87 resultados para tytöt


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The main purpose of this research is to shed light on the factors that gave rise to the office of Field Bishop in the years 1939-1944. How did military bishophood affect the status of the head of military pastoral care and military clergy during these years? The main sources of my research are the collections in the Finnish National Archives, and I use a historical-qualitative method. The position of the military clergy was debated within both the Church and the Defence Forces before 1939. At that stage, Church law did not yet recognize the office of the leading military priest, the Field Dean. There had been a motion in 1932 to introduce the office of a military bishop, but the bishops' synod blocked it. The concept of Field Bishop appeared for the first time in 1927 in a Finnish military document, which dealt with pastoral care in the Polish military. The Field Dean in Finland had regularly proposed improvements to the salary of the military clergy before the Winter War. After the Winter War, arguments were made for strengthening the position of the military clergy: these arguments were based on the increased respect shown towards this clergy, especially due to their role in the care of the fallen, which had become their task during the war. Younger members of the military clergy in particular supported the demands to improve their position within the Church and the army. The creation of a Field Bishop was perceived as strengthening the whole military clergy, as the Field Bishop was envisioned as a bishop within the Church and a general within the Defence Forces. During that time the Field Dean was still without any military rank. The idea of a Field Bishop was recommended to Mannerheim in June 1940, after which the Defence Forces lent their support to the cause. The status of the military clergy, in Church law, made it to the agenda of the Church council in January 1941, thanks largely to the younger priests' group influence and Mannerheim's leverage. The bishops opposed the notion of a Field Bishop mostly on theological grounds but were ready to concede that the position the Field Dean in Church law required further defining. The creation of the office of Field Bishop was blocked in the Church law committee report issued close to the beginning of the Continuation War. The onset of that war, however, changed the course of events, as the President of the Republic appointed Field Dean Johannes Björklund as Field Bishop. Speculation has abounded about Mannerheim's role in the appointment, but the truth of the matter is not clear. The title of Field Bishop was used to put pressure on the Church, and, at the same time, Mannerheim could remain detached from the matter. Later, in September 1941, the Church council approved the use of the Field Bishop title to denote the head of military pastoral care in Church law, and Field Bishops were assigned some of the duties formerly pertaining to bishops. Despite all expectations and hopes, the new office of Field Bishop did not affect the status of the military clergy within the Defence Forces, as no ranks were established for them, and their salary did not improve. However the office of the Field Bishop within Army HQ was transformed from a bureau into a department in the summer of 1942. At the beginning of the Continuation War, the Field Bishop was criticized by certain military and Church clergy for favouring Russian Orthodox Christians in Eastern Karelia. Björklund agreed in principle with most of the Lutheran clergy on the necessity of Lutheranizing East Karelia but had to take into account the realities at Army HQ. As well, at the same time the majority of the younger clergy were serving in the army, and there was a lack of parish priests on the home front. Bishop Lehtonen had actually expressed the wish that more priests could have been released from the front to serve in local parishes. In his notes Lehtonen accused Björklund of trying to achieve the position of Field Bishop by all possible means. However, research has revealed a varied group of people behind the creation of the office of Field Bishop, including in particular younger clergy and the Defence Forces.

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Tutkimuksen kohteena ovat 2000-luvun alun ala-asteen uskonnon ja elämänkatsomustiedon oppikirjat. Tutkimuksessa kysytään yhtäältä, miten sukupuolia esitetään oppikirjoissa. Toisaalta tarkastellaan oppikirjojen tarjoamia kuvia uskonno(i)sta sukupuolinäkökulmasta katsottuna. Tutkimus sijoittuu uskontososiologian kenttään, koska siinä tarkastellaan, miten uskonnon ja elämänkatsomustiedon opetusmateriaalit suhteutuvat yhteiskunnassamme eläviin sukupuolistereotypioihin. Oppikirjat heijastavat osaltaan yhteiskunnassamme vallitsevia arvoja ja käytäntöjä. Tutkimuksen lähtökohdat ovat kriittisessä feministisessä tutkimuksessa. Tarkoituksena on paljastaa, miten sukupuolia tehdään tutkituissa oppikirjoissa; taustalla on ajatus, että sukupuolet ovat poliittisesti, historiallisesti ja diskursiivisesti tuotettuja kategorioita. Sukupuolijärjestelmään sisältyy sukupuolten erilläänpito, hierarkia ja heteronormatiivisuus. Siihen liittyy myös aina vallankäyttöä: kun jotain määritellään normaaliksi ja ensisijaiseksi, jää sen ulkopuolelle joukko epänormaaliuksia ja toissijaisuuksia. Tutkimus kytkeytyy siis myös teorioihin diskurssien kautta operoivasta, kaikkialla läsnäolevasta ja verkostoituneesta vallasta. Tutkimusaineistona on WSOY:n kustantama uskonnon oppikirjasarja, Suuri kertomus (neljä kirjaa), Otavan kustantama uskonnon oppikirjasarja Tähti (viisi kirjaa), sekä Opetushallituksen kustantamat elämänkatsomustiedon Miina ja Ville kirjat (kaksi kirjaa). Tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan sisällönanalyyttisin keinoin ensisijaisesti kirjojen sisältämiä kuvia, mutta myös tekstejä siltä osin, kuin ne olennaisesti liittyvät analysoituihin kuviin. Koska kyseessä ovat oppikirjat, sivutaan myös niiden suhdetta perusopetuksen opetussuunnitelmien näille oppiaineille määrittelemiin tavoitteisiin. Kuvat on analyysissa jaettu kahteen luokkaan, uskontoon liittyviin ja arkisiin kuviin. Aineisto on käyty läpi etsien vastauksia seuraaviin kysymyksiin: kuinka monessa kuvassa esiintyy tyttö/nainen, poika/mies tai molempia sukupuolia? Miten usein tyttö/nainen, poika/mies tai molemmat sukupuolet ovat kuvassa pääasiallisena toimijana tai kuvan etualalla? Millaisia toimijuuksia eri sukupuolille on annettu, ovatko ne stereotyyppisiä? Löytyykö aineistosta heteronormista poikkeavia esityksiä? Kuvia, joissa stereotyyppisiä sukupuolirooleja erityisesti vahvistetaan tai murretaan, on otettu analyysissa tarkempaan tarkasteluun. Lähempää luettujen kuvien kautta analyysissa käsitellään kulttuurissamme ja yhteiskunnassamme vallitsevia sukupuolittavia käytäntöjä sekä niiden taustalla olevia arvoja ja rakenteita. Uskontoon liittyvien kuvien kohdalla analyysiin kietoutuvat erityisesti uskonno(i)ssa elävät käsitykset sukupuolten järjestyksistä ja paikoista. Keskiöön nousee myös evankelis-luterilaisen kristillisyyden tarjoamat käsitykset sukupuolista ja niiden asemista uskonnonharjoituksessa. Lisäksi tutkimuksessa vertaillaan uskonnon ja elämänkatsomustiedon kirjasarjoista tehtyjä analyyseja keskenään: näkyykö näiden oppiaineiden välillä eroja sukupuolten esittämisessä? Tutkimuksen tulokset ovat suurelta osin samankaltaiset aiemman sukupuolinäkökulmasta tehdyn oppikirjatutkimuksen tulosten kanssa. Poikia ja miehiä esiintyy kuvissa huomattavasti enemmän kuin tyttöjä ja naisia, ja miessukupuolelle on annettu enemmän ja monipuolisempia toimijuuksia kuin naissukupuolelle. Maskuliinisia samastumiskohteita tarjotaan enemmän kuin feminiinisiä. Sukupuolten esitykset ovat enimmäkseen stereotyyppisiä, vaikka joitakin poikkeuksia aineistossa onkin. Vaihtoehtoja heteroseksuaalisuudelle ei aineistossa tuoda esiin. Elämänkatsomustiedon kirjoissa poiketaan stereotyyppisistä esityksistä useammin kuin uskonnon kirjoissa, mutta niidenkin kuvasto on miesvaltainen ja pääosin heteronormatiivinen. Uskontoja esitellään niiden virallisen ja julkisen harjoittamisen kautta, mikä antaa uskonnoista huomattavan mieslähtöisen ja -valtaisen kuvan. Ei esimerkiksi tuoda juurikaan esiin sitä, että monissa uskonnoissa miehet ovat oikeutettuja erilaisiin rooleihin kuin naiset. Naisten uskonnollisuus ohitetaan aineistossa lähes täysin. Taustalla on nähtävissä käsitys miesten ja miehisten elämänpiirien ensisijaisuudesta, kun taas naiset ja naisten elämänpiirit nähdään toiseuden kautta. Tämä ajatusrakennelma on koko kulttuurissamme ja sen perusteissa niin läpikäyvänä, että siihen ei usein kiinnitetä lainkaan huomiota: se näyttäytyy itsestäänselvänä ja ikään kuin luonnollisena asiaintilana. Sukupuolten välinen eriarvoisuus kytkeytyy kuitenkin ihmisten jokapäiväiseen elämään kuten työhön, palkkaan, perhe-elämään ja mahdollisuuksiin toteuttaa itseään ja kehittää taipumuksiaan. Tutkimuksen tulokset tukevat näkemyksiä, joiden mukaan sukupuolten välinen tasa-arvo ei ole yhteiskunnassamme vielä toteutunut. Avainsanat Nyckelord Keywords sukupuoli, oppikirjat, uskonto, elämänkatsomustieto, kuva-analyysi, stereotypia, heteronormatiivisuus, tasa-arvo, sukupuoliroolit, toimijuus

