Um dermatam sulfato antitrombótico do camarão Litopenaeus vanammei inibe a inflamação e angiogênese

Inflammation is combined of a vascular and a cellular reaction, resulting in different cells and tissue responses, both the intravascular and extravascular environment. As the inflammatory process occurs, coagulation proteases, in particular thrombin (FIIa), are able to initiate various cellular responses in vascular biology and therefore is often observed activation of other biological systems, leading to complications during an event inflammatory, such as thrombosis and angiogenesis. Thus, antagonists molecules of these events are interesting models for the development of novel anti-inflammatory drugs. Thereby, it is worth stressing the glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), which are able to interact with several proteins involved in important biological processes, including inflammation and coagulation. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory, antithrombotic and anti-angiogenic potentials, as well anticoagulant of a dermatan sulfate-like GAG (DS) extracted from the Litopenaeus vannamei cephalotorax. The compound was obtained after proteolysis and purification by ion-exchange chromatography. After total digestion by DS-like compounds digesting lyases (chondroitinase ABC), the DS-like nature was revealed, and then called DSL. The shrimp compound showed reduced anticoagulant effect by the aPTT assay, but high anti-IIa activity, directly and through heparin cofactor II. On inflammation, the compound had a significant inhibitory effect with the reduction of proinflammatory cytokines. Potential Inhibitory were reported in the antithrombotic and anti-angiogenic assay, the latter being dose dependent. As for anti-hemostatic activity, the polysaccharides did not induced significant bleeding effect. Thus, the results shown by the shrimp DS-like compound indicate this glycosaminoglycan as a biotechnology target with prospects for the development of new multipotent drugs.

Tratamento tópico para xerostomia pós-radioterapia para câncer de cabeça e pescoço – Revisão Sistemática

The purpose of this systematic review was to compare the effectiveness of topical treatments to minimize post-radiotherapy xerostomia. PubMed, Cochrane Library (CENTRAL) and LILACS databases were searched without restriction on date or language until the 6thAugust, 2015. Key-wordsused for searching were radiotherapy, xerostomia and saliva. Two independent reviewers screened titles and abstracts, carried out data extraction and assessed risk of bias. The first search identified 429 articles. From these, 117 studies were selected for full-text reading, from which 18 were included in the qualitative synthesis. From the eighteen articles included, seven were non- controlled clinical trial, one article was controlled clinical trial and ten studies were randomized clinical trials (three clinical trials were placebo controlled and seven were crossover). By the assessment of the quality of the studies included, ten showed high risk of bias, four showed moderate risk of bias and four presented low risk of bias. All interventions were considered effective in treating xerostomia (mucin, polysaccharides, aloe vera, rape oil, linseed oil, carboxymethylcellulose, polyethylene oxide, pilocarpine and systems of care for xerostomia - gel, paste and mouthwash). Meta-analysis could not be performed due to heterogeneity between thestudiesand interventions. This systematic review showed that a single and general protocol for topical treatment of xerostomia post-radiotherapy does not exist and that follow-up visits should be performed to validate the individualized treatment plan.

Exoenzimas em rações de frangos de corte

The study aimed to evaluate performance, relative weight of the small intestine, digestibility and deposition of minerals in the bone of broilers supplemented with enzymatic complex (carbohydrases and phytase) in sorghum-based diets or sorghum and millet. In the experiments based of sorghum and sorghum and millet were used 912 day-old male and female Hubbard Flex chicks (50:50) were distributed in a completely randomized design in a 2x2 factorial arrangement (Feed Control base Sorghum (Contcs); FeedReducedbase Sorghum (RedS); Feed Control base sorghum + Enzymatic Complex (Contcs + Enz);. Feed reduced base sorghum + Enzymatic Complex (RedS + Enz) in the study of feed basis of sorghum and millet the design was similar (Feed Control base sorghum + millet ( ContSM); Reduced feed based on Millet + Sorghum (RedSM); Feed Control based Sorghum + Millet + EnzimaticComplex (ContSM + Enz); Reduced Feed base Sorghum+ Millet + Enzimatic Complex (RedSM + Enz). At 35 and 42 days of age were determined performance data: feed intake (CR), body weight (BW), feed conversion (FC), viability (VIAB), relative weight of the small intestine and deposition of minerals in the bone. The digestibility was evaluated sorghum grain size (crushed and whole) with and without exoenzimatico complex. They used 32 birds, eight birds per treatment, in periods from 17 to 21 (initial) and 31 to 35 days of age (fattening). The exoenzimático complex used in feed favored the weight gain results, feed conversion and bone mineralization when compared to a control diet not added to enzymes, demonstrating its effect on non-starch polysaccharides and phosphorus phytic present as anti-nutritional factors in these diets, increasing the digestibility and supply of metabolizable energy, essential amino acids, methionine and lysine and calcium and phosphorus for bone formation. It is concluded that a safe strategy for inclusion in feed is based on the reduction of energy levels, essential amino acids, methionine and lysine and calcium and phosphorus in the expected result of the constant activity of the enzymes of this exoenzimático complex.

