Intervenção Precoce com Jovens Mães

A Formação Parental poderá ser a chave para o sucesso de muitas famílias, principalmente para aquelas que se encontram menos preparadas para este novo papel, que é ser mãe ou pai, sobretudo quando ainda são jovens. Desta forma, o presente estudo tem como objetivos identificar quais as necessidades de formação de mães com filhos com idades compreendidas entre os 3 e 6 anos apoiadas pelo Centro da Mãe do Funchal; aplicar um programa de formação parental adequado às necessidades das mães; avaliar a evolução das competências e estilos parentais e comparar os resultados com outros estudos. Como já supramencionado, este estudo desenvolveu-se no Centro de Mãe do Funchal, Instituição Particular de Solidariedade Social, que tem como objetivo apoiar e/ou acolher grávidas adolescentes e jovens mães, com os seus filhos, em situação de risco. As participantes do estudo foram três assistentes sociais, uma psicóloga e seis jovens mães de crianças em idade pré-escolar, apoiadas pelo Centro de Mãe. A identificação das necessidades de formação das mães foi concretizada recorrendo a entrevistas semiestruturadas. Posteriormente, procedemos à adaptação de um programa de formação parental, baseando-o no programa “Escola de Mães” do estudo de Bernardo (2013). Após as alterações necessárias ao programa de formação parental, este foi aplicado às mães. Com o objetivo de avaliar a evolução das competências e estilos parentais, foi efetuada também uma entrevista antes e após a frequência da formação parental. De forma a consubstanciar esta avaliação foram utilizados três instrumentos validados para a população portuguesa, designadamente o Questionário de Estilos Parentais – Pais adaptado de Parental Authority Questionnaire PAQ, de Buri (1991, cit in Pires et al.,2011), a Escala de Estima de Si - S.E.R.T.H.U.A.L. adaptado de Tap et al., (2009) e a Escala de Autoeficácia Parental de Brites (2010). As alterações do estilo parental praticado antes e após a frequência do programa indicam que o Programa de formação parental teve um impacto positivo junto da maioria das participantes neste estudo. É de realçar ainda a evolução das competências parentais das mães, manifestadas na sua autoestima e na relação com os seus filhos.

The effect of maternal employment on adolescents' transition to young adulthood

The purpose of this study was to examine relationships between multiple characteristics of maternal employment, parenting practices, and adolescents’ transition outcomes to young adulthood. The research addressed four main research questions. First, are the characteristics of maternal work (i.e., hours worked, multiple jobs held, work schedules, earnings, and occupation) related to adolescents’ enrollment in post-secondary education, employment, or involvement in neither of these types of activities as young adults? Second, are the work characteristics related to parental involvement and monitoring, and are the parenting practices related to adolescents’ transition outcomes? Third, do parental involvement and monitoring mediate any relationships between the characteristics of maternal employment and adolescents’ transition outcomes? Finally, do any associations between characteristics of maternal employment and parenting practices and adolescents’ transition outcomes vary by poverty status, race/ethnicity, or gender? To address these research questions, secondary data analysis was conducted, using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) from 1998 through 2004. The study sample consisted of 849 youths who were 15 through 17 years of age in either 1998 or 2000, and were 19 through 21 years of age when their transition outcomes in young adulthood were measured four years later. Multinomial logistic and ordinary least squares regression models were estimated to answer the research questions. Study findings indicated that of the maternal work characteristics, mothers’ multiple jobs held, occupation, and work schedule were significantly related to the youths’ transition outcomes. When mothers held multiple jobs for 1 to 25 weeks per year, and when mothers held jobs involving lower levels of occupational complexity, their youths were more likely to experience employment rather than post-secondary education. Adolescents whose mothers worked a standard work schedule were less likely to experience other types of transitions than post-secondary education. With regard to the effects of maternal employment on parenting practices, none of the maternal work variables were related to parental involvement, and only one variable, mothers working less than 40 hours per week, was negatively related to parental monitoring. In addition, when parents were more involved with their youths’ education, the youths were less likely to transition into employment and other types of transitions rather than post-secondary education. The parenting practices did not mediate the relation between the significant work variables (holding multiple jobs, work schedule, and occupation) and youths’ transition outcomes. Finally, none of the interactions between maternal work characteristics and poverty status, race/ethnicity, and gender met the criteria for determining significance; but in a series of sub-group analyses, some differences according to poverty status and gender were found. Despite the lack of mediation and moderation, the findings of this study have important implications for social policy and social work intervention. Based on the findings, suggestions are made in these areas to improve working mothers’ lives and their adolescents’ development and successful transition to adulthood. Finally, directions for future research are discussed.