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Among Girls Youth Work, Multiculturalism and Gender Equality Finland s increasingly multicultural society concerns younger generations in a very particular manner. Starting already in pre-school kindergartens, children from different cultural backgrounds share their everyday existence. The focus of this study is Finland s increasingly multicultural society that has challenged youth work professionals in particular and made them rethink questions related to content, basic values and goals of youth work. These reconsiderations include the following essential questions: which of these pedagogic principles are defined as Finnish, and under what kinds of circumstances would the youth workers be ready to negotiate about them. These questions, which are related to multiculturalism, are then linked to the girls position, status and gender equality. The research examines how gender equality is articulated in relation to multiculturalism and vice versa, in what contexts youth work-related questions are negoatiated in, and how these negotiations then relate to gender issues. The present study combines theoretical concepts and debates from both post-colonial and youth research, and has benefited greatly from previous research which has examined the everyday lives of young people with multicultural backgrounds and conceptualised the different meanings of age, ethnicity, culture and gender. Neither multiculturalism nor gender equality is, however, taken as a given concept in this study; rather the research focuses on how youth workers understand and define these concepts and how they are used. The emphasis has been on monitoring the varying consequences of different understandings and definitions in terms of everyday work and practices. The goal of this study has been to find typical ways of conceptualising multiculturalism, gender equality and the role of girls in the context of youth work. The focus of the research is not just the youth workers different views but also the notions of the girls themselves. These are then further analysed by examining the ways the girls negotiate their agency. Examples of how the girls agency is defined and the different forms of agency that are offered to the girls within the context of leisure time activities and youth work have been sought. The kind of agency the girls then assume is also examined. The data in this research is comprised of interviews with young people with multicultural backgrounds (n=39), youth workers (n=42) and of ethnographic fieldwork (2003 2005). The fieldwork concentrated on following different types of youth work activities that were targeted at girls with migrant backgrounds. These were organized both by selected municipalities and NGOs. The research shows that various questions related to multicultural issues have enhanced the visibility of gender equality in the field of youth work. The identification of gender-based inequality is especially closely linked to the position of girls from migrant backgrounds. These girls are a source of particular worry and the aim of the many activity groups for migrant girls is to educate them so that they can become equal Finnish citizens . The youth work itself is seen as gender-neutral and equality based. Equality in this context is defined as a purely quantitative concept, and the solution to any possible inequalities is thus the exact same treatment for everyone . The girls themselves seem mainly confused by the role that is offered to them. They would need a voice and the possibility to have an impact on the planning of youth work activities. They want to have their views heard. The role of the victim assigned to them is very confining and makes it difficult to act. At the same time the research shows how gender-sensitive youth work is seen to mean youth work with girls. Gender-sensitive work with boys is not really done or is done very little, even if many of the interviewees are of the opinion that the true materialization of gender equality would require boys to be taken into account too. The principle of gender equality should be shared by the entire youth work profession. Keywords Youth work, equality, multiculturalism, gender sensitivity, agency, girls, young people, sexuality

