Fator erosividade da chuva de Piraju (SP): distribuição, probabilidade de ocorrência, período de retorno e correlação com o coeficiente de chuva

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Morfometria, umidade do solo e risco de erosão laminar da microbacia do córrego pimenta da fazenda São Manuel

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Avaliação da erosão hídrica, transporte de sedimentos e qualidade da água na bacia do córrego Monjolo Grande

Understanding the linkages between the natural elements is essential for being promoted the land use, occupation and sustainable management of environmental systems. Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE), as a predictive model of erosion, is important to allowing the prevention of possible environmental impacts which may drastically interfere in natural or anthropic environments, as well as prevent potential financial wastes and even contribute to greater efficiency of agricultural production. This research will be working some USLE parameters, emphasizing topographic factor from Ribeirão Monjolo Grande watershed. Among the factors considered by the USLE, the Topographic Factor interferes directly in the erosive dynamic of a watershed because it involves variables related to hydrological processes that occur on it. In this research, were discussed different methods for obtaining the Topographic Factor (BERTONI e LOMBARDI NETO, 1985; MOORE e BURCH, 1986; DESMET E GOVERS, 1996) in GIS environment. After comparison between the methods, was indicated that best represents the conditions of geometry strand of the study area. Finally, other factors (R, K, C, P) considered by the USLE were obtained. The attainment of these parameters were guided by the use of geotechnologies, especially in Geographic Information Systems (GIS), with the assistance of secondary data and periodic field visits. The results obtained contributed to the understanding of hydrosedimentological dynamic in this area and serve as a viable strategy for studies of soil loss, aiming at developing consistent material for future researches about environmental planning and land management

Estimativa da erosão na microbacia do Córrego do Gambá no município de Monte Alto, SP

Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Ciência do Solo) - FCAV

Erosão em taludes de corte: métodos de proteção e estabilização

This work addresses the erosion caused by rain, describing their steps and factors that most influence the intensity and volume of transported material. The work presents the Universal Soil Loss Equation that quantifies the erosion, with the influence of different factors that affect it. The following notes the occurrence of this process in cutting slopes. They suffer with removal of the vegetation and surface soil layer, making them even more susceptible to this process. In this way it's necessary a protection model for the slopes. Some protection methods are presents with their main features, advantages and disadvantages, implementation process, especially to survey the approximate cost of each method and their application restrictions

Avaliação dos modelos de predição da erosão hídrica MEUPS e WEPP: contribuição em bacias hidrográficas

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Bodenerosions-Gefährdungskarte der Schweiz

Die Bodenerosions-Gefährdungskarte gibt einen nationalen Überblick über das Abtragsrisiko der Schweizer Böden und vor allem für die Ackerböden. Mit Hilfe einer angepassten Version des empirischen Erosionsmodells «Universal Soil Loss Equation» (USLE) wurde die langfristige Bodenerosionsgefährdung flächendeckend im Hektarraster berechnet. Die Bodenerosions-Gefährdungskarte soll den Kantonen als Grundlage dienen, detaillierte Karten zu erstellen oder besonders gefährdete Gebiete vertieft zu untersuchen. Unter der Annahme, dass alle Ackerflächen mit dem Pflug bearbeitet und keine Zwischenfrüchte angebaut werden, weisen bei heutiger Fruchtfolgegestaltung 61 % aller Ackerflächen einen langjährigen mittleren Bodenabtrag von unter zwei Tonnen pro Hektare und Jahr auf und sind damit als wenig erosionsgefährdet einzustufen. 22 % liegen im kritischen Bereich zwischen zwei und vier Tonnen pro Hektare und Jahr, 17 % sind mit mehr als vier Tonnen pro Hektare und Jahr als stark erosionsgefährdet zu bezeichnen. Die räumliche Verteilung der Abtragswerte zeigt ein sehr heterogenes Muster innerhalb der Hauptackerbau-Regionen ohne räumlich konzentrierte Schwerpunktregionen. In einer Szenario-Berechnung, bei der die Bodenbearbeitung mit dem Pflug durch Direktsaat sowie Winterbrache durch Zwischenkulturanbau flächendeckend ersetzt werden, reduziert sich das Bodenerosionsrisiko im Durchschnitt um rund zwei Drittel.