Hydrophobically-modified hydroxypropyl celluloses : synthesis and self-assembly in water

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Engineering polymeric micelles for solubilization of poorly-water soluble drugs : a novel approach for oral drug delivery

Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Genetic and Molecular Basis of Encapsulation and Capsule Diversity in Kingella kingae

Kingella kingae is a bacterial pathogen that is increasingly recognized as an etiology of septic arthritis, osteomyelitis, bacteremia, and endocarditis in young children. The pathogenesis of K. kingae disease starts with bacterial adherence to the respiratory epithelium of the posterior pharynx. Previous work has identified type IV pili and a trimeric autotransporter protein called Knh (Kingella NhhA homolog) as critical factors for adherence to human epithelial cells. Additional studies established that the presence of a polysaccharide capsule interferes with Knh-mediated adherence. Given the inhibitory role of capsule during adherence we sought to uncover the genes involved in capsule expression to understand how capsule is elaborated on the cell surface. Additionally, this work aimed to further characterize capsule diversity among K. kingae clinical isolates and to investigate the relationship between capsule type and site of isolation.

We first set out to identify the carbohydrates present in the K. kingae capsule present in the prototype strain 269-492. Glycosyl composition and NMR analysis of surface extractable polysaccharides demonstrated two distinct polysaccharides, one consisting of GalNAc and Kdo with the structure →3)-β-GalpNAc-(1→5)-β-Kdop-(2→ and the other containing galactose alone with the structure →5)-β-Galf-(1→.

To discern the two polysaccharides we disrupted the ctrA gene required for surface localization of the K. kingae polysaccharide capsule and observed a loss of GalNAc and Kdo but no effect on the presence of Gal in bacterial surface extracts. In contrast, deletion of the pamABCDE locus involved in production of a reported galactan exopolysaccharide eliminated Gal but had no effect on the presence of GalNAc and Kdo in surface extracts. These results established that K. kingae strain KK01 produces a polysaccharide capsule with the structure →3)-β-GalpNAc-(1→5)-β-Kdop-(2→ and a separate exopolysaccharide with the structure →5)-β-Galf-(1→.

Having established that K. kingae produces a capsule comprised of GalNAc and Kdo, we next set out to identify the genetic determinants of capsule through a transposon mutagenesis screen. In addition to the previously identified ctrABCD operon, lipA, lipB, and a putative glycosyltransferase termed csaA (capsule synthesis region A gene A) were found to be essential for the production of surface-localized capsule. The ctr operon, lipA, lipB, and csaA were found to be present at unlinked locations throughout the genome, which is atypical for gram-negative organisms that elaborate a capsule dependent on an ABC-type transporter for surface localization. Through examining capsule localization in the ctrA, lipA, lipB, and csaA mutant strains, we determined that the ctrABCD, lipA/lipB, and csaA gene products respectively function in capsule export, assembly, and synthesis, respectively. The GalNAc transferase and Kdo transferase domains found in CsaA further support its role in catalyzing the synthesis of the GalNAc-Kdo capsule in the K. kingae prototype strain.

To investigate the capsule diversity that exists in K. kingae we screened a panel of strains isolated from patients with invasive disease or healthy carriers for the csaA capsule synthesis locus. We discovered that Kingella kingae expresses one of 4 capsule synthesis loci (csa, csb, csc, or csd) associated with a capsule consisting of Kdo and GalNAc (type a), Kdo and GlcNAc (type b), Kdo and ribose (type c), and GlcNAc and galactose (type d), respectively. Cloning of the csa, csb, csc, or csd locus into the empty flanking gene region in a non-encapsulated mutant (creation of an isogenic capsule swap) was sufficient to produce either the type a, type b, or type c capsule, respectively, further supporting the role of these loci in expression of a specific polysaccharide linkage. Capsule type a and capsule type b accounted for 96% of invasive strains. Conversely, capsule type c and capsule type d were found disproportionately among carrier isolates, suggesting that capsule type is important in promoting invasion and dissemination.