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Horseback riding is a popular activity in Finland, especially among young women and girls. For centuries, however, horse husbandry and horse culture in Finland had been dominated by men. Nowadays it is mainly the girls who ride as a hobby and take care of the horses. The stable has evolved into an important social sphere for girls, a semi-public room of their own where they spend time together. A study of the girl culture in the riding stable offers a unique perspective as well as new information on becoming a girl and a young woman in Finland. The subject of my research is the girl culture and girls communities at the horseback riding stables. In this thesis I discuss what kind of girl-cultural sphere the stable is, how girls organize their community, and what different aspects and meanings the hobby entails for girls while they are actively engaged in the hobby. I focus on the construction of gender and girlhood and examine how these gender constructions can be theorized as gender tradition. The research material consists of the interviews of 22 stable girls from different parts of Finland and an observation period at one of the stables. The informants were from 13 to 27 years of age. The theoretical background is based on the anthropological study of folklore, girls studies, feminist theory and post-humanist viewpoints. I am interested in how girls culture and girlhood are produced performatively in the interview narration and participant observation. I concentrate on four aspects of this culture: 1) what girls do at the stable, and what kind of relationships they create with horses; 2) social relations focusing on the ways girls construct their own groups, the way their hierarchy is constructed and how they use power; 3) the norms and social control regarding social behaviour; and 4) the reasons girls give for their involvement in the hobby, and girls interest in horses in general. In this girl culture, gender norms and boundaries are not only stretched or transgressed, but the culture also re-produces the hierarchical and stereotypical ideas of gender. The traditions of gender express both the hegemonic gender system and those ideas of gender which girls resist, at least momentarily. Constructions of gender and gender tradition are constituted at the intersections of historical and contemporary expectations of what it means to be a girl. Conscious of these societal demands, girls support, reproduce, challenge, and make comments on them.

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The Legacy of Poverty. A Study of the substance and continuity of cultural knowledge in Finnish biographical and proverbial texts The study focuses on the idea of the cultural knowledge and shared understanding that ordinary people, folk , have of the concepts and ideas about rural based poverty in Finland. Throughout 19th century and well into 20th century, the majority of the population remained agrarian and poor. By the 1950s, most people still lived in rural areas and a majority of them earned their living primarily from agriculture and forestry. Urbanization proceeded rapidly from the 1960s onwards. Even though the Nordic welfare state was firmly established in Finland by the 1970s, old forms of agrarian poverty still remained in the culture. The source material for the study consists of 99 biographies and 502 proverbs. Biographical texts include written autobiographies and interviewed biographies. A primary analyzing concept is called a poverty speech. The poverty speech has been analyzed by providing answers to the following three questions: What connotations do people attach to poverty when they speak about it? What sort of social relations arise when people speak about poverty? How is the past experience of poverty constructed in the present and in the welfare state context? Cultural knowledge is a theoretical and analytical tool that enables people to categorize information. The three questions stated above are crucial in revealing the schematic structure that people use to communicate about agrarian poverty. Categories are analyzed and processed in terms of cultural themes that contain the ideals and stereotypes of spoken motif and sub-themes. The application of theoretical and analytical premises to the poverty speech has shown that there are four cultural themes. The first theme is Power. The social connotations in the poverty speech are mostly in relation to the better-off people. Poverty does not exist without an awareness of welfare, i.e. the understanding of a certain standard of welfare above that of one's own. The second theme is about family ties as a resource and welfare network. In poverty speech, marriage is represented as a means to upgrade one's livelihood. Family members are described as supporting one another, but at the same time as being antagonists. The third theme, Work represents the work ethic that is being connected to the poverty. Hard working as a representation is attached to eligibility for `a good life´ that in Finland was to become an owner-occupier of a cottage or a flat. The fourth theme is Security. The resentment of unfair treatment is expressed by using moral superiority and rational explanations. The ruling classes in the agrarian society are portrayed as being evil and selfish with no social conscience because they did not provide enough assistance to those who needed it. During the period when the welfare benefit system was undeveloped, the poor expected the wealthier people to make a contribution to the distribution of material wealth. In the premises of cultural knowledge, both oral and written traditions are about human thinking: they deal with topics, ideas and evaluations that are relevant to their bearers. Many elements expressed in poverty speech, such as classifications and customs derived from the rural world, have been carried over into the next generation in newer contexts and a different cultural environment. Keywords: cultural knowledge, cognitive categorization, poverty, life stories, proverbs

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Yritysten on tunnistettava markkinoilla ja kuluttajissa tapahtuvia muutoksia voidakseen johtaa ja suunnitella omaa liiketoimintaansa niin, että se täyttää myös tulevaisuudessa kuluttajien muuttuvat tarpeet. Tästä johtuen tieto trendeistä ja niiden vaikutuksista on yrityksille tärkeää. Trendit mallintavat ja muokkaavat ympäristöä ja markkinoita sekä vaikuttavat lopulta myös kuluttajien asenteisiin ja käyttäytymiseen. Tämän tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli selvittää ja kuvailla sitä, kuinka elintarvikeyritykset hyödyntävät trenditietoa omassa liiketoiminnassaan. Trenditiedon hyödyntämistä selvitettiin tutkimalla yrityksistä löytyviä trenditiedon hyödyntämisen käytänteitä. Yritysten käytänteiden tarkastelu tutkimuksessa perustui siihen ajatukseen, että ne antavat todellista kuvaa siitä, mitä trenditiedolla tehdään ja kuinka sitä hyödynnetään yrityksissä. Aineiston keräämisen ja analysoinnin tueksi tutkimuksessa sovellettiin yrityksen markkinatietojärjestelmää koskevaa teoriaa. Trenditieto on osa yrityksen markkinatietoa ja markkinatietojärjestelmän teorian avulla voitiin tarkastelussa päästä syvemmälle yrityksen tiedon prosesseihin. Tutkimus tehtiin toimeksiantotyönä trenditietoon pohjautuvia tuotteita ja palveluita tarjoavalle asiantuntijaorganisaatiolle Analyse². Tutkimuksen tarkastelussa oleva trenditieto on elintarvikealalle sovellettua, joten myös tutkittavat yritykset olivat elintarvikealan yrityksiä. Tutkimusaineisto kerättiin teemahaastatteluilla, jotka kohdistettiin yhteensä seitsemän haastateltavaan kuudesta eri elintarviketeollisuusyrityksestä. Tutkimus tehtiin kvalitatiivisena tutkimuksena, jossa aineiston analyysimenetelmänä käytettiin sisällönanalyysiä. Ensin tehtiin teemoittelu, jonka jälkeen aineisto vielä tyypiteltiin. Tutkimuksen tuloksena löydettiin trenditiedon hyödyntämisen käytänteitä, jotka kertovat miten trenditietoa hankitaan, analysoidaan, käytetään sekä jaetaan ja varastoidaan yrityksissä. Aineistosta löydettiin käytänteitä paljon ja tämä osoittikin, että käytänteet ovat myös liiketoiminnassa relevantti tutkimusala. Käytänteitä löydettiin eniten trenditiedon analysointiin liittyen. Kyseisten käytänteiden perusteella voitiin todeta, että trenditiedon analysointi perustuu hyvin pitkälle trenditiedon luotettavuuden arviointiin niin trendien toteutumisen kuin niiden ilmenemisen kannalta. Löydettyjen käytänteiden kautta nousi erityisesti esiin keskeisiä trenditiedon hyödyntämisen haasteita sekä viitteitä siitä, minkälaista trenditiedon hyödyntäminen on yhtenä yrityksen toimintona.

