Comparing the identification of southern California juvenile rockfishes (genus Sebastes spp.) by restriction site analysis of the mitochondrial ND3/ND4 region and by morphological characteristics

Rockfish (Sebastes spp.) juveniles are often difficult to identify by using morphological characters. This study independently applies morphological characters and a key based on mitochondrial restriction site variation to identify juvenile rockf ishes collected in southern California during juvenile rockfish surveys. Twenty-four specimens of Sebastes were examined genetically without knowledge of the morphological assignment. Seventeen fish were identified genetically as S. semicinctus, S. goodei, S. auriculatus, S. jordani, S. levis, S. rastrelliger, and S. saxicola. Identities for the remaining fish were narrowed to two or three species: 1) three fish were either S. carnatus or S. chrysomelas; 2) one fish was either S. chlorosticus, S. eos, or S. rosenblatti; and 3) three fish could have been either S. hopkinsi or S. ovalis, the latter for which we now have distinguishing mitochondrial markers. The genetic and morphological assignments concurred except for the identity of one fish that could only be narrowed down to S. hopkinsi or S. semicinctus by using morphological characters. Genetics excluded more species from multispecies groupings than did the morphological approach, especially species within the subgenus Sebastomus. Species in the genetically unresolvable groups may be similar because of recent divergence or because of interspecies introgression.

A key to selected rockfishes (Sebastes spp.) based on mitochondrial DNA restriction fragment analysis

Larval and juvenile rockfishes (Sebastes spp.) are difficult to identify using morphological characters. We developed a key based on sizes of restriction endonuclease fragments of the NADH dehydrogenase-3 and -4 (ND3/ND4) and 12S and 16S ribosomal RNA (12S/16S) mitochondrial regions. The key makes use of variation in the ND3/ND4 region. Restriction endonuclease Dde I variation can corroborate identifications, as can 12S/16S variation. The key, based on 71 species, includes most North American taxa, several Asian species, and Sebastolobus alascanus and Helicolenus hilgendorfi that are closely related to rockfishes. Fifty-eight of 71 rockfish species in our database can be distinguished unequivocally, using one to five restriction enzymes; identities of the remaining species are narrowed to small groups: 1) S. polyspinis, S. crameri, and S. ciliatus or variabilis (the two species could not be distinguished and were considered as a single species) ; 2) S. chlorostictus, S. eos, and S. rosenblatti; 3) S. entomelas and S. mystinus; 4)S. emphaeus, S. variegatus, and S. wilsoni; and 5) S. carnatus and S. chrysomelas.

Evaluation of the contribution of fisheries and aquaculture to food security in developing countries

Fish contain important nutrients such as essential fatty acids, iron, zinc, calcium, vitamin A and vitamin C. Production of freshwater fish depends on the strategic application of various management techniques. The demand for fish products has increased beyond the natural supply, resulting in a high pressure on fisheries. Development of aquaculture is necessary for a rapid growth in fish production. A number of constraints hamper the development of aquaculture. Introduction of polyculture technologies in some countries is a way of maximizing production from different levels of the food chain. The roles of women in making fish products available to consumers is frequently over-looked by policy makers. Gender equity in policy-making and management of fisheries and in capacity building is an important issue. Fish production from inland waters and coastal areas can be increased by adopting cage and pen culture systems. Input subsidies and loans to resource poor farmers can boost fish production.

Diet composition and food habits of demersal and pelagic marine fishes from Terengganu waters, east coast of Peninsular Malaysia

Fish stomachs from 18 demersal and pelagic fishes from the coast of Terengganu in Malaysia were examined. The components of the fishes’ diets varied in number, weight, and their frequency of occurrence. The major food items in the stomachs of each species were determined using an Index of Relative Importance. A conceptual food web structure indicates that fish species in the study area can be classified into three predatory groups: (1) predators on largely planktivorous or pelagic species; (2) predators on largely benthophagous or demersal species; and (3) mixed feeders that consume both pelagic and demersal species.

The future for fish in the food and livelihoods of the poor in Asia

This article is based on the study, Strategies and Options for Increasing and Sustaining Benefits from Fisheries and Aquaculture Production to Benefit Poor Households in Asia carried out under ADB-RETA 5945, and implemented by the WorldFish Center in partnership with nine participating Asian countries.

Reducing feed costs in semi-intensive finfish culture: an update on mixed feeding schedules and an idea for enhancing endogenous food supply in ponds

Some interesting ideas on improving the cost-effectiveness of feeding in semi-intensive finfish aquaculture are presented.

How fresh is too fresh?: the live reef food fish trade in eastern Indonesia

Although the live reef food fish trade has become an increasingly "hot" topic in the environmental press in recent months, many of the sources reporting on this practice have tended to focus on issues related to the rampant use of sodium cyanide in the trade, rather than the more pressing matter of the looming potential for overexploitation engendered by this practice. Presented in this article is a brief overview of the live reef food fish trade as it is practiced in eastern Indonesia covering the methods used and economics, geographic extent and numerous deleterious effects of the fishery.

Estimating the food consumption of fishes: one step in linking a species with its ecosystem

Details are given of a new software package MAXIMS which may be used to estimate the daily food consumption of fish. The software estimates the feeding times, the rates of ingestion and evacuation and related parameters. Two applications of the program are described. The first pertains to anchovy (Engraulis ringens ) with one feeding period per day, and the second one to juvenile cod (Gadus morhua ), which feed during dawn and dusk.