Touchpoints: parents and nurses perceptions and satisfaction

O apoio prestado às famílias que vivenciam a parentalidade deve basear-se numa relação de confiança entre enfermeiros e pais. A satisfação dos clientes e dos enfermeiros durante a prestação de cuidados assume grande relevância e pode ser considerada um ganho em saúde. Objetivo: Compreender a experiência e o significado atribuído pelos pais de crianças entre os 11 e os 24 meses e dos enfermeiros que participaram na implementação da metodologia Touchpoints (TP), uma intervenção de enfermagem inovadora. Desenho do Estudo e Métodos: Estudo qualitativo de cariz fenomenológico. A recolha de dados foi efetuada através de (i) diários de itinerância dos enfermeiros que participaram na implementação da metodologia TP e da (ii) técnica de grupos focais realizada junto de 10 pais de crianças do grupo de intervenção. Resultados: os pais consideraram que as sessões TP, implementadas pelos enfermeiros, contribuíram para: Aquisição de conhecimentos e competências; Validação de práticas parentais; Melhoria do comportamento da criança; Confiança parental; Relacionamento interpessoal; Competências profissionais; Competências específicas; Satisfação. Os enfermeiros que participaram no estudo consideraram que a metodologia TP contribuiu para: Mobilização e aplicação dos princípios TP; Processo de aprendizagem; Interesse dos pais; Sentimentos/emoções; Satisfação. Implicações Clínicas: Os enfermeiros que cuidam de famílias devem implementar metodologias inovadoras que facilitem a adaptação à parentalidade, como os Touchpoints. A implementação da metodologia TP contribuiu para a satisfação dos pais e enfermeiros.

Characterization and Predictors of Paranoid Ideation in Youths

Paranoid ideation is a common thought process that constitutes a defense against perceived social threats. The current study aimed at the characterization of paranoid ideation in youths and to explore the possible predictors involved in the development of paranoid ideations. Paranoid ideation, shame, submission, early childhood memories and current depressive, anxious and stress symptomatology were assessed in a sample of 1516 Portuguese youths. Higher frequencies of paranoid ideation were observed, particularly in females and youths from lower socioeconomic status. The main predictors identified relates to submissive behaviors and adverse childhood experiences, and especially to shame feelings. The current study emphasizes that the predictors are similar to findings in adults and clinical populations, and future implications to research and clinical practice aiming at paranoid ideations are discussed, as well as the pertinence of the study of mediating factors that allow a wider understanding of this thought process in younger populations and the prevention of psychopathology in adulthood.

A proteção da parentalidade em matéria de organização de tempo de trabalho : análise sobre a perspetiva jurídica-económica

Dissertação de Mestrado, Ciências Económicas e Empresariais, 8 de Julho de 2016, Universidade dos Açores.

Representações de alunos do 3º ciclo face à integração de alunos com trissomia 21

Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada no Instituto Superior de Psicologia Aplicada para obtenção de grau de Mestre na especialidade de Psicologia Educacional

Can foster carers help children resolve their emotional and behavioural difficulties?

Although foster care is generally seen as providing a positive experience for the children and young people for whom it caters, it is rarely conceived of as a place where the children are helped to address their emotional difficulties and modify their often difficult behaviour. Yet research evidence suggests that some foster carers are consistently less likely to have placements which break down, and that foster carers who show particular skills in parenting can make a difference to successful outcomes. The paper draws on a large longitudinal study of foster care to argue that it is possible to learn from what these foster carers do in order to develop these skills in others. A model of successful foster care. developed from the main statistical part of the study is first described. Two cases from the qualitative, case studies component of the research are then analysed to demonstrate a quality of responsive parenting. The model is further developed within the framework of the dynamic of attachment and interest sharing proposed by Heard and Lake, to show how this can be used as a basis for future approaches to working with foster placements.