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Johdanto Riittämätön ravinnonsaanti haittaa lasten fyysistä ja psyykkistä kasvua. Se myös heikentää Saharan eteläpuoleisen Afrikan tuottavuutta ja taloudellista kehitystä. Erityisen heikossa asemassa ovat lapset ja hedelmällisessä iässä olevat naiset johtuen nopean kasvun, raskauden ja imetyksen aiheuttamista vaatimuksista. Yleensä ruokaturvattomuus johtuu fyysisestä tai taloudellisesta ruoan hankintamahdollisuuden puuttumisesta ja on näin ollen läheisesti yhteydessä köyhyyteen sekä kestävien elinkeinojen ja turvaverkostojen puuttumiseen. Kaupungistumisen myötä monien afrikkalaisten elinkeinot, ruokatottumukset ja elämäntyyli ovat muuttuneet. Koska elämä kaupungeissa poikkeaa monin tavoin elämästä maaseudulla, myös ruokaturva ja sen taustalla olevat tekijät voivat olla erilaiset kaupungissa ja maaseudulla. Tällöin myös ruokaturvaohjelmat tulee suunnitella asuinpaikan mukaan ja kohdistaa voimavarat tarpeen mukaan. Harvat tutkimukset kuitenkaan tarkastelevat ruokaturvaa yhtä aikaa kaupungissa ja maaseudulla, mistä johtuen ruokaturvan erilaisuudesta näissä eri asuinympäristöissä on vähän tietoa. Tutkimuksen tavoite Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena on selvittää teini-ikäisten tyttöjen ruokaturvan taso Zambézian maakunnan maaseudulla ja kaupungeissa sekä tarkastella onko ruokaturva erilainen maaseudulla ja kaupungeissa. Lisäksi selvitetään mitkä tekijät ovat yhteydessä hyvään ruokaturvaan ja ovatko siihen yhteydessä olevat tekijät erilaisia näissä asuinympäristöissä. Aineisto ja menetelmät Tämä pro gradu -tutkielma on osa suomalais-mosambikilaista yhteistyöprojektia: Teini-ikäisten tyttöjen ravitsemus ja ruokavalio Zambéziassa (Estudo do Estado Nutricional e da Dieta em Raparigas Adolescentes na Zambézia). Tutkimus selvittää 15–18-vuotiaiden teinityttöjen ravitsemustilaa, ruokavaliota ja ruokaturvaa maaseudulla ja kaupunkiympäristössä Zambézian maakunnassa, ennen sadonkorjuuta ja sadonkorjuun jälkeen. Tämä osatutkimus perustuu ennen sadonkorjuuta tammi-helmikuussa 2010 kerättyyn aineistoon (n=277). Ruokaturvaa mitattiin Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) -kyselylomakkeella. Taustatietohaastattelusta poimittiin ruokaturvan kannalta mielenkiintoiset tekijät ja tarkasteltiin niiden yhteyttä ruokaturvaan. Tulokset Ruokaturvan havaittiin olevan huomattavasti parempi maaseudulla kuin kaupungissa. Maaseudulla kotieläimiä omistavat perheet kuuluivat harvemmin huonoon ruokaturvaluokkaan, kuin perheet jotka eivät omistaneet eläimiä. Kaupungissa ylimmässä varallisuustertiilissä olevat perheet kuuluivat keskimmäisessä varallisuustertiilissä olevia harvemmin huonoon ruokaturvaluokkaan. Maaseudun ja kaupungin välillä havaittavaa eroa ruokaturvassa selitti varallisuus. Johtopäätökset Maaseutua ja kaupunkeja tulisi ruokaturvatutkimuksissa käsitellä erillisinä tutkimuskohteina. Erilaiset ruokatottumukset saattavat vaikuttaa koettuun ruokaturvaan kaupungeissa ja maaseudulla. Ruokaturvan taustatekijät ovat myös erilaiset, jolloin ruokaturvattomuuden poistaminen vaatii eri toimintatapoja asuinpaikasta riippuen. Varallisuudella saattaa olla suurempi merkitys ruokaturvan kannalta kaupungeissa kuin maaseudulla. Varallisuuden ja ruokaturvan välisen yhteyden selvittäminen kaupungissa ja maaseudulla vaatii kuitenkin luotettavan varallisuusmittarin. Vuodenaika tulisi ottaa huomioon aiempaa paremmin kun tutkitaan kroonista ruokaturvattomuutta. Ruokaturvatutkimuksissa tulisi kerätä tietoa myös ruokavalion monipuolisuudesta ja tehdä antropometrisiä mittauksia, jotta ruokaturvasta saataisiin kokonaisvaltainen kuva.

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Tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan virtuaaliyhteisöllisyyttä, jossa jäsenten välinen vuorovaikutus tapahtuu verkon välityksellä ilman kasvokkaista kohtaamista. Tutkimuksen tavoitteena on tarkastella, voiko virtuaaliyhteisöllisyys Internetin keskustelufoorumilla olla rinnastettavissa perinteiseen reaalimaailman yhteisöllisyyteen. Tutkimuksessa selvitetään, mikä tekee vuonna 2005 perustetusta keskustelufoorumi AustenForumista yhteisön, miten yhteisyyden tunne foorumilla syntyy ja miten käyttäjät itse kokevat AustenForumin yhteisönä. Tutkimuksen aineisto on kerätty 239 keskusteluketjusta, jotka aloitettiin AustenForumilla vuonna 2005, sekä seitsemän AustenForumin käyttäjän haastattelusta. Tutkimusmenetelmänä käytetään aineistolähtöistä, teorialähtöistä ja teoriaohjaavaa sisällönanalyysia. Pelkästään verkossa tapahtuvan vuorovaikutuksen pohjalta syntyneeseen yhteisöllisyyteen on suhtauduttu tutkimuskirjallisuudessa sekä myönteisesti että kielteisesti. Osa tutkijoista näkee virtuaaliyhteisöllisyyden mahdollisuutena luoda erilaista yhteisöllisyyttä, toiset taas uskovat virtuaaliyhteisöllisyyden tuhoavan aidon yhteisöllisyyden ja pitävät sitä keinotekoisena kopiona aidosta, kasvokkaisesta yhteisöllisyydestä. Virtuaaliyhteisöllisyyttä on pidetty symbolisena ja kuviteltuna yhteisöllisyytenä perinteisen, toiminnallisen yhteisöllisyyden sijaan. AustenForum täyttää yhteisölle annetut tunnusmerkit ja kestää virtuaaliyhteisöihin kohdistuneen tavallisimman kritiikin. Yhteisyys muodostuu AustenForumilla käyttäjien välillä syntyneen yhteisöllisen toiminnan, samanhenkisyyden, ystävyyden, vuorovaikutuksen sekä ryhmäidentiteetin ja muista erottautumisen kautta. Käyttäjät itse kokevat kuuluvansa tiiviiseen yhteisöön, ja AustenForumilla on käyttäjilleen myös kodin merkityksiä. Tutkimuksen perusteella voidaan sanoa, että verkossa voi syntyä reaalimaailmaan rinnastettavaa yhteisöllisyyttä. Virtuaaliyhteisöllisyyden erottaa perinteisestä yhteisöllisyydestä vain kasvokkaisen vuorovaikutuksen puuttuminen. Se ei kuitenkaan tee yhteisöllisyydestä epäaitoa. Käsitteellä virtuaaliyhteisö ei siis voida viitata yhteisöllisyyden laatuun, vaan yhteisön jäsenten vuorovaikutuskanavaan.

