A potencialização dos homicídios no contexto do espaço social: o caso de Belém do Pará

Essa dissertação tem por objetivo apresentar os fatores que potencializam a incidência de homicídios no contexto do espaço social em Belém do Pará, no período de 2007 a 2010. Para tanto, o mapeamento dos homicídios foi utilizado para analisar a dinâmica deste crime violento. A partir da espacialização das ocorrências foi possível notar que sua distribuição não é uniforme e ao longo dos anos de 2004 a 2007 se concentrou mais em umas áreas que outras. Alguns bairros se destacaram pelo fato do desfecho de conflitos sociais resultarem em altas taxas de homicídios. Nesse contexto e tendo como fundamento explicações postuladas na literatura especializada a cerca do tema concluí-se que a precariedade ou ausência dos serviços públicos de responsabilidade do Município são fatores que podem estar potencializando as taxas de homicídio em alguns bairros. Em locais assim, fica claro que atuação do Estado Democrático de Direito não é eficiente no sentido de garantir direitos fundamentais, como a vida, a liberdade, a igualdade e a segurança ao cidadão.

Justiça marginal: sociabilidades complexas subjacentes às práticas de linchamento

A comunicação a seguir resulta da pesquisa bibliográfica e de campo acerca das práticas de linchamento em Belém do Pará, neste aspecto a iniciativa primeira debruçou-se sobre a historiografia do ato, que forneceria suporte para posterior problematização do mesmo enquanto questão de cunho eminentemente social. Neste sentido, após todo o manancial de informações colhidas tanto dos livros como dos jornais populares, adentramos no campo minado dos linchamentos, ideamos nos lançar sem amarras no mundo das gentes, locais de onde advém as modalidades mais estarrecedoras do uso desenfreado da força bruta, visualizamos que os atores sociais neste universo elaboram suas próprias formas de enfrentamento do crime e ao mesmo tempo de manutenção de laços sociais comunitários e para tanto lançam mão tanto de artifícios legais como também cambam para a ilegalidade. A visualização de uma forma de sociabilidade gestada pelo medo e pela violência a que sempre foram submetidos corroboram para que as respostas a criminalidade violenta seja de igual modo utilizando-se da força bruta, a socialização entre os inúmeros indivíduos conhecidos ou não, vítimas ou mesmo expectadores de alguma forma de crime é capaz de impulsionar a decisão arbitrária de ceifar a vida de um criminoso contumaz ou eventual, o linchamento se ressignifica enquanto modalidade de vingança coletiva é assim uma forma avessa de aplicação popular da justiça, onde visualizamos a violência como último recurso ao alcance popular que fornece resposta imediata a uma transgressão perpetrada, o grau de pertencimento dos atores sociais autores destes crimes, as várias representações sociais envolvidas, a ausência de responsabilização de seus participantes, a crença de que reagiram a um acontecimento cruel. Assim, nossa intuição sociológica nos direcionou para a compreensão do mesmo tendo como ponto de partida os locais de onde os mesmos emanam e os atores sociais que fornecem aos linchamentos condições de existência e manutenção na atualidade.

Income inequality and elderly self-rated health in Sao Paulo, Brazil

Purpose: To test the association between income inequality and elderly self-rated health and to propose a pathway to explain the relationship. Methods: We analyzed a sample of 2143 older individuals (60 years of age and over) from 49 distritos of the Municipality of Sao Paulo, Brazil. Bayesian multilevel logistic models were performed with poor self-rated health as the outcome variable. Results: Income inequality (measured by the Gini coefficient) was found to be associated with poor self-rated health after controlling for age, sex, income and education (odds ratio, 1.19; 95% credible interval, 1.01-1.38). When the practice of physical exercise and homicide rate were added to the model, the Gini coefficient lost its statistical significance (P>.05). We fitted a structural equation model in which income inequality affects elderly health by a pathway mediated by violence and practice of physical exercise. Conclusions: The health of older individuals may be highly susceptible to the socioeconomic environment of residence, specifically to the local distribution of income. We propose that this association may be mediated by fear of violence and lack of physical activity. (C) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Mummies and skeletons from the Coptic monastery complex Deir el-Bachit in Thebes-west, Egypt

