Longitudinal clinical and serological survey of abdominal angiostrongyliasis in Guaporé, southern Brazil, from 1995 to 1999

Abdominal angiostrongyliasis is a zoonotic infection caused by Angiostrongylus costaricensis, a nematode with an intra-vascular location in the mesentery. Our objective was to address several aspects of the natural history of this parasitosis, in a longitudinal clinical and seroepidemiological study. A total of 179 individuals living in a rural area with active transmission in southern Brazil were followed for five years (1995-1999) resulting in yearly prevalence of 28.2%, 4.2%, 10%, 20.2% and 2.8% and incidences of 0%, 5.9%, 8% and 1.5%, respectively. Both men and woman were affected with higher frequencies at age 30-49 years. In 32 individuals serum samples were collected at all time points and IgG antibody reactivity detected by ELISA was variable and usually persisting not longer than one year. Some individual antibody patterns were suggestive of re-infection. There was no association with occurrence of abdominal pain or of other enteroparasites and there was no individual with a confirmed (histopathologic) diagnosis. Mollusks were found with infective third-stage larvae in some houses with an overall prevalence of 16% and a low parasitic burden. In conclusion, abdominal angiostrongyliasis in southern Brazil may be a frequent infection with low morbidity and a gradually decreasing serological reactivity.

Função visual e desempenho na leitura em crianças do 1º ciclo do ensino básico do concelho de Lisboa

RESUMO - Esta tese pretende ser um contributo para o estudo das anomalias da função visual e da sua influência no desempenho da leitura. Apresentava como objetivos: (1) Identificar a prevalência de anomalias da função visual, (2) Caracterizar o desempenho da leitura em crianças com e sem anomalias da função visual, (3) Identificar de que modo as anomalias da função visual influenciam o desempenho da leitura e (4) Identificar o impacto das variáveis que determinam o desempenho da leitura. Foi recolhida uma amostra de conveniência com 672 crianças do 1º ciclo do ensino básico de 11 Escolas do Concelho de Lisboa com idades compreendidas entre os 6 e os 11 anos (7,69±1,19), 670 encarregados de educação e 34 Professores. Para recolha de dados, foram utilizados três instrumentos: 2 questionários de perguntas fechadas, avaliação da função visual e prova de avaliação da leitura com 34 palavras. Após observadas, as crianças foram classificadas em dois grupos: função visual normal (FVN=562) e função visual alterada (FVA=110). Identificou-se uma prevalência de 16,4% de crianças com FVA. No teste de leitura, estas crianças apresentaram um menor número de palavras lidas corretamente (FVA=31,00; FVN=33,00; p<0,001) e menor precisão (FVA=91,18%; FVN=97,06%; p<0,001). Esta tendência também foi observada na comparação entre os 4 anos de escolaridade. As crianças com função visual alterada mostraram uma tendência para a omissão de letras e a confusão de grafema. Quanto à fluência (FVA=24,71; FVN=27,39; p=0,007) esta foi inferior nas crianças com FVA para todos os anos de escolaridade, exceto o 3º ano. As crianças com hipermetropia (p=0,003) e astigmatismo (p=0,019) não corrigido leram menos palavras corretamente (30,00; 31,00) e com menor precisão (88,24%; 91,18%) que as crianças sem erro refrativo significativo (32,00; 94,12%). A performance escolar classificada pelos professores foi inferior nas crianças com FVA e mais de ¼ necessitavam de medidas de apoio especial na escola. Não se verificaram diferenças significativas na performance da leitura das crianças com FVA por grupos de habilitações dos encarregados de educação. Verificou-se que o risco de ter um desempenho na leitura alterado é superior [OR=4,29; I.C.95%(2,49;7,38)] nas crianças que apresentam FVA. Relativamente ao 1º ano de escolaridade, o 2º, 3º e 4º anos apresentam um menor risco de ter um desempenho na leitura alterado. As variáveis método de ensino, habilitações dos encarregados de educação, tipo de escola (pública/privada), idade do Professor e número de anos de experiência do Professor, não foram fatores estatisticamente significativos para explicar a alteração do desempenho na leitura, quando o efeito da função visual se encontra contemplado no modelo. Um mau desempenho na leitura foi considerado nas crianças que apresentaram uma precisão inferior a 90%. Este indicador pode ser utilizado para identificar crianças em risco, que necessitam de uma observação Ortóptica/Oftalmológica para confirmação ou exclusão da existência de alterações da função visual. Este trabalho constitui um contributo para a identificação de crianças em desvantagem educacional devido a anomalias da função visual tratáveis, propondo um modelo que pretende orientar os professores na identificação de crianças que apresentem um baixo desempenho na leitura.