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Background and context Since the economic reforms of 1978, China has been acclaimed as a remarkable economy, achieving 9% annual growth per head for more than 25 years. However, China's health sector has not fared well. The population health gains slowed down and health disparities increased. In the field of health and health care, significant progress in maternal care has been achieved. However, there still remain important disparities between the urban and rural areas and among the rural areas in terms of economic development. The excess female infant deaths and the rapidly increasing sex ratio at birth in the last decade aroused serious concerns among policy makers and scholars. Decentralization of the government administration and health sector reform impacts maternal care. Many studies using census data have been conducted to explore the determinants of a high sex ratio at birth, but no agreement has been so far reached on the possible contributing factors. No study using family planning system data has been conducted to explore perinatal mortality and sex ratio at birth and only few studies have examined the impact of the decentralization of government and health sector reforms on the provision and organization of maternal care in rural China. Objectives The general objective of this study was to investigate the state of perinatal health and maternal care and their determinants in rural China under the historic context of major socioeconomic reforms and the one child family planning policy. The specific objectives of the study included: 1) to study pregnancy outcomes and perinatal health and their correlates in a rural Chinese county; 2) to examine the issue of sex ratio at birth and its determinants in a rural Chinese county; 3) to explore the patterns of provision, utilization, and content of maternal care in a rural Chinese county; 4) to investigate the changes in the use of maternal care in China from 1991 to 2003. Materials and Methods This study is based on a project for evaluating the prenatal care programme in Dingyuan county in 1999-2003, Anhui province, China and a nationwide household health survey to describe the changes in maternal care utilization. The approaches used included a retrospective cohort study, cross sectional interview surveys, informant interviews, observations and the use of statistical data. The data sources included the following: 1) A cohort of pregnant women followed from pregnancy up to 7 days after birth in 20 townships in the study county, collecting information on pregnancy outcomes using family planning records; 2) A questionnaire interview survey given to women who gave birth between 2001 and 2003; 3) Various statistical and informant surveys data collected from the study county; 4) Three national household health interview survey data sets (1993-2003) were utilized, and reanalyzed to described the changes in maternity care utilization. Relative risks (RR) and their confidence intervals (CI) were calculated for comparison between parity, approval status, infant sex and township groups. The chi-square test was used to analyse the disparity of use of maternal care between and within urban and rural areas and its trend across the years in China. Logistic regression was used to analyse the factors associated with hospital delivery in rural areas. Results There were 3697 pregnancies in the study cohort, resulting in 3092 live births in a total population of 299463 in the 20 study townships during 1999-2000. The average age at pregnancy in the cohort was 25.9 years. Of the women, 61% were childless, 38% already had one child and 0.3% had two children before the current pregnancy. About 90% of approved pregnancies ended in a live birth while 73% of the unapproved ones were aborted. The perinatal mortality rate was 69 per thousand births. If the 30 induced abortions in which the gestational age was more than 28 weeks had been counted as perinatal deaths, the perinatal mortality rate would have been as high as 78 per thousand. The perinatal mortality rate was negatively associated with the wealth of the township. Approximately two thirds of the perinatal deaths occurred in the early neonatal period. Both the still birth rate and the early neonatal death rate increased with parity. The risk of a stillbirth in a second pregnancy was almost four times that for a first pregnancy, while the risk of early neonatal deaths doubled. The early neonatal mortality rate was twice as high for female as for male infants. The sex difference in the early neonatal mortality rate was mainly attributable to mortality in second births. The male early neonatal mortality rate was not affected by parity, while the female early neonatal mortality rate increased dramatically with parity: it was about six times higher for second births than for first births. About 82% early neonatal deaths happened within 24 hours after birth, and during that time, girls were almost three times more likely to die than boys. The death rate of females on the day of birth increased much more sharply with parity than that of males. The total sex ratio at birth of 3697 registered pregnancies was 152 males to 100 females, with 118 and 287 in first and second pregnancies, respectively. Among unapproved pregnancies, there were almost 5 live-born boys for each girl. Most prenatal and delivery care was to be taken care of in township hospitals. At the village level, there were small private clinics. There was no limitation period for the provision of prenatal and postnatal care by private practitioners. They were not permitted to provide delivery care by the county health bureau, but as some 12% of all births occurred either at home or at private clinics; some village health workers might have been involved. The county level hospitals served as the referral centers for the township hospitals in the county. However, there was no formal regulation or guideline on how the referral system should work. Whether or not a woman was referred to a higher level hospital depended on the individual midwife's professional judgment and on the clients' compliance. The county health bureau had little power over township hospitals, because township hospitals had in the decentralization process become directly accountable to the township government. In the township and county hospitals only 10-20% of the recurrent costs were funded by local government (the township hospital was funded by the township government and the county hospital was funded by the county government) and the hospitals collected user fees to balance their budgets. Also the staff salaries depended on fee incomes by the hospital. The hospitals could define the user charges themselves. Prenatal care consultations were however free in most township hospitals. None of the midwives made postnatal home visits, because of low profit of these services. The three national household health survey data showed that the proportion of women receiving their first prenatal visit within 12 weeks increased greatly from the early to middle 1990s in all areas except for large cities. The increase was much larger in the rural areas, reducing the urban-rural difference from more than 4 times to about 1.4 times. The proportion of women that received antenatal care visits meeting the Ministry of Health s standard (at least 5 times) in the rural areas increased sharply from 12% in 1991-1993 to 36% in 2001-2003. In rural areas, the proportion increase was much faster in less developed areas than in developed areas. The hospital delivery rate increased slightly from 90% to 94% in urban areas while the proportion increased from 27% to 69% in rural areas. The fastest change was found to be in type 4 rural areas, where the utilization even quadrupled. The overall difference between rural and urban areas was substantially narrowed over the period. Multiple logistic regression analysis shows that time periods, residency in rural or urban areas, income levels, age group, education levels, delivery history, occupation, health insurance and distance from the nearest health care facilities were significantly associated with hospital delivery rates. Conclusions 1. Perinatal mortality in this study was much higher than that for urban areas as well as any reported rate from specific studies in rural areas of China. Previous studies in which calculations of infant mortality were not based on epidemiological surveys have been shown to underestimate the rates by more than 50%. 2. Routine statistics collected by the Chinese family planning system proved to be a reliable data source for studying perinatal health, including still births, neonatal deaths, sex ratio at birth and among newborns. National Household Health Survey data proved to be a useful and reliable data source for studying population health and health services. Prior to this research there were few studies in these areas available to international audiences. 3.Though perinatal mortality rate was negatively associated with the level of township economic development, the excess female early neonatal mortality rate contributed much more to high perinatal mortality rate than economic factors. This was likely a result of the role of the family planning policy and the traditional preferences for sons, which leads to lethal neglect of female newborns and high perinatal mortality. 4. The selective abortions of female foetuses were likely to contribute most to the high sex ratio at birth. The underreporting of female births seemed to have played a secondary role. The higher early neonatal mortality rate in second-born as compared to first-born children, particularly in females, may indicate that neglect or poorer care of female newborn infants also contributes to the high sex ratio at birth or among newborns. Existing family planning policy proved not to effectively control the steadily increased birth sex ratio. 5. The rural-urban gap in service utilization was on average significantly narrowed in terms of maternal healthcare in China from 1991 to 2003. This demonstrates that significant achievements in reducing inequities can be made through a combination of socio-economic development and targeted investments in improving health services, including infrastructure, staff capacities, and subsidies to reduce the costs of service utilization for the poorest. However, the huge gap which persisted among cities of different size and within different types of rural areas indicated the need for further efforts to support the poorest areas. 6. Hospital delivery care in the study county was better accepted by women because most of women think delivery care was very important while prenatal and postnatal care were not. Hospital delivery care was more systematically provided and promoted than prenatal and postnatal care by township hospital in the study area. The reliance of hospital staff income on user fees gave the hospitals an incentive to put more emphasis on revenue generating activities such as delivery care instead of prenatal and postnatal care, since delivery care generated much profits than prenatal and postnatal care . Recommendations 1. It is essential for the central government to re-assess and modify existing family planning policies. In order to keep national sex balance, the existing practice of one couple one child in urban areas and at-least-one-son a couple in rural areas should be gradually changed to a two-children-a-couple policy throughout the country. The government should establish a favourable social security policy for couples, especially for rural couples who have only daughters, with particular emphasis on their pension and medical care insurance, combined with an educational campaign for equal rights for boys and girls in society. 2. There is currently no routine vital-statistics registration system in rural China. Using the findings of this study, the central government could set up a routine vital-statistics registration system using family planning routine work records, which could be used by policy makers and researchers. 3. It is possible for the central and provincial government to invest more in the less developed and poor rural areas to increase the access of pregnant women in these areas to maternal care services. Central government together with local government should gradually provide free maternal care including prenatal and postnatal as well as delivery care to the women in poor and less developed rural areas. 4. Future research could be done to explore if county and the township level health care sector and the family planning system could be merged to increase the effectiveness and efficiency of maternal and child care. 5. Future research could be done to explore the relative contribution of maternal care, economic development and family planning policy on perinatal and child health using prospective cohort studies and community based randomized trials. Key words: perinatal health, perinatal mortality, stillbirth, neonatal death, sex selective abortion, sex ratio at birth, family planning, son preference, maternal care, prenatal care, postnatal care, equity, China