Home Literacy Activities in Latino Immigrant Families: Contributions to Toddlers’ Expressive and Receptive Language Skills

The development of language is a critical component of early childhood, enabling children to communicate their wishes and desires, share thoughts, and build meaning through linguistic interactions with others. A wealth of research has highlighted the importance of children’s early home experiences in fostering language development. This literature emphasizes the importance of a stimulating and supportive home environment in which children are engaged in literacy activities such as reading, telling stories, or singing songs with their parents. This study examined the association between low-income Latino immigrant mothers’ and fathers’ home literacy activities and their children’s receptive and expressive language skills. It also examined the moderating influence of maternal (i.e., reading quality and language quality) and child (engagement during reading, interest in literacy activities) characteristics on this association. This study included observational mother-child reading interactions, child expressive and receptive language assessments, and mother- and father-reported survey data. Controlling for parental education, multiple regression analyses revealed a positive association between home literacy activities and children’s receptive and expressive language skills. The findings also revealed that mothers’ reading quality and children’s engagement during reading (for expressive language skills only) moderated this association. Findings from this study will help inform new interventions, programs, and policies that build on Latino families’ strengths.

A enfermagem comunitária na transição para a parentalidade - visita domiciliária de enfermagem no puerpério

Atualmente, com a alta precoce após o nascimento emerge a necessidade de cuidados domiciliários no puerpério. A pertinência deste projeto consubstancia-se na reorganização da visitação domiciliária no puerpério na USF Salus, garantindo a continuidade de cuidados após a alta hospitalar. O desenvolvimento do projeto teve por base as necessidades identificadas pelos enfermeiros da USF Salus. Teve como finalidade promover a parentalidade positiva, contribuindo para a melhoria da saúde e bem-estar das puérperas, recém-nascidos e respetivas famílias, definindo-se como objetivo geral: Reorganizar a Consulta de Enfermagem do Puerpério no Domicílio, de forma a promover a parentalidade positiva nos pais com crianças até 3 meses de idade, utentes da USF Salus, até 2016. Neste relatório é feita uma análise reflexiva sobre a visita domiciliária no puerpério e apresentada a proposta de protocolo de atuação na mesma. A avaliação do projeto na perspetiva das puérperas e dos enfermeiros legitima a relevância do mesmo na criação de soluções práticas para um problema concreto; ABSTRACT: Today, with early discharge after birth emerges the need for home care in the postpartum period. The relevance of this project is consolidated in the reorganization of home visitation puerperal at USF Salus, ensuring continuity of care after discharge. The project development was based on the needs identified by nurses USF Salus. It aimed to promote positive parenting, helping to improve the health and well-being of mothers, newborns and their respective families, defining the general objective: Rearrange the Puerpério of Nursing Consultation at Home, in order to promote positive parenting in parents with children up to 3 months of age, users of USF Salus, 2016. This report is made a reflective analysis of the home visit puerperal and presented the proposed action protocol in it. The project evaluation from the perspective of mothers and nurses legitimizes the importance of it in creating practical solutions to a specific problem.

Pratiques parentales coercitives, anxiété et traitement de la peur chez les jeunes en bonne santé: corrélats neuronaux, biologiques, physiologiques et comportementaux

L’adversité tôt dans la vie est associée au développement de symptômes anxieux pouvant perdurer jusqu’à l’âge adulte (Casey et el, 2010, Pine 2003). Des études chez l’adulte suggèrent que ces liens pourraient être associés à des altérations du « circuit de la peur » qui inclut l’amygdale, l’hippocampe antérieur, l’insula et le cortex préfrontal (Marek, 2013, Etkin & Wager, 2007). Ceci a cependant peu été étudié chez les jeunes. L’objectif principal de cette thèse était de définir les corrélats comportementaux, physiologiques, biologiques et neuronaux du traitement de la peur chez les jeunes en bonne santé, en lien ou non avec un historique d’adversité -- sous la forme de pratiques parentales coercitives -- et d’anxiété. D’abord, puisque nous nous intéressions aux pratiques parentales coercitives chroniques, nous avons examiné leur évolution et facteurs de risque, en nous concentrant sur la période de 17 à 72 mois. Un total de 2045 dyades mère-enfant ont été incluses dans une analyse de courbe de croissance latente. Nous avons démontré que la coercition maternelle suit une évolution non linéaire durant cette période et atteint un sommet à 42 mois. Les facteurs de risque relatifs à l’enfant et à la mère, mesurés à 17 mois, permettent de prédire les niveaux de coercition à 42 mois. Finalement, les prédicteurs relatifs à l’enfant et l’efficacité maternelle prédisent l’évolution des pratiques parentales coercitives entre 17 et 72 mois. Ensuite, afin de définir une méthodologie solide pour étudier le traitement de la peur chez des jeunes, nous avons adapté une tâche développée par Lau et ses collaborateurs (2008), employant des visages féminins comme stimuli. Le sexe des participants et des visages employés comme stimuli pouvant potentiellement moduler le traitement de la peur (Kret & de Gelder, 2012; McClure, 2000), nous avons étudié leurs influences respectives sur les réponses électrodermales et subjectives de peur durant le conditionnement et l’extinction de la peur chez 117 jeunes. Nous avons démontré que les stimuli féminins suscitent des réponses davantage comparables entre les garçons et les filles que les stimuli masculins. De plus, nous avons observé un effet du « même sexe », caractérisé par un conditionnement différentiel uniquement face aux stimuli du même sexe que le participant. Finalement, nous avons exploré les différences individuelles et conjointes associées aux différents niveaux de pratiques parentales coercitives et d’anxiété en termes de réponses de peur et d’activité cérébrale, durant le conditionnement et l’extinction de la peur chez 84 jeunes. Nous avons démontré que la coercition est spécifiquement associée au fonctionnement du lobe temporal médian et aux interactions entre l’amygdale et l’insula, durant le conditionnement. Durant l’extinction, les niveaux d’anxiété étaient associés à des différences spécifiques d’activation du gyrus cingulaire antérieur (GCA) dorsal. Enfin, les pratiques parentales coercitives et l’anxiété interagissent et viennent moduler la connectivité fonctionnelle amygdale - GCA rostral, l’activation d’une sous-région du GCA dorsal et les réponses subjectives de peur. Ces résultats ajoutent une pièce au casse-tête des neurosciences développementales et fournissent des pistes intéressantes pour le développement d’interventions futures.