A influência da posição postural no ciclo percepção - acção durante estimulação visual dinâmica

A influência da posição postural no ciclo percepção – acção foi investigada com base no potencial evocado visual relacionado com o movimento (M-VEP). Para tal, sinais EEG multicanal de 25 indivíduos saudáveis foram adquiridos durante as posições posturais ortostática (O) e sentada (S), sob estimulação visual dinâmica (ED) de afastamento (AF) e aproximação (AP) de um cenário virtual. Para gerar ED, os móveis e utensílios do cenário virtual foram expandidos (ou reduzidos) enquanto o piso, as paredes e o teto deslocam-se linearmente no sentido anterior (ou posterior) com uma velocidade de 1,2 m/s durante 1 s. O M-VEP foi estimado para cada posição e estimulação pelo cálculo da média coerente dos sinais EEG sincronizados com o início do movimento da ED, a qual evidenciou as componentes P1, N2 e P3 (dominânica N2 em relação a P1). Embora o M-VEP não dependa do sentido da estimulação (Wilcoxon, p > 0,20), o running t-test indicou que no intervalo 470 a 900 ms, após o início da ED, o grand-averaged do M-VEP para posição O difere (p < 0,10) daquele da posição S nas derivações parietais, frontais e centrais. Além disso, a distribuição da latência da componente P3 para O também difere daquela de S (Wilcoxon: p < 0,06), para as mesmas derivações, independentemente do sentido da ED. A correlação cruzada indicou atraso da componente P3 de S em relação à de O, em particular (p < 0,10) nas derivações frontais e centrais durante AP (50 ms) e somente centrais durante AF (30 ms). Estes resultados reflectem a antecipação do processamento cortical hierárquico relacionado com a cognição, o planeamento e a acção motora, associados às maiores exigências da posição ortostática para manter o equilíbrio evidenciando, portanto, a potencialidade deste protocolo para investigar o ciclo percepção – acção durante posições posturais distintas.

Dissuasão Visual: Arte, Cinema, Cronopolítica e Guerra em Directo

A percepção é essencial na cultura militar e as tecnologias da informação deram-lhe uma nova consistência. As funções perceptivas do ser humano estão agora plasmadas nas máquinas de guerra, replicando comportamentos e características fisiológicas próprias aos seres vivos. As máquinas de guerra são já sensíveis à luz, a variações térmicas ou acústicas. A essência humana, assim cristalizada sobre toda a aparelhagem de guerra, coloca em tensão os limites da diferenciação entre os campos da Arte, Cinema, Política e Guerra. Contudo, e antes ainda da era da máquina, o mundo estaria já repleto de motores naturais e poéticos. É Gilbert Simondon quem o diz, lembrando que por antecipação científica há muito que a mecanologia existe, antevendo a relação entre a indústria mais perfeita, a ciência mais bem equipada, e uma natureza no seu estado mais natural. Este será um ponto de partida verdadeiramente essencial – é que sempre tivemos a ilusão de que a técnica seria uma invenção humana quando, no fundo, foi a técnica militar e a guerra aquilo que permitiu a «fabricação do humano». Esta tese procura desvelar como o surgimento de novas tecnologias e de novos espaços para a guerra, forçaram a sua reproblematização em novas vias epistemológicas. Recuando até ao originário movimento geo-político, entroncamos numa interdefinição entre a ordem espacial e a individuação dos objectos técnicos, e procuraremos, a partir daí, saber como se concretizou a expansão da guerra moderna a todo os domínios e a todo o mundo.

