis de la participación ciudadana en la localidad de Santa Fe en el proceso de formulación del plan zonal centro de Bogotá en el periodo 2004-2007

Este trabajo de grado es un estudio de caso, del proceso participativo para la formulación del Plan Zonal Centro de Bogotá entre 2004 y 2007, con el fin de observar los efectos de la participación ciudadana de la Localidad de Santa Fe, en la formulación de una política pública. En la investigación se hace un análisis mediante las variables: contexto, las condiciones institucionales, el funcionamiento de los espacios de participación, los actores que participaron y los efectos de la participación ciudadana en el proceso decisional. Asimismo, el presente estudio de caso se valió de la teoría de la racionalidad limitada para entender las decisiones del actor público y sus límites, reconstruyendo el desarrollo del proceso participativo, para comprender la relación entre el proceso decisional, que hace parte de la formulación de la política pública, y las expectativas para tomar decisiones, que generan estos espacios de participación a los ciudadanos que participan. El presente trabajo usa herramientas conceptuales adquiridos en los programas de Ciencia Política y Gestión y Desarrollo Urbanos.

O crescimento urbano e a problemática da conservação das características do acervo arquitectonico: O caso das alçadas da Rua Grande, São Luís-Maranhão-Brasil

Esta dissertação estuda a problemática da conservação dos alçados da Rua Grande, localizada no Centro antigo da cidade de São Luís, capital do Estado do Maranhão, Brasil, a partir do crescimento urbano ocorrido principalmente a partir do século XIX à atualidade, com interferências devido às alterações do uso do solo. Iniciado com pesquisa in loco e nos departamentos de preservação do património arquitetónico do Município, Estado e Governo Federal, este estudo busca elaborar estratégias de intervenção adaptadas às necessidades locais, visando a participação da população, com cursos de educação patrimonial e consultas públicas. Esta proposta foi possível a partir da realização de diversas etapas de trabalho, partindo do enquadramento geral e histórico de São Luís, com foco específico na Rua Grande, discorrendo sobre a importância desta via ao desenvolvimento urbano da cidade. Desta forma, com vistas a possibilitar um melhor entendimento da morfologia urbana do Centro da cidade, analisou-se a malha delimitada pelo Anel Viário, importante via perimetral à zona central. Posteriormente, seguiu-se com a caracterização do acervo arquitetónico, com pesquisa acerca dos materiais e sistemas construtivos, permitindo o entendimento das diversas anomalias observadas a partir de análise laboratorial das amostras coletadas em algumas edificações. A elaboração de Cartas Temáticas permitiu um melhor entendimento de situações como uso do solo, gabarito, estilos arquitetónicos e dos estados de conservação e preservação, contando com o estudo da legislação local, o que permitiu, posteriormente, delinear-se as estratégias de intervenção. /SUMMARY: This dissertation examines the problems related to the conservation of the facades of the Grande street, located in the old city center of São Luis, capital of the northeastern state of Maranhão, Brazil, caused by the extensive urban growth that occurred from the XIX century to the current days, with numerous interferences due to changes in the building codes. The study began with a research in the federal, state and municipal departments of architectural heritage. The main objective was to suggest strategies of intervention adapted to the local needs, with community participation such as educational courses and public consultations. This proposal was made possible after completing several phases of work, starting with the general framing and historical background of São Luis, focusing on the Grande street, portraying the important role played by this street in the urban development of the city. Thus, with the intention of allowing a better understanding of the urban morphology in the city center, an analysis was made within the area limited by the road ring that surrounds the center. The study continued with the characterization of the architectural estate, with a research about the materials and construction systems, allowing the understanding of the several anomalies observed in the laboratorial analysis on the samples gathered from some buildings. The elaboration of the Thematic Charts allowed for a better understanding of the situation, such as land use, building codes, architectural styles and level of conservation and preservation, taking into account the local regulations, which made possible to set out some strategies of intervention.