Controlled growth orientation of carbon nanotube pillars by catalyst patterning in microtrenches

We present a novel method for controlling the growth orientation of individual carbon nanotube (CNT) microstructures on a silicon wafer substrate. Our method controls the CNT forest orientation by patterning the catalyst layer used in the CNTs growth on slanted KOH edges. The overlap of catalyst area on the horizontal bottom and sloped sidewall surfaces of the KOH-etched substrate enables precise variation of the growth direction. These inclined structures can profit from the outstanding mechanical, electrical, thermal, and optical properties of CNTs and can therefore improve the performance of several MEMS devices. Inclined CNT microstructures could for instance be used as cantilever springs in probe card arrays, as tips in dip-pen lithography, and as sensing element in advanced transducers. ©2009 IEEE.

Adaptive regulation of vector-controlled induction motors

This paper addresses the speed and flux regulation of induction motors under the assumption that the motor parameters are poorly known. An adaptive passivity-based control is proposed that guarantees robust regulation as well as accurate estimation of the electrical parameters that govern the motor performance. This paper provides a local stability analysis of the adaptive scheme, which is illustrated by simulations and supported by a successful experimental validation on an industrial product. © 2009 IEEE.

Precursor flow rate manipulation for the controlled fabrication of twin-free GaAs nanowires on silicon substrates

Vertically oriented GaAs nanowires (NWs) are grown on Si(111) substrates using metal-organic chemical vapor deposition. Controlled epitaxial growth along the 111 direction is demonstrated following the deposition of thin GaAs buffer layers and the elimination of structural defects, such as twin defects and stacking faults, is found for high growth rates. By systematically manipulating the AsH 3 (group-V) and TMGa (group-III) precursor flow rates, it is found that the TMGa flow rate has the most significant effect on the nanowire quality. After capping the minimal tapering and twin-free GaAs NWs with an AlGaAs shell, long exciton lifetimes (over 700ps) are obtained for high TMGa flow rate samples. It is observed that the Ga adatom concentration significantly affects the growth of GaAs NWs, with a high concentration and rapid growth leading to desirable characteristics for optoelectronic nanowire device applications including improved morphology, crystal structure and optical performance. © 2012 IOP Publishing Ltd.

IGBT converters conducted EMI analysis by controlled multiple-slope switching waveform approximation

IGBTs realise high-performance power converters. Unfortunately, with fast switching of the IGBT-free wheel diode chopper cell, such circuits are intrinsic sources of high-level EMI. Therefore, costly EMI filters or shielding are normally needed on the load and supply side. In order to design these EMI suppression components, designers need to predict the EMI level with reasonable accuracy for a given structure and operating mode. Simplifying the transient IGBT switching current and voltage into a multiple slope switching waveform approximation offers a feasible way to estimate conducted EMI with some accuracy. This method is dependent on the availability of high-fidelity measurements. Also, that multiple slope approximation needs careful and time-costly IGBT parameters optimisation process to approach the real switching waveform. In this paper, Active Voltage Control Gate Drive(AVC GD) is employed to shape IGBT switching into several defined slopes. As a result, Conducted EMI prediction by multiple slope switching approximation could be more accurate, less costly but more friendly for implementation. © 2013 IEEE.

Controlled amine functionality in self-assembled monolayers via the hidden amine route: chemical and electronic tunability.

A synthetic strategy for fabricating a dense amine functionalized self-assembled monolayer (SAM) on hydroxylated surfaces is presented. The assembly steps are monitored by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared- attenuated total reflection, atomic force microscopy, variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometry, UV-vis surface spectroscopy, contact angle wettability, and contact potential difference measurements. The method applies alkylbromide-trichlorosilane for the fabrication of the SAM followed by surface transformation of the bromine moiety to amine by a two-step procedure: S(N)2 reaction that introduces the hidden amine, phthalimide, followed by the removal of the protecting group and exposing the free amine. The use of phthalimide moiety in the process enabled monitoring the substitution reaction rate on the surface (by absorption spectroscopy) and showed first-order kinetics. The simplicity of the process, nonharsh reagents, and short reaction time allow the use of such SAMs in molecular nanoelectronics applications, where complete control of the used SAM is needed. The different molecular dipole of each step of the process, which is verified by DFT calculations, supports the use of these SAMs as means to tune the electronic properties of semiconductors and for better synergism between SAMs and standard microelectronics processes and devices.