Malacological survey of Biomphalaria snails in municipalities along the Estrada Real in the southeast of the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil

INTRODUCTION: The increasing practice of ecotourism and rural tourism in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil, highlights the importance of studies concerning the occurrence of potential intermediate hosts of Schistosoma mansoni. This study aimed to identify species of Biomphalaria snails in municipalities along the Estrada Real, an important Brazilian tourism project. METHODS: The specimens were collected in different water collections of 36 municipalities along the Estrada Real in the southeast of the State of Minas Gerais. Biomphalaria species were characterized using both morphological and molecular approaches. The research was conducted between August 2005 and September 2009 and all the sites visited were georeferenced using GPS. RESULTS: Six Biomphalaria species were found in 30 of the 36 municipalities studied: glabrata, tenagophila, straminea, peregrina, occidentalis and schrammi. The first three species of Biomphalaria, recognized as intermediate hosts of S. mansoni, were present in 33.3%, 47.2% and 8.3% of the municipalities studied, respectively. The mollusks were found in different types of water collections and no infection by S. mansoni was detected. The highest occurrence of Biomphalaria concentration was verified in the area covered by the Caminho Novo route (Diamantina/MG to Rio de Janeiro/RJ). CONCLUSIONS: Considering the occurrence of schistosomiasis in the State of Minas Gerais and the socioeconomic repercussions involved in the Estrada Real Project, this work focuses on the vulnerability of water collections due to the presence of Biomphalaria mollusks and emphasizes the need for epidemiological surveillance and sanitary and educational measures integrated with the local community and tourism sectors.

The Visual and Virtual in Contemporary European Learning Contexts

Special issue of Anthropology in Action originated from the Working Images Conference, a joint meeting of TAN and VAN EASA networks

Rigid pavements distresses - pavement condition index evaluation

Pavements require maintenance in order to provide good service levels during their life period. Because of the significant costs of this operation and the importance of a proper planning, a pavement evaluation methodology, named Pavement Condition Index (PCI), was created by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. This methodology allows for the evaluation of the pavement condition along the life period, generally yearly, with minimum costs and, in this way, it is possible to plan the maintenance action and to adopt adequate measures, minimising the rehabilitation costs. The PCI methodology provides an evaluation based on visual inspection, namely on the distresses observed on the pavement. This condition index of the pavement is classified from 0 to 100, where 0 it is the worst possible condition and 100 the best possible condition. This methodology of pavement assessment represents a significant tool for management methods such as airport pavement management system (APMS) and life-cycle costs analysis (LCCA). Nevertheless, it has some limitations which can jeopardize the correct evaluation of the pavement behavior. Therefore the objective of this dissertation is to help reducing its limitations and make it easier and faster to use. Thus, an automated process of PCI calculation was developed, avoiding the abaci consultation, and consequently, minimizing the human error. To facilitate also the visual inspection a Tablet application was developed to replace the common inspection data sheet and thus making the survey easier to be undertaken. Following, an airport pavement condition was study accordingly with the methodology described at Standard Test Method for Airport Pavement Condition Index Surveys D5340, 2011 where its original condition level is compared with the condition level after iterate possible erroneous considered distresses as well as possible rehabilitations. Afterwards, the results obtained were analyzed and the main conclusions presented together with some future developments.

Biblioteca de Arte Inclusiva: Informação e Conhecimento Acessíveis aos Leitores com Deficiência Visual

O presente relatório descreve a atividade realizada na Biblioteca de Arte da Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, no âmbito do Mestrado em Ciências da Informação e da Documentação, tendo por tema o acesso à informação pelos leitores com deficiência visual. Nele procura-se abordar que medidas têm sido tomadas para assegurar a integração destes leitores, tendo em vista alcançar a sua autonomia a nível de utilização dos serviços disponíveis. Nesse sentido, explicitam-se os conceitos inerentes a esta temática (biblioteca inclusiva e acessibilidade), destaca-se a importância da interação com outros utilizadores como forma de integração, refere-se a importância da cooperação interinstitucional, salienta-se o papel do bibliotecário e das tecnologias de informação e da comunicação, como meio de permitir ao deficiente visual aceder a um conjunto diversificado de serviços, através da utilização de equipamentos e software específicos. Através da aplicação de uma metodologia de pesquisa bibliográfica, observação direta e entrevista, efetua-se um estudo de caso com uma análise detalhada ao nível da acessibilidade física e dos recursos materiais assim como da atitude e preparação dos profissionais para lidar com a deficiência. Conclui-se que a Biblioteca de Arte deve continuar a investir na exploração de novos recursos e potencialidades, de modo a disponibilizar todo o tipo de meios humanos e tecnológicos para apoiar os leitores com deficiência visual, promovendo a sua inclusão e participação na sociedade da informação e do conhecimento.