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In this research, I examine the agency of women who has taken part in peer groups for immigrants organized by Finnish refugee council. My thesis is connected with post-colonial feminist research where difference and power have been studied especially from the view of those inferior positions. Agency is the main tool that I use in this thesis. I examine how peer groups are significant in the speech of women and how women s agency shows in their lives. My goal was to examine how women build their lives in a new environment. I also want to show an alternative view in the discussion about integration by telling about the lives of the women. My data is from single and group interviews, from one peer group meeting that I observed and conversations with the peer mentors. Altogether I interviewed 29 women from the age of 18 to elderly people. Women had emigrated from eight different countries. I also used educational material made for peer group mentors as my data. According to my study, the peer groups were significant for women especially because of the social relations made in the groups and the knowledge achieved about Finnish society. Also the language skills achieved in the peer groups were important. In the peer groups women realized to fill the competences acquired to make their space of agency wider. Women s agency was sometimes quiet and it aimed to maintain. This kind of agency made the foundation to everyday life in Finland. It was also used to create relation to the country of emigration. Agency occurred also as toleration. Especially when confronting racism or when women had to give up customs that were important to them. The sense of agency grew in peer groups. This and through perceiving their competences women pondered the paths in their future. Women spoke of themselves as foreigners and made distinction with the majority of population. In the educational material and in the speech of the mentors, the image of Finnishness was unlimited. Women did not find space for them in the concept of Finnish. The intercommunication between women and the majority of population was narrow and those were formed mainly in context of the work of the majority of population. In my research, I noticed that women have enough knowledge, skills and competences for agency, only the space for it is narrow. When speaking about integration, immigrants are seen as objects to be activated. I suggest that from this way of speaking focus should be changed from activation to deconstruction of the positions shown to women.

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Objectives: Inspiration for this study came from the public discourse and concern for boys poor school achievement, as well as from the author s own perceptions. There was an interest to know if this concern is justified and what are its underlying causes. Previous studies have shown that masculinity is one of the key aspects of boys' poor school achievement. The objective of this research is to study the construction of masculinity in primary school and how this construct of masculinity is manifested by school achievement. Based on previous studies, the pursuit of hegemonic masculinity does not fit with good school grades. If a boy succeeds in school, this success must be compensated for by means of different factors demonstrating hegemonic masculinity. Methods: The research material was obtained by using the etnographic method. The research settled itself feministic school-etnographic research field. The research subjects comprised pupils and teachers of a 5th grade comprehensive school class (10-11-year-olds) in the Uusimaa county. There were twenty-nine (29) pupils (18 boys and 11 girls) in this class and five (5) different teachers who taught the class. The research material was composed of field notes and researcher's diary based on researcher's observations, short group discussions with pupils and interviews of five boys. The field notes consisted of twenty-six (26) lessons and also observations of breaks and eating periods. In short group discussions the researcher discussed with all the pupils that were given a permission for interview. The material was analysed with thematic and analytic reading that led to the writing of an analysis. Results and conclusions: The most salient result of this study was that different masculinities are constructed in primary school. The majority of boys aimed at hegemonic masculinity and the school community strongly supported this. This was shown in speech and in behaviour. School success and mainstream masculinity could be compatible, but success also required compensatory aspects. In addition to these observations, the researcher was able to identify a group of boys which truly wanted to achieve well in school and did not care to strive for hegemonic masculinity. Thus, there should be more room and opportunities for different kinds of masculinity in the school environment. Teachers and the overall school environment should support the different ways of being a boy, and it seems there is a need for gender sensitive pedagogy.