In conclusion, we discovered that Kingella kingae expresses a polysaccharide capsule and an exopolysaccharide on its surface that require distinct genetic loci for surface localization. Further investigation into genetic determinants of encapsulation revealed the loci ctrABCD, lipA/lipB, and a putative glycosyltransferase are required for capsule expression, with the gene products having roles in capsule export, assembly, and synthesis, respectively. The putative glycosyltransferase CsaA was determined to be a bifunctional enzyme with both GalNAc-transferase and Kdo-transferase activity. Furthermore, we discovered a total of 4 capsule types expressed in clinical isolates of K. kingae, each with a distinct capsule synthesis locus. The variation in the proportion of capsule types found between invasive strains and carriage strains suggest that capsule type is important in promoting invasion and dissemination. Taken together, this work expands our knowledge of the capsule types expressed among K. kingae carrier and invasive isolates and provides insights into the common genetic determinants of capsule expression. These contributions may lead to selecting clinically relevant capsule types to develop into a capsule based vaccine to prevent K. kingae colonization.

Functional application of lactic acid bacteria exopolysaccharide in complex food systems

Lactic acid bacteria expolysaccharides (LAB-EPS), in particular those formed from sucrose have the potential to improve food and beverage rheology and enhance their sensory properties potentially replacing or reducing expensive hydrocolloids currently used as improvers in food and beverage industries. Addition of sucrose not only enables EPS formation but also affects organic acid formation, thus influencing the sensory properties of the resulting food/beverage products. The first part of the study the organoleptic modulation of barley malt derived wort fermented using in situ produced bacterial polysaccharides has been investigated. Weisella cibaria MG1 was capable to produce exopolysaccharides during sucrosesupplemented barley malt derived wort fermentation. Even though the strain dominated the (sucrose-supplemented) wort fermentation, it was found to produce EPS (14.4 g l-1) with lower efficiency than in SucMRS (34.6 g l-1). Higher maltose concentration in wort led to the increased formation of oligosaccharide (OS) at the expense of EPS. Additionally, small amounts of organic acids were formed and ethanol remained below 0.5% (v/v). W. cibaria MG1 fermented worts supplemented with 5 or 10% sucrose displayed a shear-thinning behaviour indicating the formation of polymers. This report showed how novel and nutritious LAB fermented wort-base beverage with prospects for further advancements can be formulated using tailored microbial cultures. In the next step, the impact of exopolysaccharide-producing Weissella cibaria MG1 on the ability to improve rheological properties of fermented plant-based milk substitute plant based soy and quinoa grain was evaluated. W. cibaria MG1 grew well in soy milk, exceeding a cell count of log 8 cfu/g within 6 h of fermentation. The presence of W. cibaria MG1 led to a decrease in gelation and fermentation time. EPS isolated from soy yoghurts supplemented with sucrose were higher in molecular weight (1.1 x 108 g/mol vs 6.6 x 107 g/mol), and resulted in reduced gel stiffness (190 ± 2.89 Pa vs 244 ± 15.9 Pa). Soy yoghurts showed typical biopolymer gels structure and the network structure changed to larger pores and less cross-linking in the presence of sucrose and increasing molecular weight of the EPS. In situ investigation of Weissella cibaria MG1 producing EPS on quinoa-based milk was performed. The production of quinoa milk, starting from wholemeal quinoa flour, was optimised to maximise EPS production. On doing that, enzymatic destructuration of protein and carbohydrate components of quinoa milk was successfully achieved applying alpha-amylase and proteases treatments. Fermented wholemeal quinoa milk using Weissella cibaria MG1 showed high viable cell counts (>109 cfu/mL), a pH of 5.16, and significantly higher water holding capacity (WHC, 100 %), viscosity (> 0. 5 Pa s) and exopolysaccharide (EPS) amount (40 mg/L) than the chemically acidified control. High EPS (dextran) concentration in quinoa milk caused earlier aggregation because more EPS occupy more space, and the chenopodin were forced to interact with each other. Direct observation of microstructure in fermented quinoa milk indicated that the network structures of EPS-protein could improve the texture of fermented quinoa milk. Overall, Weissella cibaria MG1 showed favorable technology properties and great potential for further possible application in the development of high viscosity fermented quinoa milk. The last part of the study investigate the ex-situ LAB-EPS (dextran) application compared to other hydrocolloids as a novel food ingredient to compensate for low protein in biscuit and wholemeal wheat flour. Three hydrocolloids, xanthan gum, dextran and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, were incorporated into bread recipes based on high-protein flours, low-protein flours and coarse wholemeal flour. Hydrocolloid levels of 0–5 % (flour basis) were used in bread recipes to test the water absorption. The quality parameters of dough (farinograph, extensograph, rheofermentometre) and bread (specific volume, crumb structure and staling profile) were determined. Results showed that xanthan had negative impact on the dough and bread quality characteristics. HPMC and dextran generally improved dough and bread quality and showed dosage dependence. Volume of low-protein flour breads were significantly improved by incorporation of 0.5 % of the latter two hydrocolloids. However, dextran outperformed HPMC regarding initial bread hardness and staling shelf life regardless the flour applied in the formulation.

