O Ne bis in idem no Espaço de Liberdade, Segurança e Justiça e no Direito Europeu da Concorrência

Ne bis in idem, understood as a procedural guarantee in the EU assumes different features in the AFSJ and in european competition law. Despite having a common origin (being, in both sectors the result of the case law of the same jurisdictional organ) its components are quite distintic in each area of the integration. In the AFSJ, the content of bis and idem are broader and addressed at a larger protection of individuals. Its axiological ground is based on the freedom of movements and human dignity, whereas in european competition law its closely linked to defence rights of legal persons and the concept of criminal punishment of anticompetitive sanctions as interpreted by the ECHR´s jurisprudence. In european competition law, ne bis in idem is limited by the systemic framework of competition law and the need to ensure parallel application of both european and national laws. Nonetheless, the absence of a compulsory mechanism to allocate jurisdiction in the EU (both in the AFSJ and in the field of anti-trust law) demands a common axiological framework. In this context, ne bis in idem must be understood as a defence right based on equity and proportionality. As far as its international dimension is concerned, ne bis in idem also lacks an erga omnes effect and it is not considered to be a rule of ius cogens. Consequently, the model which the ECJ has built regarding the application of the ne bis in idem in transnational and supranational contexts should be replicated by other courts through cross fertilization, in order to internationalize that procedural guarantee and broaden its scope of application.

A discriminação em função da idade no direito do trabalho

In this thesis, we will treat the discrimination based on age, more specifically of older workers. In recent years, there was an increasing interest on the part of doctrine and jurisprudence on this subject. In fact, in a world in which you live a real economic crisis, older workers tend to have difficulties finding jobs or are targets of the discrimination based on age, at the time of hiring or during the contract. Thus, we will focus on discrimination. We will examine, first, the difference between direct and indirect discrimination, taking into account the importance of the burden of proof, then we will study the figures of positive action measures. Then, treat the legislative framework of the discrimination based on age, that is, in relation to the Labor Code and the Directive 2000/78/EC of November 27, 2000. Eventually, we will determine the cases in which they may accept the discrimination based on age. In fact, these differences in treatment based on age are justified, but must be aimed at a legitimate objective with appropriate and necessary means.

Os direitos dos animais

This work has the purpose of presenting the current state of the debate concerning animal rights, both in the Portuguese legal system and in foreign systems. In order to do so, it starts with an analysis of the evolution of the legal status of animals through History, and the status they have achieved in today’s legal systems. The aim of this work is to reflect upon the challenges that would result from a change of position regarding this subject, from the current legal classification as things, to a complete personalization based on the Constitution, or through the creation of a tertium genus between Men and things, that would stress the fact that animals are sentient beings.

Anais de História de Além-Mar

Inclui dossier temático «Os judeus e o comércio colonial (séculos XVI-XIX): novas abordagens», coord. José Alberto Rodrigues da Silva Tavim.

Um fragmento da Casa dos Contos e o seu contributo para a história monetária

O presente artigo interpreta e publica um importante fragmento documental, atribuível a finais do século XIV. O fragmento, que parece resultar de uma tomada de contas, contém informações sobre a prata utilizada para cunhar um tipo de moeda até agora desconhecida: o pelado. A data desta cunhagem, o seu contexto político e fiscal, bem como o principal interveniente são identificados neste artigo.

História da arte e feminismo: uma reflexão sobre o caso português

A história da arte no contexto português rejeitou durante muito tempo os desafios que as abordagens feministas colocaram à disciplina, internacionalmente, desde a década de 1970. O feminismo vivido em Portugal durante esse período tentava ainda assegurar direitos básicos de igualdade jurídica entre mulheres e homens, inexistente até à década de 1970. E isto também pode ajudar a explicar a escassa inscrição teórica do feminismo no interior da academia. Para lá da globalização e circulação do conhecimento, a história da arte continua muito dependente das diferentes tradições historiográficas nacionais. Em certos países, como o Reino Unido ou os Estados Unidos da América, a história da arte fez uso dos instrumentos teóricos do feminismo para se questionar a si própria. Ou seja, perante a ausência do feminino, questionou os próprios paradigmas da disciplina – aqueles que invisibilizaram o feminino mas também aqueles que nunca questionaram porque é que a feminino era invisível. Como é que as abordagens feministas podem passar a integrar a história da arte portuguesa sem possuir uma genealogia, uma história feita das transformações e críticas teóricas que os próprios feminismos experimentaram ao longo de várias décadas naqueles contextos em que foram mais debatidos? Será que nos podemos apropriar das respostas sem antes termos feito as perguntas?