909 resultados para Variable fractional derivative


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Les hétérojonctions formées de deux matériaux, un donneur et un accepteur (D/A), sont la base de la majorité des mélanges photovoltaïques organiques. Les mécanismes de séparation des charges dans ces systèmes représentent aujourd'hui l'un des sujets les plus chauds et les plus débattus dans ce domaine. Nous entrons au coeur de ce débat en choisissant un système D/A à base de phtalocyanine de cuivre (CuPc) et de fullerène (C60). Pour sonder les états excités de nos molécules et obtenir de l'information sur les phénomènes à l'interface D/A, nous réalisons une expérience pompe-sonde, appelée absorption photoinduite (PIA). Nous y mesurons le changement fractionnaire de transmission au travers de l'échantillon. Les mesures de PIA sont réalisées à l'état de quasi équilibre, à T=10K. Nous observons une modulation prononcée dans la région du photoblanchiment de l'état fondamental qui nous indique que la pompe induit un décalage du spectre d'absorption de l'état fondamental. Ce décalage peut être expliqué par deux processus : soit l'échantillon est chauffé par la pompe (effet thermique) ou bien des charges sont créées à l'interface entre les deux matériaux (effet Stark). La dépendance en température du spectre d'absorption entre 10K et 290K montre une signature thermique pour un changement de température de 80K. Grâce au ratio des raies Raman anti-Stokes et Stokes, nous démontrons que la pompe chauffe l'échantillon de 34 K, température insuffisante pour attribuer notre signal à un effet thermique. Nous évaporons ensuite la bicouche CuPc/C60 sur de l'ITO et du saphir, substrats qui possèdent des conductivités thermiques différentes et nous observons le même signal de PIA, excluant par le fait même l'hypothèse de l'effet thermique. Puisque notre étude est comparable à la spectroscopie à effet Stark, nous procédons à une analyse similaire en comparant notre signal de PIA au spectre de la transmittance et à ses dérivés première et seconde. Nous observons alors que notre signal reproduit presque parfaitement la dérivée seconde de la transmittance. Ces résultats sont conformes à une signature optique d'effet Stark due à la création de charges à l'interface D/A.

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Notre mémoire a pour objectif d’étudier l’impact différencié de la rémunération variable individuelle et collective sur l’intention de rester. De plus, nous nous intéressons au rôle de l’engagement organisationnel dans la relation entre la rémunération variable et l’intention de rester. Pour ce faire, nous avons formulé quatre hypothèses basées sur la littérature et certaines théories. La première hypothèse avance que la rémunération variable individuelle fait accroître l’intention de rester des travailleurs. La deuxième stipule que la rémunération variable collective fait accroître l’intention de rester. La troisième indique que la rémunération variable individuelle fait accroître davantage l’intention de rester que la rémunération variable collective sur l’intention de rester. Enfin, la quatrième hypothèse suggère que l’engagement organisationnel agit à titre de variable médiatrice dans la relation entre la rémunération variable et l’intention de rester. Notre étude s’appuie sur des données longitudinales colligées dans le cadre d’une enquête portant sur « les liens entre la rémunération, la formation et le développement des compétences avec l’attraction et la rétention des employés clés ». L’enquête a été réalisée auprès de nouveaux travailleurs d’une entreprise internationale du secteur des technologies de l’information et des communications (TIC) à Montréal. Les données ont été colligées en trois temps entre le 1er avril 2009 et le 30 septembre 2010. Nos résultats soutiennent qu’effectivement la rémunération variable individuelle et collective font augmenter l’intention de rester des travailleurs. De plus, nous trouvons que la rémunération variable individuelle et la rémunération variable collective ont un impact équivalent sur l’intention de rester. Enfin, bien que l’engagement organisationnel soit un prédicteur important de l’intention de rester, celui-ci n’agit pas à titre de variable médiatrice dans la relation entre la rémunération variable et l’intention de rester. Finalement, notre étude permet d’élaborer certaines pistes pour améliorer l’intention de rester des travailleurs.

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Afin de mieux cerner les enjeux de la transition entre le secondaire et le postsecondaire, nous proposons un examen du passage de la notion de fonction à celle de dérivée. À la lumière de plusieurs travaux mettant en évidence des difficultés inhérentes à ce passage, et nous basant sur les recherches de Carlson et ses collègues (Carlson, 2002; Carlson, Jacobs, Coe, Larsen et Hsu, 2002; Carlson, Larsen et Jacobs, 2001; Oehrtman, Carlson et Thompson, 2008) sur le raisonnement covariationnel, nous présentons une analyse de la dynamique du développement de ce raisonnement chez des petits groupes d’élèves de la fin du secondaire et du début du collégial dans quatre situations-problèmes différentes. L’analyse des raisonnements de ces groupes d’élèves nous a permis, d’une part, de raffiner la grille proposée par Carlson en mettant en évidence, non seulement des unités de processus de modélisation (ou unités de raisonnement) mises en action par ces élèves lors des activités proposées, mais aussi leurs rôles au sein de la dynamique du raisonnement. D’autre part, cette analyse révèle l’influence de certaines caractéristiques des situations sur les interactions non linéaires entre ces unités.