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Tutkielmani tarkastelee aikuisia ”tuntiratsastajia”, eli ratsastuskouluissa tunneilla ratsastavia aikuisia. Aikuisten ratsastajien määrä on kasvanut huomattavasti viime vuosina. Tarkastelen työssäniratsastusharrastuksen merkityksiä, harrastukseen liittyvää yhteisöllisyyttä ja naisten ja miesten eroja ratsastusharrastuksessa. Tutkielmani lähtökohtana on, että aikuiset eivät harrasta ratsastusta ”tyhjiössä”, vaan ratsastusharrastusta kehystävät arki ja työ. Tutkielmani perusteella ratsastusharrastus myös merkityksellistyy aikuisille sekä työn, että arjen kautta - kuin myös harrastukseen liittyvien asioiden kautta. Lajiin liittyvä yhteisöllisyys on puolestaan samanlaista kevyttä harrastuspohjaista yhteisöllisyyttä, kuin mistä sosiologiset postmoderneja yhteisöjä kuvaavat teoriat kertovat. Yhteisöllisyys rakentuu hevosten ja ratsastuksen ympärille. Aikuisten yhteisöllisyys ei ole myöskään sidottu tietylle tallille, vaan yhteisöllisyyttä voi ilmetä missä vain, missä aikuiset ratsastuksen harrastajat tapaavat toisiansa. Tutkielmassani tuon esille, että sukupuolella on merkitystä myös kevyessä harrastusyhteisöllisyydessä, vaikka postmodernit yhteisöteoriat eivät huomioi sukupuolta. Ratsastusharrastukseen liittyvässä toiminnassa naiset ja miehet ryhmittyvät myös sukupuolen perusteella, vaikka talleilla ratsastetaankin tyypillisesti ”sekaryhmissä”. Kyseenalaistan myös postmodernien yhteisöteorioiden näkemystä siitä, että yhteisöihin liitytään pelkästään omasta halusta. Tutkielmani mukaan ratsastuksen harrastajien yhteisöön kuulutaan kyllä halusta, mutta palkkatyö on harrastuksen mahdollistaja. Aikuiset tuntiratsastajat harrastavat ratsastusta tavoitteellisesti. Tutkielmani mukaan aikuiset etenevät harrastuksessa kahdella eri uralla: harrastajauralla ja yhteisöuralla. Harrastajauralla etenevät aikuiset haluavat kehittää ratsastustaitojaan ja yltää harrastuksessa yhä parempiin suorituksiin. Yhteisöuraa rakentavat aikuiset luovat puolestaan kontakteja muihin harrastajiin esimerkiksi toimimalla omassa ratsastusseurassaan tai tallin muissa ryhmissä. Kuvaamani urat ovat ideaalityyppejä siinä mielessä, että puhtaina ne eivät esiinny, vaan ratsastusharrastuksessa painottuvat aina enemmän tai vähemmän molemmat urat. Aikuisten tavoitteellisuus harrastuksessa on puolestaan samankaltaista, kuin mitä heillä on työelämässäkin. Tutkimukseni onkin osaltaan kuvaus keskiluokkaisesta elämäntyylistä, johon liittyy tavoitteellisuutta sekä työelämässä, että vapaa-ajan harrastamisessa. Tutkielmani aineisto koostuu 16 pääkaupunkiseutulaisen aikuisen tuntiratsastajan haastattelusta (8 naista ja 8 miestä). Lisäksi käytän lisänä ”tallipäiväkirjoja”, joita olen kirjoittanut kahdelta eri pääkaupunkiseutulaiselta ratsastustallilta. Aineiston analyysissa olen kiinnittänyt huomiota sekä siihen, mitä aikuiset ratsastusharrastuksesta ja toiminnastaan tallilla puhuvat, sekä siihen miten he tallilla päiväkirjojeni perusteella toimivat. Tutkielmassani olen käyttänyt muun muassa aikuisten vapaa-ajan ja arjen tutkimusta, sosiologisia postmoderneja yhteisöteorioita, harrastus- ja liikuntatutkimusta sekä tyttö- ja nuorisotutkimusta.

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The main purpose of the Master Thesis was to find out what kind of attitudes the pupils in the 9th grade of Finnish comprehensive school have towards music as a school subject and compare it to the attitudes of the principals at a school level. The theoretical context of the research is based on the former studies of the significance of music education in the comprehensive school, the connection between learning and attitudes and the motivational factors towards the study motivation of music. In addition to this, I have analysed the role of the evaluation and the assessment from the point of view of developing the educational system and what is the role of management and leadership in relation to the pupils` behaviour and attitudes. The data of the research is the Finnish National Board of Education`s collected data of the assessment of the learning outcomes of arts education and it is nationally representative (N=5056 I phase and n=1570 II phase), both the Finnish-language and the Swedish-language pupil data. I have especially concentrated on the items of measuring the attitudes, the certain background variables and the questionnaire of the principals. The numerical data was analyzed using the multivariate statistical methods. The results of the research prove that in general the pupils and the principals think that music is quite significant as a school subject. The girls valued music on average more than the boys when comparing all the dimensions. The differences were systematic but the effect sizes were under 10 %. There were not statistically significant differences between the Finnish-language and the Swedish-language pupils. Comparing the grades of music in the 7th grade, the differences were growing linearly and the effect size was 15.7 %. There was a positive statistically significant correlation between the Significance of music and music as a hobby (Active interest in music, Informal interest in music, Taking part of music activities in the school) during free time. The strongest correlation were with the Active interest in music variable (r= 0.53, p= .000). Also the principals thought that music is important as a school subject considering the development of the pupil and the function of the school. The answers of the pupils were not clustering at a school level and there were no strong correlations between the attitudes of the pupils and the principals. A statistically nearly significant and a slight correlation (r= 0.21, p= .011) was found between the principals valuing the Significance of the music for school function and the pupils valuing the Benefits and hobbyism. The role of a well-motivated and active music teacher can be important from this point of view. The most important conclusion of the research was that the significance of music is a very personal individual level phenomenon. The results highlight also that in the pupils` opinion the most important thing about music lessons is to musical activity and learning as an experience.