Co-catalytic absorption layers for controlled laser-induced chemical vapor deposition of carbon nanotubes.

The concept of co-catalytic layer structures for controlled laser-induced chemical vapor deposition of carbon nanotubes is established, in which a thin Ta support layer chemically aids the initial Fe catalyst reduction. This enables a significant reduction in laser power, preventing detrimental positive optical feedback and allowing improved growth control. Systematic study of experimental parameters combined with simple thermostatic modeling establishes general guidelines for the effective design of such catalyst/absorption layer combinations. Local growth of vertically aligned carbon nanotube forests directly on flexible polyimide substrates is demonstrated, opening up new routes for nanodevice design and fabrication.

High performance transistors based on the controlled growth of triisopropylsilylethynyl-pentacene crystals via non-isotropic solvent evaporation

Triisopropylsilylethynyl-pentacene (TIPS-PEN) has proven to be one of the most promising small molecules in the field of molecular electronics, due to its unique features in terms of stability, performance and ease of processing. Among a wide variety of well-established techniques for the deposition of TIPS-PEN, blade-metered methods have recently gained great interest towards the formation of uniform crystalline films over a large area. Following this rationale, we herein designed a versatile approach based on blade-coating, which overcomes the problem of anisotropic crystal formation by manipulating the solvent evaporation behaviour, in a way that brings about a preferential degree of crystal orientation. The applicability of this method was evaluated by fabricating field-effect transistors on glass as well as on silicon dioxide/silicon (SiO2/Si) substrates. Interestingly, in an attempt to improve the rheological and wetting behaviour of the liquid films on the SiO2/Si substrates, we introduced a polymeric interlayer of polystyrene (PS) or polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) which concurrently acts as passivation and crystallization assisting layer. In this case, the synergistic effects of the highly-ordered crystalline structure and the oxide surface modification were thoroughly investigated. The overall performance of the fabricated devices revealed excellent electrical characteristics, with high saturation mobilities up to 0.72 cm2 V-1 s-1 (on glass with polymeric dielectric), on/off current ratio >104 and low threshold voltage values (<-5 V). This journal is © the Partner Organisations 2014.

Optically controlled quantum dot gated transistors with high on/off ratio

We report the design and fabrication of InAs quantum dot gated transistors, which are normally-on, where the channel current can be switched off by laser illumination. Laser light at 650 nm with a power of 850 pW switches the channel current from 5 mu A to 2 pA, resulting in an on/off ratio of more than 60 dB. The switch-off mechanism and carrier dynamics are analyzed with simulated band structure.

Fabrication and characterization of active and sequential circuits utilizing Schottky-wrap-gate-controlled GaAs hexagonal nanowire network structures

For realization of hexagonal BDD-based digital systems, active and sequential circuits including inverters, flip flops and ring oscillators are designed and fabricated on GaAs-based hexagonal nanowire networks controlled by Schottky wrap gates (WPGs), and their operations are characterized. Fabricated inverters show comparatively high transfer gain of more than 10. Clear and correct operation of hexagonal set-reset flip flops (SR-FFs) is obtained at room temperature. Fabricated hexagonal D-type flip flop (D-FF) circuits integrating twelve WPG field effect transistors (FETs) show capturing input signal by triggering although the output swing is small. Oscillatory output is successfully obtained in a fabricated 7-stage hexagonal ring oscillator. Obtained results confirm that a good possibility to realize practical digital systems can be implemented by the present circuit approach.