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new PVC membrane ion selective electrode which is highly selective towards Ni(II) ions was constructed using a Schiff base containing a binaphthyl moiety as the ionophore. The sensor exhibited a good Nernstian response for nickel ions over the concentration range 1.0 × 10–1 – 5.0 × 10–6 M with a lower limit of detection of 1.3 × 10–6 M. It has a fast response time and can be used for a period of 4 months with a good reproducibility. The sensor is suitable for use in aqueous solutions in a wide pH range of 3.6 – 7.4 and works satisfactorily in the presence of 25% (v/v) methanol or ethanol. The sensor shows high selectivity to nickel ions over a wide variety of cations. It has been successfully used as an indicator electrode in the potentiometric titration of nickel ions against EDTA and also for the direct determination of nickel content in real samples: effluent samples, chocolates and hydrogenated oils.

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Study on variable stars is an important topic of modern astrophysics. After the invention of powerful telescopes and high resolving powered CCD’s, the variable star data is accumulating in the order of peta-bytes. The huge amount of data need lot of automated methods as well as human experts. This thesis is devoted to the data analysis on variable star’s astronomical time series data and hence belong to the inter-disciplinary topic, Astrostatistics. For an observer on earth, stars that have a change in apparent brightness over time are called variable stars. The variation in brightness may be regular (periodic), quasi periodic (semi-periodic) or irregular manner (aperiodic) and are caused by various reasons. In some cases, the variation is due to some internal thermo-nuclear processes, which are generally known as intrinsic vari- ables and in some other cases, it is due to some external processes, like eclipse or rotation, which are known as extrinsic variables. Intrinsic variables can be further grouped into pulsating variables, eruptive variables and flare stars. Extrinsic variables are grouped into eclipsing binary stars and chromospheri- cal stars. Pulsating variables can again classified into Cepheid, RR Lyrae, RV Tauri, Delta Scuti, Mira etc. The eruptive or cataclysmic variables are novae, supernovae, etc., which rarely occurs and are not periodic phenomena. Most of the other variations are periodic in nature. Variable stars can be observed through many ways such as photometry, spectrophotometry and spectroscopy. The sequence of photometric observa- xiv tions on variable stars produces time series data, which contains time, magni- tude and error. The plot between variable star’s apparent magnitude and time are known as light curve. If the time series data is folded on a period, the plot between apparent magnitude and phase is known as phased light curve. The unique shape of phased light curve is a characteristic of each type of variable star. One way to identify the type of variable star and to classify them is by visually looking at the phased light curve by an expert. For last several years, automated algorithms are used to classify a group of variable stars, with the help of computers. Research on variable stars can be divided into different stages like observa- tion, data reduction, data analysis, modeling and classification. The modeling on variable stars helps to determine the short-term and long-term behaviour and to construct theoretical models (for eg:- Wilson-Devinney model for eclips- ing binaries) and to derive stellar properties like mass, radius, luminosity, tem- perature, internal and external structure, chemical composition and evolution. The classification requires the determination of the basic parameters like pe- riod, amplitude and phase and also some other derived parameters. Out of these, period is the most important parameter since the wrong periods can lead to sparse light curves and misleading information. Time series analysis is a method of applying mathematical and statistical tests to data, to quantify the variation, understand the nature of time-varying phenomena, to gain physical understanding of the system and to predict future behavior of the system. Astronomical time series usually suffer from unevenly spaced time instants, varying error conditions and possibility of big gaps. This is due to daily varying daylight and the weather conditions for ground based observations and observations from space may suffer from the impact of cosmic ray particles. Many large scale astronomical surveys such as MACHO, OGLE, EROS, xv ROTSE, PLANET, Hipparcos, MISAO, NSVS, ASAS, Pan-STARRS, Ke- pler,ESA, Gaia, LSST, CRTS provide variable star’s time series data, even though their primary intention is not variable star observation. Center for Astrostatistics, Pennsylvania State University is established to help the astro- nomical community with the aid of statistical tools for harvesting and analysing archival data. Most of these surveys releases the data to the public for further analysis. There exist many period search algorithms through astronomical time se- ries analysis, which can be classified into parametric (assume some underlying distribution for data) and non-parametric (do not assume any statistical model like Gaussian etc.,) methods. Many of the parametric methods are based on variations of discrete Fourier transforms like Generalised Lomb-Scargle peri- odogram (GLSP) by Zechmeister(2009), Significant Spectrum (SigSpec) by Reegen(2007) etc. Non-parametric methods include Phase Dispersion Minimi- sation (PDM) by Stellingwerf(1978) and Cubic spline method by Akerlof(1994) etc. Even though most of the methods can be brought under automation, any of the method stated above could not fully recover the true periods. The wrong detection of period can be due to several reasons such as power leakage to other frequencies which is due to finite total interval, finite sampling interval and finite amount of data. Another problem is aliasing, which is due to the influence of regular sampling. Also spurious periods appear due to long gaps and power flow to harmonic frequencies is an inherent problem of Fourier methods. Hence obtaining the exact period of variable star from it’s time series data is still a difficult problem, in case of huge databases, when subjected to automation. As Matthew Templeton, AAVSO, states “Variable star data analysis is not always straightforward; large-scale, automated analysis design is non-trivial”. Derekas et al. 2007, Deb et.al. 2010 states “The processing of xvi huge amount of data in these databases is quite challenging, even when looking at seemingly small issues such as period determination and classification”. It will be beneficial for the variable star astronomical community, if basic parameters, such as period, amplitude and phase are obtained more accurately, when huge time series databases are subjected to automation. In the present thesis work, the theories of four popular period search methods are studied, the strength and weakness of these methods are evaluated by applying it on two survey databases and finally a modified form of cubic spline method is intro- duced to confirm the exact period of variable star. For the classification of new variable stars discovered and entering them in the “General Catalogue of Vari- able Stars” or other databases like “Variable Star Index“, the characteristics of the variability has to be quantified in term of variable star parameters.