Deir el-Bachit is the largest known Coptic monastery complex in Thebes-West. It dates to the Late Antiquity period between the 6th and the beginning of the 10th century AD. So far, at least 26 individuals from the site were analysed anthropologically. 22 of them were excavated directly at the necropolis, the other 4 are special burials that were found at other locations nearby.Most individuals from the necropolis are male adults. There are two categories of human remains: “mummified” and “skeletonised”. The differences are probably due to social stratification. A substance similar to bitumen was found at the mummies. At that time, resin containing oils and bitumen were normally not used any more. One of the Special burials was an approximately three years old child which was found enclosed within a wall. Another special burial was a juvenile or young adult female who was found in the vault of an abandoned granary. The female was most likely pregnant and fell victim to a violent crime. This is indicated by the bones of a six months old foetus and an intravital skull fracture. She was no contemporary from the time the monastery was cultivated but was later deposited in this area.

Deprivation, Violence, and Conflict: An Analysis of “Naxalite” Activity in the Districts of India

This paper asks: is it a fact that there is more violence in districts affected by Naxalite (Maoist) activity compared to those which are free of Naxalite activity? And can the existence of Naxalite activity in some districts of India, but not in others, be explained by differences in economic and social conditions? This study identifies districts in India in which there was significant Naxalite activity and correlating the findings with district-level economic, social, and crime indicators. The econometric results show that, after controlling for other variables, Naxalite activity in a district had, if anything, a dampening effect on its level of violent crime and crimes against women. Furthermore, even after controlling for other variables, the probability of a district being Naxalite-affected rose with an increase in its poverty rate and fell with a rise in its literacy rate. So, one prong in an anti-Naxalite strategy would be to address the twin issues of poverty and illiteracy in India.

Modernity Strikes Back? A Historical Perspective on the Latest Increase in Interpersonal Violence (1960-1990)

There is a plethora of criminological explanations why criminal violence increased during the three decades between the early 1960s and the early 1990s. This paper argues that most available interpretations are lacking in three respects: they lack a historical perspective that anchors the three critical decades in a wider understanding of long-term trends; they take the nation-state as their unit of analysis and disregard important commonalities across the Western world; and they pay insufficient attention to different trends in broad categories of physical violence.This paper therefore takes a macro-level and long-term perspective on violent crime, focussing on European homicide during the past 160 years. It demonstrates that the period of increase was preceded by a long-term decline and convergence of homicide rates from the 1840s to the 1950s. Also, it shows that both the decline and the increase primarily resulted from temporal variation in the likelihood of physical aggression between men in public space. It argues that explanations of these common trends need to take into account broad long-term cultural change common to Western societies. In particular, the paper suggests that shifts in culturally transmitted and institutionally embedded ideals of the conduct of life may provide an explanation for long-term change in levels of interpersonal violence.

Workplace violence : issues in response /

Shipping list no.: 2004-0092-P.

An evaluation of the Cook County State's Attorney's Office Narcotics Nuisance Abatement Unit /

At head of title: Research and program evaluation in Illinois: studies on drug abuse and violent crime.

Community policing in Chicago, year one : an interim report /

Cover title.

Illinois probation intake study /

"July 1996."

Results of the 1995 Illinois Drug Use forecasting study /

"July 1996."

The Springfield weed and seed initiative : a process description and evaluation /

At head of title on cover: Research and program evaluation in Illinois: studies on drug abuse and violent crime.