Kinetically controlled InN nucleation on GaN templates by metalorganic chemical vapour deposition

This paper presents a study on the nucleation and initial growth kinetics of InN on GaN, especially their dependence on metalorganic chemical vapour deposition conditions. It is found that the density and size of separated InN nano-scale islands can be adjusted and well controlled by changing the V/III ratio and growth temperature. InN nuclei density increases for several orders of magnitude with decreasing growth temperature between 525 and 375 degrees C. At lower growth temperatures, InN thin films take the form of small and closely packed islands with diameters less than 100 nm, whereas at elevated temperatures the InN islands grow larger and become well separated, approaching an equilibrium hexagonal shape due to enhanced surface diffusion of adatoms. The temperature dependence of InN island density gives two activation energies of InN nucleation behaviour, which is attributed to two different kinetic processes related to In adatom surface diffusion and desorption, respectively.

Annealing ambient controlled deep defect formation in InP

Deep defects in annealed InP have been investigated by deep level transient capacitance spectroscopy (DLTS), photo induced current transient spectroscopy (PICTS) and thermally stimulated current spectroscopy (TSC). Both DLTS results of annealed semiconducting InP and PICTS and TSC results of annealed semi-insulating InP indicate that InP annealed in phosphorus ambient has five defects, while lid? annealed in iron phospbide ambient has two defects. Such a defect formation phenomenon is explained in terms of defect suppression by the iron atom diffusion process. The correlation of the defects and the nature of the defects in annealed InP are discussed based on the results.

Theoretical analysis of gate voltage-controlled subband states in an AlxGa1-xN/GaN heterostructure

The subband structure and inter-subband transition as a function of gate voltage are determined by solving the Schrodinger and Poisson equations self-consistently in an AlxGa1-xN/GaN heterostructure. Different aluminum mole fraction and thickness of AlxGa1-xN barrier are considered. Calculation results show that energy difference between the first and second subband covers a wide range (from several tens to hundreds milli-electron volt) by applying different gate voltage, which corresponds to the midinfrared and long-wave infrared wavelength scope. Furthermore, such a modulation on the subband transition energy is much more pronounced for the structure with thin barrier. When the applied positive gate voltage is increased, the triangle well formed at the interface turns to be deeper and narrower, which enhances the confinement for electrons. As a result, the overlap between electron wave function at two subbands increases, and thus the optical intersubband transition also enhances its intensity. This tendency is in good agreement with the available data in the literature. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Controlled growth of III-V compound semiconductor nano-structures and their application in quantum-devices

This paper reviews our work on controlled growth of self-assembled semiconductor nanostructures, and their application in light-emission devices. High-power, long-life quantum dots (QD) lasers emitting at similar to 1 mu m, red-emitting QD lasers, and long-wavelength QD lasers on GaAs substrates have successfully been achieved by optimizing the growth conditions of QDs.

Novel hybrid voltage controlled ring oscillators using single electron and MOS transistors

This paper proposes two kinds of novel hybrid voltage controlled ring oscillators (VCO) using a single electron transistor (SET) and metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) transistor. The novel SET/MOS hybrid VCO circuits possess the merits of both the SET circuit and the MOS circuit. The novel VCO circuits have several advantages: wide frequency tuning range, low power dissipation, and large load capability. We use the SPICE compact macro model to describe the SET and simulate the performances of the SET/MOS hybrid VCO circuits by HSPICE simulator. Simulation results demonstrate that the hybrid circuits can operate well as a VCO at room temperature. The oscillation frequency of the VCO circuits could be as high as 1 GHz, with a -71 dBc/Hz phase noise at 1 MHz offset frequency. The power dissipations are lower than 2 uW. We studied the effect of fabrication tolerance, background charge, and operating temperature on the performances of the circuits.

Research on continuous speech recognition with small vocabulary based on biomimetic pattern recognition

Based on biomimetic pattern recognition theory, we proposed a novel speaker-independent continuous speech keyword-spotting algorithm. Without endpoint detection and division, we can get the minimum distance curve between continuous speech samples and every keyword-training net through the dynamic searching to the feature-extracted continuous speech. Then we can count the number of the keywords by investigating the vale-value and the numbers of the vales in the curve. Experiments of small vocabulary continuous speech with various speaking rate have got good recognition results and proved the validity of the algorithm.