Serological survey for Chagas disease in the rural areas of Manaus, Coari, and Tefé in the Western Brazilian Amazon

INTRODUCTION: Deforestation, uncontrolled forest, human population migration from endemic areas, and the large number of reservoirs and wild vectors naturally infected by Trypanosoma cruzi promote the endemicity of Chagas disease in the Amazon region. METHODS: We conducted an initial serological survey (ELISA) in a sample of 1,263 persons; 1,095 (86.7%) were natives of the State of Amazonas, 666 (52.7%) were male, and 948 (75.1%) were over 20 years old. Serum samples that were found to be reactive, indeterminate, or inconclusive by indirect immunofluorescence (IFI) or positive with low titer by IFA were tested by Western blot (WB). Serologically confirmed patients (WB) were evaluated in terms of epidemiological, clinical, ECG, and echocardiography characteristics. RESULTS: Fifteen patients had serologically confirmed T. cruzi infection, and 12 of them were autochthonous to the state of Amazonas, for an overall seroprevalence of 1.2% and 0.9% for the state of Amazonas. Five of the 15 cases were males, and the average age was 47 years old; most were farmers with low education. One patient who was not autochthonous, having originated from Alagoas, showed right bundle branch block, bundle branch block, and anterosuperior left ventricular systolic dysfunction with an ejection fraction of 54%. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study ratify the importance of monitoring CD cases in Amazonia, particularly in the state of Amazonas.

A retrospective serologic survey of hantavirus infections in the county of Cássia dos Coqueiros, State of São Paulo, Brazil

INTRODUCTION: In recent years, hantavirus infections producing severe diseases have obtained an increased attention from public health authorities from the countries of Eurasia to the Americas. Brazil has reported 1,300 cases of hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS) from 1993 to 2010, with about 80 of them occurring in the northeast of the State of São Paulo, with 48% fatality rate. Araraquara virus was the causative agent of HCPS in the region. Considering that hantaviruses causing human disease in the Americas were unknown until 1993, we have looked for hantavirus infections in the population of Cássia dos Coqueiros county, northeast of the State of São Paulo, Brazil, before this time. This county has about 2,800 inhabitants and an economy based on agriculture, including cultivation of Brachiaria decumbens grass. The grass seeds are an important rodent attraction, facilitating transmission of hantavirus to man. Four HCPS cases were reported so far in the county. METHODS: In this study, 1,876 sera collected from 1987 to 1990 were tested for IgG to hantavirus by IgG-ELISA, using the N recombinant protein of Araraquara virus as antigen. RESULTS: Positive results were observed in 89 (4.7%) samples, which were all collected in 1987. The positivity among urban inhabitants was 5.3%, compared with 4.3% among those living in rural areas. CONCLUSIONS: Our results showed that hantavirus infections occurred in Cássia dos Coqueiros, completely unrecognized, even before hantaviruses were described in the Americas.

Serologic survey of hantavirus in a rural population from the northern State of Mato Grosso, Brazil

INTRODUCTION: Hantavirus is a genus of ribonucleic acid (RNA) viruses included in the family Bunyaviridae. Hantaviruses are rodent-borne zoonoses that, in the last 18 years, became an emergent public health problem in the Americas, causing a severe cardiopulmonary syndrome. This disease has no specific treatment and has a high case fatality. The transmission of hantavirus to man occurs by inhaling aerosols of rodent excreta. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of antibodies to hantavirus in the population of the rural settlement of Tupã in the county of Marcelândia, state of Mato Grosso, Brazil. METHODS: The participants of the serologic survey were visited at their homes and selected randomly among the settlement population. Blood samples of the participants were collected by venopuncture. The serum samples were tested by an IgG-ELISA using an N recombinant protein of Araraquara hantavirus as antigen, using the protocol previously established by Figueiredo et al. RESULTS: IgG antibodies to hantavirus were detected in 7 (13%) of the 54 participants. The positivity was higher among men. It was observed that there was an association of seropositivity to hantavirus within the participants born in the south of Brazil. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that, in this rural area, everyone is exposed to the same risk of becoming infected with hantavirus, and, therefore, there is a need to intensify surveillance activities and education of the local people to prevent this viral infection.