Social psychological aspects of rape: a study of recorded rape and images of rape victimisation

This thesis is organised into four parts. In Part 1 relevant literature is reviewed and presented in three chapters. Chapter 1 examines legal and cultural factors in identifying the. boundaries of rape. Chapter 2 discusses idiographic features· and causal characteristics of rape suspects and victims. Chapter 3 reviews the evidence relating to attitudes toward rape,. attribution of responsibility to victims and the routine management of rape cases by the police. Part II comprises an experimental investigation of observer perception of the victims of violent crime. The experiment, examined the processes by which impressions were attributed to victims of personal crime. The results suggested that discrepancies from observers' stereotypes were an important factor in their polarisation of victim ratings. The relevance of. examining . both the structure and process of' impression, formation was highlighted. Part III describes an extensive field study in which the West. Midlands police files on rape for an eight year period (1071-1978) were analysed. The study revealed a large number of interesting findings related to a wide range of relevant features of the crime. Further, the impact .of common misconceptions and "myths" of rape were investigated across the legal and judicial processing of rape cases. The evidence suggests that these "myths" lead·to differential biasing effects at different stages in the process. In the final part of this thesis,. salient issues raised by the experiment and field study .are discussed·within the framework outlined in Part 1. Potential implications for future developments and research: are presented.

Risk and resilience factors associated with delinquent behavior among African -American adolescent males

Juvenile crime is a social problem of increasing concern to many citizens in the United States. In 2000, there were an estimated 2.4 million juvenile arrests for a variety of crimes ranging from misdemeanors to violent felony offenses. African American males are disproportionately represented among juvenile offenders in the United States. In 2000, black youth were approximately 16% of the U.S. population between the ages of 10–17; however, they accounted for 42% of juvenile arrests for violent crime. ^ This study explored putative factors associated with juvenile offending among a sample of African American adolescent males. The independent variables in this study were academic achievement, religiosity, parenting styles and discrimination. The dependent variables were delinquent behavior and arrest. The data used in this study were from a larger NIDA funded longitudinal study that included approximately 425 African American youths. The data collection method involved structured interviews and questionnaires. The participants for the original study were selected via random sampling from all students attending middle school in Miami-Dade County. The study examined the hypotheses that African American males retrospectively reporting (a) high academic achievement, (b) high religiosity, (c) authoritarian parenting and (d) low perceptions of discrimination are less likely to be involved in delinquent behavior and are also less likely to be arrested. ^ Results indicated that among African American adolescent males, delinquent behavior had a significant relationship (p < .05) with academic achievement, perceived discrimination and the interaction between perceived discrimination and experienced discrimination. Arrest was significantly related to academic achievement (p < .001), religious perception (p < .05), and church attendance (p < 05). Neither dependent variable was significantly related to parenting styles. ^ The findings indicated that experimental studies are needed to clarify cause and effect relationship among the variables associated with juvenile offending among African American males, which may differ from those associated with juvenile offending among other groups. ^

Risk and resilience factors associated with delinquent behavior among African American adolescent males

Juvenile crime is a social problem of increasing concern to many citizens in the United States. In 2000, there were an estimated 2.4 million juvenile arrests for a variety of crimes ranging from misdemeanors to violent felony offenses. African American males are disproportionately represented among juvenile offenders in the United States. In 2000, black youth were approximately 16% of the U.S. population between the ages of 10-17; however, they accounted for 42% of juvenile arrests for violent crime. This study explored putative factors associated with juvenile offending among a sample of African American adolescent males. The independent variables in this study were academic achievement, religiosity, parenting styles and discrimination. The dependent variables were delinquent behavior and arrest. The data used in this study were from a larger NIDA funded longitudinal study that included approximately 425 African American youths. The data collection method involved structured interviews and questionnaires. The participants for the original study were selected via random sampling from all students attending middle school in Miami-Dade County. The study examined the hypotheses that African American males retrospectively reporting (a) high academic achievement, (b) high religiosity, (c) authoritarian parenting and (d) low perceptions of discrimination are less likely to be involved in delinquent behavior and are also less likely to be arrested. Results indicated that among African American adolescent males, delinquent behavior had a significant relationship (p The findings indicated that experimental studies are needed to clarify cause and effect relationship among the variables associated with juvenile offending among African American males, which may differ from those associated with juvenile offending among other groups.