Genome analysis and characterisation of the exopolysaccharide produced by Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum 35624™

The Bifibobacterium longum subsp. longum 35624™ strain (formerly named Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis) is a well described probiotic with clinical efficacy in Irritable Bowel Syndrome clinical trials and induces immunoregulatory effects in mice and in humans. This paper presents (a) the genome sequence of the organism allowing the assignment to its correct subspeciation longum; (b) a comparative genome assessment with other B. longum strains and (c) the molecular structure of the 35624 exopolysaccharide (EPS624). Comparative genome analysis of the 35624 strain with other B. longum strains determined that the sub-speciation of the strain is longum and revealed the presence of a 35624-specific gene cluster, predicted to encode the biosynthetic machinery for EPS624. Following isolation and acid treatment of the EPS, its chemical structure was determined using gas and liquid chromatography for sugar constituent and linkage analysis, electrospray and matrix assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry for sequencing and NMR. The EPS consists of a branched hexasaccharide repeating unit containing two galactose and two glucose moieties, galacturonic acid and the unusual sugar 6-deoxy-L-talose. These data demonstrate that the B. longum 35624 strain has specific genetic features, one of which leads to the generation of a characteristic exopolysaccharide.

Hydrophobically-modified hydroxypropyl celluloses : synthesis and self-assembly in water

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Engineering polymeric micelles for solubilization of poorly-water soluble drugs : a novel approach for oral drug delivery

Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Seawater carbonate chemistry and microbial polysaccharide degradation during experiments with phytoplankton Emiliania huxleyi (strain PML B92/11) and natural bacteria community, 2010

With the accumulation of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2), a proceeding decline in seawater pH has been induced that is referred to as ocean acidification. The ocean's capacity for CO2 storage is strongly affected by biological processes, whose feedback potential is difficult to evaluate. The main source of CO2 in the ocean is the decomposition and subsequent respiration of organic molecules by heterotrophic bacteria. However, very little is known about potential effects of ocean acidification on bacterial degradation activity. This study reveals that the degradation of polysaccharides, a major component of marine organic matter, by bacterial extracellular enzymes was significantly accelerated during experimental simulation of ocean acidification. Results were obtained from pH perturbation experiments, where rates of extracellular alpha- and beta-glucosidase were measured and the loss of neutral and acidic sugars from phytoplankton-derived polysaccharides was determined. Our study suggests that a faster bacterial turnover of polysaccharides at lowered ocean pH has the potential to reduce carbon export and to enhance the respiratory CO2 production in the future ocean.

SACN Carbohydrates and Health Report

Carbohydrates are a major source of energy in the diet. Classified according to their chemistry, carbohydrates can be divided into sugars (monosaccharides and disaccharides), polyols, oligosaccharides (malto-oligosaccharides and non-digestible oligosaccharides) and polysaccharides (starch and non-starch polysaccharides). However, this classification does not allow a simple translation into nutritional effects since each class of carbohydrates has overlapping physiological properties and effects on health. Carbohydrates can also be classified according to their digestion and absorption in the human small intestine. Digestible carbohydrates are absorbed and digested in the small intestine; non-digestible carbohydrates are resistant to hydrolysis in the small intestine and reach the large intestine where they are at least partially fermented by the commensal bacteria present in the colon. There is no universal definition of the term ‘dietary fibre’; broadly speaking, it refers to some or all of the constituents of non-digestible carbohydrates and may also include other quantitatively minor components (e.g.lignin) that are associated with non-digestible carbohydrates in plant cell walls.  