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Tutkielmassa tarkastellaan kahden etunimityypin yleistymistä ja suosionvaihtelua. Tutkittavat nimityypit ovat kak-sitavuiset ija-päätteiset naisennimet (kuten Eija, Maija ja Raija), joita tutkielmassa kutsutaan Aija-tyypiksi, ja kak-sitavuiset nja-päätteiset naisennimet (kuten Pinja, Ronja ja Tanja), joita kutsutaan Anja-tyypiksi. Tavoitteena on tutkia kahden naisennimityypin syntymistä ja suosiota. Mikä on nimien alkuperä ja onko uuden nimen mallina käytetty mahdollisesti toista, yleistä nimeä? Mitkä nimistä ovat yleistyneet ensimmäisinä ja mitkä nimet ovat jää-neet harvinaisiksi? Milloin ija- ja nja-päätteiset nimet ovat suosituimmillaan, ja miten nimityyppien suosiot ovat vaihdelleet? Tutkimuksen aineisto on saatu Väestörekisterikeskuksen tilastoista, jotka sisältävät tiedot vuonna 1965 elossa ol-leista ja sen jälkeen syntyneistä suomalaisista. Aineistoon on poimittu viisivuotiskausittain vuosilta 1870 1999 kaikki ija- ja nja-loppuiset nimet, jotka on annettu ensimmäisiksi etunimiksi suomenkielisille tytöille. Aineistoon kuuluu myös vastaavat tiedot yksittäisiltä vuosilta 2000 2009. Lisäksi työssä tukeudutaan monin paikoin Väestö-rekisterikeskuksen nimipalveluun, joka on Väestörekisterikeskuksen internetsivuilla toimiva hakupalvelu. Aineisto sisältää yhteensä 46 Aija-tyypin nimeä ja 66 Anja-tyypin nimeä. Työn tutkimusmetodi on kvantitatiivinen: etunimi-tyyppien yleistymistä selvitetään ja kuvataan taulukoiden ja kaavioiden avulla. Työssä hyödynnetään soveltuvin osin innovaatiotutkimuksen teorioita ja tilastotieteen menetelmiä. Sekä (K)+V+ija että (K)+V+nja ovat nimimuotteja. Niiden mukaan on helppo muodostaa uusia nimiä, jotka yleen-sä ongelmitta tunnistetaan (naisten)nimiksi. Alun perin nämä muotit on tunnettu lähinnä lempinimimuotteina, jotka todennäköisesti ovat alkujaan lainaa. Myöhemmin Aija- ja Anja-tyypin nimiä on alettu antaa myös virallisiksi ni-miksi, ja viimeistään 1900-luvun alusta lähtien tämän mallin mukaisilla nimillä on ollut kiistatta virallisen etuni-men asema. Tutkielmassa osoitetaan, että tutkittavat etunimityypit ovat kuuluneet etunimistöön jo 1800-luvun puolella. Monet Aija-tyypin nimet yleistyvät 1900-luvun alussa ja ovat yleisimmillään 1900-luvun puolivälissä. Suosionhuipun aikana ija-päätteisen nimen saa keskimäärin useampi kuin joka kymmenes tyttö. Anja-tyypillä ei ole yhtä selkeää suosionhuippua, vaan tyyppi on tasaisen suosittu 1900-luvun ajan. 2000-luvulla Anja-tyyppi on selvästi Aija-tyyppiä suositumpi. Etunimien suosionvaihtelututkimuksissa on tähän asti tukeuduttu prosenttilukuihin: mitä suuremman osuuden vuo-sittain syntyneistä lapsista kunkin nimen haltijat muodostavat, sitä suositumpi nimi on. Tutkielmassa kyseenalaiste-taan näin yksiselitteinen nimen suosion määritelmä. Vuosittain annettujen erilaisten nimien määrä on kasvanut merkittävästi 1900-luvun puolivälistä lähtien. Samalla valikoima, josta nimet valitaan, on kasvanut. Tämä suuri muutos nimenannossa pitäisi ottaa huomioon etunimien suosionvaihtelututkimuksissa. Vuoden yleisimmin valittu nimi 2000-luvulla ei voi saada yhtä suurta prosenttiosuutta kuin vuoden kärkinimi 1950-luvulla, mutta se ei välttä-mättä tee nimestä vähemmän suosittua.

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The purpose of the research was to determine how well Finnish children and youngsters in different ages recognize poisonous and eatable wild plant species and to which characteristics they pay attention to when identifying plants. The purpose was also to find out, how well the pupils and students can estimate if the wild plants are either poisonous or eatable. The goal was to gather knowledge about what factors explain these recognition and estimation skills. Also information was wanted about attitudes of children and youngsters towards recognizing and learning the poisonous and eatable wild plants. The research was made on subjects of 48 children and youngsters from grade 6 in primary school, grade 8 in lower- secondary school and vocational school. Both quantitative and qualitative methods were used. A plant recognition test, where 38 pictures on plants was presented, was made for the all subjects. The subjects were requested to name the plants and classify them to be either poisonous or eatable. In addition six students were interviewed from each class, altogether 18 subjects. The themes of the interviews were the attitudes towards eatable and poisonous wild plants and to learn to recognize species. During the interview pictures of plants were looked at and the subjects told which characteristics they pay attention to when trying to recognize it. The results showed that on average wild plants were recognized insufficiently. Standard variation in responses was large in all classes researched. The subjects got better results in classifying of the plants to be either poisonous or eatable than in naming the plants. This research shows that even when a subject cannot name a plant it is still possible for the subject to classify the plant to be either poisonous or eatable. Gender and being an immigrant explained the recognition skills of poisonous and eatable plants so that girls were somewhat better to recognize plant species and native Finns recognized poisonous and eatable plants better that immigrants. Age did not explain the skills to recognize species directly, since students in lower- secondary school recognized the poisonous and eatable plants better than primary school and vocational school students. In skills to estimate plants poisonous or eatability there was no difference according to gender, age, or immigrant background. The subjects considered the skills to recognize poisonous and eatable plants important. Learning to recognize plants at school was not considered interesting however. Since the recognition of plants in neighborhood belongs to tasks of general education it is important to think about how the teaching could be made interesting. According to findings of this study, especially the recognition of poisonous plants was considered important by the subjects. This knowledge as well as teaching about possibilities to utilize plants could be used as a way to motivate and teach the students. Avainsanat Nyckelord - Keywords Plant species recognition, recognition of poisonous plants, recognition of eatable plants, plant species education