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One-electron energy levels and wavelengths have been calculated for Na-like ions whose nuclei carry quarks with additional charges ±e/3, ±2e/3. The calculations are based on relativistic self-consistent field procedures. The deviations from experimental values exhibit regularities which allow an extrapolation for the wavelengths of 3s - 3p, 3s - 4p, 3p - 3d, and 3p - 4s transitions for the nuclear charge Z = 11± 1/3, ±2/3. A number of transitions are found in the region of visible light which could be used in an optical search for quark atoms.

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Se pretende paliar el absentismo y el abandono escolar prematuro y poner al alcance de todo el alumnado los elementos del curriculum de forma que, desde la integraci??n, todas y todos vivan su tiempo de escolarizaci??n como un tiempo ??til, sin desesperanza y con las perspectivas de obtener el Graduado de ESO.

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This paper introduces a probability model, the mixture of trees that can account for sparse, dynamically changing dependence relationships. We present a family of efficient algorithms that use EMand the Minimum Spanning Tree algorithm to find the ML and MAP mixtureof trees for a variety of priors, including the Dirichlet and the MDL priors.

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This paper introduces a probability model, the mixture of trees that can account for sparse, dynamically changing dependence relationships. We present a family of efficient algorithms that use EM and the Minimum Spanning Tree algorithm to find the ML and MAP mixture of trees for a variety of priors, including the Dirichlet and the MDL priors. We also show that the single tree classifier acts like an implicit feature selector, thus making the classification performance insensitive to irrelevant attributes. Experimental results demonstrate the excellent performance of the new model both in density estimation and in classification.

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We propose a nonparametric method for estimating derivative financial asset pricing formulae using learning networks. To demonstrate feasibility, we first simulate Black-Scholes option prices and show that learning networks can recover the Black-Scholes formula from a two-year training set of daily options prices, and that the resulting network formula can be used successfully to both price and delta-hedge options out-of-sample. For comparison, we estimate models using four popular methods: ordinary least squares, radial basis functions, multilayer perceptrons, and projection pursuit. To illustrate practical relevance, we also apply our approach to S&P 500 futures options data from 1987 to 1991.

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It is well known that regression analyses involving compositional data need special attention because the data are not of full rank. For a regression analysis where both the dependent and independent variable are components we propose a transformation of the components emphasizing their role as dependent and independent variables. A simple linear regression can be performed on the transformed components. The regression line can be depicted in a ternary diagram facilitating the interpretation of the analysis in terms of components. An exemple with time-budgets illustrates the method and the graphical features

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Estudiar la manera de llevar a cabo un plan para el área Artística en EEMM conforme con las orientaciones pedagógicas actuales que posibiliten una metodología activa. Alumnos de BUP de un centro público de Cáceres. Visitas, realización de dibujos y grabados de la Plaza Mayor de Cáceres. Parten del concepto de educación inspirado en las ideas de Wygotsky y sus seguidores y en la investigación antropológica. Técnica de grabado, dibujo. Elaboración del currículum, e intento de relacionar al alumno con su medio así como la representación gráfica. Utilizando la técnica del grabado, el mayor problema que tuvo que salvar el profesor fue aprovechar las ventajas del dibujo libre o de fantasía, contrastando los obstáculos e intensificando la observación. La aplicación de esta técnica dió mayor interés y profundidad a la experiencia.