Recouvrements à base de dextrane pour applications médicales

L’ingénierie des biomatériaux a connu un essor prodigieux ces dernières décennies passant de matériaux simples à des structures plus complexes, particulièrement dans le domaine cardiovasculaire. Cette évolution découle de la nécessité des biomatériaux de permettre la synergie de différentes propriétés, dépendantes de leurs fonctions, qui ne sont pas forcément toutes compatibles. Historiquement, les premiers matériaux utilisés dans la conception de dispositifs médicaux étaient ceux présentant le meilleur compromis entre les propriétés physico-chimiques, mécaniques et biologiques que nécessitait leur application. Cependant, il se peut qu’un tel dispositif possède les bonnes propriétés physico-chimiques ou mécaniques, mais que sa biocompatibilité soit insuffisante induisant ainsi des complications cliniques. Afin d’améliorer ces propriétés biologiques tout en conservant les propriétés de volume du matériau, une solution est d’en modifier la surface. L’utilisation d’un revêtement permet alors de moduler la réponse biologique à l’interface biomatériau-hôte et de diminuer les effets indésirables. Ces revêtements sont optimisés selon deux critères principaux : la réponse biologique et la réponse mécanique. Pour la réponse biologique, les deux approches principales sont de mettre au point des revêtements proactifs qui engendrent l’adhérence, la prolifération ou la migration cellulaire, ou passifs, qui, principalement, sont inertes et empêchent l’adhérence de composés biologiques. Dans certains cas, il est intéressant de pouvoir favoriser certaines cellules et d’en limiter d’autres, par exemple pour lutter contre la resténose, principalement due à la prolifération incontrôlée de cellules musculaires lisses qui conduit à une nouvelle obstruction de l’artère, suite à la pose d’un stent. La recherche sur les revêtements de stents vise, alors, à limiter la prolifération de ces cellules tout en facilitant la ré-endothélialisation, c’est-à-dire en permettant l’adhérence et la prolifération de cellules endothéliales. Dans d’autres cas, il est intéressant d’obtenir des surfaces limitant toute adhérence cellulaire, comme pour l’utilisation de cathéter. Selon leur fonction, les cathéters doivent empêcher l’adhérence cellulaire, en particulier celle des bactéries provoquant des infections, et être hémocompatibles, principalement dans le domaine vasculaire. Il a été démontré lors d’études précédentes qu’un copolymère à base de dextrane et de poly(méthacrylate de butyle) (PBMA) répondait aux problématiques liées à la resténose et qu’il possédait, de plus, une bonne élasticité, propriété mécanique importante due à la déformation que subit le stent lors de son déploiement. L’approche de ce projet était d’utiliser ce copolymère comme revêtement de stents et d’en améliorer l’adhérence à la surface en formant des liens covalents avec la surface. Pour ce faire, cela nécessitait l’activation de la partie dextrane du copolymère afin de pouvoir le greffer à la surface aminée. Il était important de vérifier pour chaque étape l’influence des modifications effectuées sur les propriétés biologiques et mécaniques des matériaux obtenus, mais aussi d’un point de vue de la chimie, l’influence que cette modification pouvait induire sur la réaction de copolymérisation. Dans un premier temps, seul le dextrane est considéré et est modifié par oxydation et carboxyméthylation puis greffé à des surfaces fluorocarbonées aminées. L’analyse physico-chimique des polymères de dextrane modifiés et de leur greffage permet de choisir une voie de modification préférentielle qui n’empêchera pas ultérieurement la copolymérisation. La carboxyméthylation permet ainsi d’obtenir un meilleur recouvrement de la surface tout en conservant la structure polysaccharidique du dextrane. Le greffage du dextrane carboxyméthylé (CMD) est ensuite optimisé selon différents degrés de modification, tenant compte aussi de l’influence que ces modifications peuvent induire sur les propriétés biologiques. Finalement, les CMD précédemment étudiés, avec des propriétés biologiques définies, sont copolymérisés avec des monomères de méthacrylate de butyle (BMA). Les copolymères ainsi obtenus ont été ensuite caractérisés par des analyses physico-chimiques, biologiques et mécaniques. Des essais préliminaires ont montrés que les films de copolymères étaient anti-adhérents vis-à-vis des cellules, ce qui a permis de trouver de nouvelles applications au projet. Les propriétés élastiques et anti-adhérentes présentées par les films de copolymères CMD-co-PBMA, les rendent particulièrement intéressants pour des applications comme revêtements de cathéters.