Food consumption/biomass ratios of the pelagic fish community of Lake Malawi/Niassa

An empirical model relating food requirements to morphometric indices of metabolic rate was used to calculate consumption/biomass ratios (Q/B) for 16 species of fish that make the pelagic fish community in Lake Malawi/Niassa. The Q/B/year varied from 3.31 to 9.82, with the large catfish (Dinotopterus nyasensis) having the lowest and a small cyprinid (Engraulicypris sardella) having the highest Q/B ratio. Direct estimates of Q/B for four of the most abundant species, based on analysis of diel feeding patterns, ranged from 4.20 to 24.70; the extreme values in this range representing replicate studies on the same species, the predatory cichlid Rhamphochromis longiceps. Previous studies that indicated exceptionally low Q/B ratios (1.0) in pelagic cichlids from Lake Malawi are not supported by this more recent work.

Food and feeding habits of Synodontis nigrita from the Osun River, SW Nigeria

An investigation was conducted into the food and feeding habits of Synodontis nigrita from the Osun River near Epe, Lagos, Nigeria. The food items in the stomach of the S. nigrita covered a wide spectrum, ranging from various types of plankton to invertebrates and plants. A seasonal variation was also noted in the stomach contents of S. nigrita over the period of investigation. The predominant food items found in the stomach were Polycystis spp., Closterium spp., Oedogonium spp., plant tissues, insect parts and detritus. This suggests that S. nigrita is an omnivore.

Efeitos da restrição energética sobre a apneia do sono, atividade simpática, estresse oxidativo, biomarcadores inflamatórios, função endotelial, adiposidade corporal, perfil metabólico e pressão arterial em pacientes obesos com apneia obstrutiva do sono

A intervenção nutricional para perda ponderal é uma das opções terapêuticas para a apneia obstrutiva do sono (AOS) em pacientes com excesso de adiposidade corporal. No entanto, os efeitos da restrição energética moderada, recomendada pelas diretrizes atuais para o tratamento da obesidade, sobre a AOS ainda não são conhecidos. Avaliar em indivíduos obesos com diagnóstico de AOS os efeitos da restrição energética moderada sobre a adiposidade corporal; gravidade da AOS; pressão arterial; atividade simpática; estresse oxidativo; biomarcadores inflamatórios; perfil metabólico e função endotelial. Ensaio clínico randomizado, com duração de 16 semanas, envolvendo 21 indivíduos obesos grau I ou II, apresentando idade entre 20-55 anos e índice de apneia/hipopneia (IAH) > 5 eventos/h. Os participantes foram randomizados em 2 grupos: 11 no grupo restrição energética (GRE) e 10 no grupo controle (GC). O GRE foi orientado a realizar restrição energética (-800 Kcal/dia) e o GC não modificou sua ingestão alimentar. No início e ao final do estudo, os participantes foram submetidos à avaliação do (a): AOS com o equipamento Watch-PAT 200 incluindo a determinação dos seguintes parâmetros de gravidade da AOS: IAH, saturação mínima de O2, número de dessaturações de O2>4%; adiposidade corporal (peso, % gordura corporal e circunferências da cintura, quadril e pescoço); pressão arterial (PA); atividade do sistema nervoso simpático (concentrações plasmáticas de catecolaminas); biomarcadores inflamatórios (proteína C reativa e adiponectina); estresse oxidativo (malondialdeído); metabolismo glicídico (glicose, insulina e HOMA-IR) e lipídico (colesterol total e frações e triglicerídeos); e função endotelial (índice de hiperemia reativa avaliado com o equipamento Endo-PAT 2000 e moléculas de adesão). A análise estatística foi realizada com o software STATA v. 10. O nível de significância estatística adotado foi p<0,05. Resultados: O GRE, em comparação com o GC, apresentou redução significativamente maior no peso corporal (-5,571,81 vs. 0,431,21kg, p<0,001) e nos demais parâmetros de adiposidade corporal; no IAH (-7,222,79 vs. 0,131,88 eventos/h, p=0,04); no número de dessaturações de O2>4% (-33,7015,57 vs. 1,807,85, p=0,04); nas concentrações plasmáticas de adrenalina (-12,703,00 vs. -1,303,90pg/mL, p=0,04); além de aumento significativamente maior na saturação mínima de O2 (4,601,55 vs. -0,601,42%,p=0,03). O GRE, em comparação com o GC, apresentou maior redução, porém sem alcançar significância estatística, na PA sistólica (-4,231,95 vs. 2,341,39mmHg, p=0,05), na concentração de insulina (-5,111,93 vs. -0,651,28U/mL, p=0,07) e no HOMA-IR (-1,150,49 vs. -0,080,33, p=0,09). Durante o período do estudo, as modificações na adiposidade corporal total e central apresentaram correlação significativa com as variações nos parâmetros de gravidade da AOS; na PA sistólica e diastólica; nas concentrações de insulina e no HOMA-IR, mesmo após ajuste para fatores de confundimento. As modificações na adiposidade corporal central apresentaram associação significativa com as variações nas concentrações de noradrenalina e adiponectina. As modificações nos parâmetros de gravidade da AOS apresentaram associação significativa com as variações nas concentrações séricas da proteína C reativa. Este estudo sugere que em pacientes obesos com AOS a restrição energética moderada é capaz de reduzir a adiposidade corporal total e central, os parâmetros de avaliação da gravidade da AOS e a atividade do sistema nervoso simpático.

Edible seaweeds: an important source of food and income to indigenous Fijians

The increasing harvest of 7 edible seaweeds in Fiji and their importance to the economy of indigenous Fijians are discussed. Traditional methods in the collection, preparation and consumption of seaweeds by the Fijians are also presented.

Food conversion efficiency and the von Bertalanffy growth function 1: a modification of Pauly's model

A simple modification of Pauly's model for relating food conversion efficiency (K sub(1)) and body weight is proposed. The key parameter is an index to how efficiently food can be absorbed; the other parameter is related to the surface-limiting growth, an important component of von Bertalanff's and Pauly's theories of fish growth.