Survey of Bancroftian filariasis infection in humans and Culex mosquitoes in the western Brazilian Amazon region: implications for transmission and control

IntroductionThe aim of this work was to identify possible lymphatic filariasis foci in the western Brazilian Amazonian that could be established from the reports of Rachou in the 1950s. The study was conducted in three cities of the western Brazilian Amazon region - Porto Velho and Guajará-Mirim (State of Rondônia) and Humaitá (State of Amazonas).MethodsFor human infection evaluation thick blood smear stained with Giemsa was used to analyze samples collected from 10pm to 1am. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to examine mosquito vectors for the presence of Wuchereria bancrofti DNA. Humans were randomly sampled from night schools students and from inhabitants in neighborhoods lacking sanitation. Mosquitoes were collected from residences only.ResultsA total 2,709 night students enrolled in the Program for Education of Young Adults (EJA), and 935 people registered in the residences near the schools were examined, being 641 from Porto Velho, 214 from Guajará-Mirim and 80 from Humaitá. No individual examined was positive for the presence of microfilariae in the blood stream. A total of 7,860 female Culex quinquefasciatus specimens examined were negative by PCR.ConclusionsThis survey including human and mosquito examinations indicates that the western Amazon region of Brazil is not a focus of Bancroftian filariasis infection or transmission. Therefore, there is no need to be included in the Brazilian lymphatic filariasis control program.

Survey of sandfly vectors of leishmaniasis in Marambaia Island, municipality of Mangaratiba, State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

IntroductionThe influx and efflux of military personnel in the possible endemic areas of leishmaniasis provided the impetus for research on the sandflies on Marambaia Island.MethodsSandflies were collected with light traps installed in the 3 ecotypes of 3 areas chosen for their particular landscape aspects.ResultsIn 2009, were collected 32,006 specimens of sandflies belonging to 13 species. The species that showed highest density were Nyssomyia intermedia and Migoneimyia migonei.ConclusionsN. intermedia and M. migonei are the principal vectors of American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL) in Brazil; thus, extension studies related to the eco-epidemiology of these species of Marambaia Island are essential.

Rehabilitation of renders of old buildings in Portugal: survey, supporting methodology proposal and case study

The main purpose of the research is to present a proposal for a methodology to support the rehabilitation project of renders of old buildings in Portugal. To achieve the objective it was considered essential to define the main types of participants and aspects to integrate the proposal. The research methodology consists in an inquiry presented to professional participants in rehabilitation, a market study of materials and products available in Portugal, the design of a methodology proposal and its application to a case study. The inquiry sample totals 24 answers from the targeted professionals. A sequence of relevant supporting procedures consists in the proposal, which aims to provide a supporting methodology to decide and project in this context and also to be tested with its application to the building. This proposal was applied to an old building with load-bearing stone masonry walls and air-lime based renders. It was concluded that the assessment of the building and external renderings’ condition, its diagnosis and of the supporting walls, the definition of intervention, the specification of materials to be used and performance requirements to comply, and also plans for conservation and periodic maintenance, are crucial. From the inquiry, compatibility between materials and complementary roles and points of view of different types of participants in rehabilitation must be highlighted. A proposal for a methodology to support the project could provide useful guidance particularly for architects and construction engineers, and improve the understanding of direct participants on site, therefore contributing for the correct implementation of intervention.

Visual and verbal processing effects on human memory

In this study in the field of Consumer Behavior, brand name memory of consumers with regard to verbal and visual incongruent and congruent information such as memory structure of brands was tested. Hence, four experimental groups with different constellations of verbal and visual congruity and incongruity were created to compare their brand name memory performance. The experiment was conducted in several classes with 128 students, each group with 32 participants. It was found that brands, which are presented in a congruent or moderately incongruent relation to their brand schema, result in a better brand recall than their incongruent counterparts. A difference between visual congruity and moderately incongruity could not be confirmed. In contrast to visual incongruent information, verbal incongruent information does not result in a worse brand recall performance.