Społeczny kontekst kształtowania się tożsamości osób z niepełnosprawnością intelektualną w okresie późnej adolescencji i wyłaniającej się dorosłości

Wydział Nauk Społecznych: Instytut Psychologii

Home and group-based implementation of the "Growing Up Happily in the Family" program in at-risk psychosocial contexts

"Growing Up Happily in the Family" is a program to prevent child maltreatment targeted at parents of children aged 0-5 years old in at-risk psychosocial contexts. The program is delivered via either a group-based or a home-visit format. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of various implementation components in the home and group versions on changes in parental attitudes about child development and education. At-risk and non at-risk parents participated in the group-based (196 participants in 26 groups) and home-visit (95 participants) versions of the program delivered through local social services. We analyzed program adherence, adaptations, participant responsiveness, quality of delivery, and implementation barriers as predictors of changes in parental attitudes. The results showed that greater program adherence, better quality of delivery and participant responsiveness, and positive climate predicted changes in parental attitudes in both formats. Therefore, it is important to take into account the quality of the implementation process when testing the effectiveness of early group-based and home-visit interventions in at-risk families.

"Family Education and Support" program for families at psychosocial risk: the role of implementation process

This paper analyses the implementation characteristics of the Family Education and Support program, a theory-driven, needs-based, and evidence-based positive parenting program originally developed for the Andalusian family preservation services. The implementation process of 34 trials of the FAF program with 155 participants was analyzed. Cluster analyses were also performed to explore variability in implementation conditions from a comprehensive perspective. Results showed different implementation profiles that moderated the FAF effectiveness (namely lengthier interventions, higher program fidelity, and practitioners' positive perceptions and satisfaction with the program). The relevance of examining implementation process across several trials is discussed in order to distinguish core and non-core FAF components, as well as the need for combining faithful and adaptable implementations that guarantee the ecologic validity of evidence-based positive parenting programs.

"Learning together, growing with family": the implementation and evaluation of a family support programme

The "Learning together, growing with family" programme is targeted to at-risk parents and children from 6 to 11 years old, with a preventive focus on promoting positive parent-child relationships. In this study, we examined the quality of the programme implementation and its influence on the programme results in a sample of 425 parents and 138 facilitators drawn from the first trial. Mixed methods were used, consisting of: parental self-reports on parenting dimensions, professionals' records on parental attendance and appraisals on six topics of the implementation process, and focus group discussions in which facilitators reported on the initial steps of the implementation. Results showed a high quality of implementation with respect to the group facilitator and the programme organization factors, followed by the coordination with services and the support facilities offered to participants and, finally, by the factors of fidelity and prior organization steps. Results of the focus groups confirmed that the prior steps were challenging and offered the more effective strategies. Better quality in the implementation factors predicted better parenting styles and parental competencies after the programme, as well as a higher attendance rate. In sum, this study demonstrates the importance of good implementation in at-risk contexts and provides some clues as to the key elements that moderate programme effectiveness.