Current and potential water erosion estimation with RUSLE3D in Castellon province (Spain)

The purpose of this study was the estimation of current and potential water erosion rates in Castellon Province (Spain) using RUSLE3D (Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation-3D) model with Geographical Information System (GIS) support. RUSLE3D uses a new methodology for topographic factor estimation (LS factor) based on the impact of flow convergence allowing better assessment of sediment distribution detached by water erosion. In RUSLE3D equation, the effect that vegetation cover has on soil erosion rate is reflected by the C factor. Potential erosion indicates soil erosion rate without considering C factor in RUSLE3D equation. The results showed that 57% of estimated current erosion does not exceed 10 t/ha.year (low erosion). In the case of potential erosion rates, 5% of the area of Castellon Province does not exceed 10 t/ha.year but 55% exceed 200 t/ha.year. Based on these results, the current vegetation cover of Castellon Province is adequate but needs to be conserved to avoid an increase in the current soil erosion rates as shown by potential erosion rates.

Modelización de la pérdida de suelo en sierras del Sudoeste de la Provincia de Buenos Aires

El modelo U.S.L.E. (Universal Soil Loss Equation), desarrollado por Wischmeier y Smith en 1978, es un modelo paramétrico creado para estimar la pérdida anual de suelo. Engloba, dentro de los cinco factores intervinientes, todas las características de la cuenca, incluyendo tanto aspectos físicos como características edáficas, geológicas y geomorfológicas, sin olvidar las relacionadas con el clima, y el tipo de manejo y uso del suelo. El objetivo del trabajo fue estimar la pérdida de suelo a nivel de la cuenca hidrográfica del Arroyo Belisario, ubicada en el Partido de Tornquist, en el Sudoeste de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Más de 1.200 ha (aproximadamente 50% de la cuenca), presentaron pérdidas de suelo mayores a las 50 tn.ha-1.año-1. Se observó que los factores K y LS son determinantes de los elevados valores presentes en la cabecera de la cuenca. La elaboración de la cartografía correspondiente a cada factor de la U.S.L.E se realizó con el Sistema de Información Geográfica Idrisi Andes. Se concluye que el modelo fue aplicado de manera correcta en la cuenca del Arroyo Belisario, brindando resultados que facilitarán la toma de decisiones para un futuro ordenamiento territorial.

Ordenación agrohidrológica de la cuenca del Etang Pouillet Departamento del Sudeste Haití.

La cuenca del “Etang Pouillet” (Departamento del Sudeste, Haití), presenta unas tasas de erosión muy elevadas debido a la deforestación y a la práctica de la agricultura sin técnicas de conservación de suelos, lo que constituye un grave problema desde el punto de vista medioambiental y social, ya que la pérdida de productividad del suelo pone en peligro la seguridad alimentaria de los habitantes de la cuenca, mayoritariamente agricultores. Para la evaluación de las tasas de pérdidas de suelo se ha utilizado la metodología propuesta por la Ecuación Universal de Pérdidas de Suelo, U.S.L.E. (Universal Soil Loss Equation). Dicha evaluación estima pérdidas de suelo calificadas de altas (50 – 200 t ha/año) o muy altas (> 200 t ha/año) en casi el 90% de la superficie de la cuenca. Debido a las altas tasas de pérdidas de suelo, se propone una intervención integral de la cuenca. En dicha intervención se combinarán actuaciones técnicas de conservación de suelos para frenar la degradación del mismo y se incidirá en el trabajo con las comunidades para mitigar el impacto que realizan sobre el medio y asegurar una mayor durabilidad de las actuaciones correctoras.

A daily rainfall erosivity model for Western Amazonia

Rainfall erosivities as defined by the R factor from the universal soil loss equation were determined for all events during a two-year period at the station La Cuenca in western Amazonia. Three methods based on a power relationship between rainfall amount and erosivity were then applied to estimate event and daily rainfall erosivities from the respective rainfall amounts. A test of the resulting regression equations against an independent data set proved all three methods equally adequate in predicting rainfall erosivity from daily rainfall amount. We recommend the Richardson model for testing in the Amazon Basin, and its use with the coefficient from La Cuenca in western Amazonia.

Development of a sediment yield model for South East Ghana in the regions around Lake Volta

Soil erosion is one of the most pressing issues facing developing countries. The need for soil erosion assessment is paramount as a successful and productive agricultural base is necessary for economic growth and stability. In Ghana, a country with an expanding population and high potential for economic growth, agriculture is an important resource; however, most of the crop production is restricted to low technology shifting cultivation agriculture. The high intensity seasonal rainfall coincides with the early growing period of many of the crops meaning that plots are very susceptible to erosion, especially on steep sided valleys in the region south of Lake Volta. This research investigated the processes of soil erosion by rainfall with the aim of producing a sediment yield model for a small semi-agricultural catchment in rural Ghana. Various types of modelling techniques were considered to discover those most applicable to the sub-tropical environment of Southern Ghana. Once an appropriate model had been developed and calibrated, the aim was to look at how to enable the scaling up of the model using sub-catchments to calculate sedimentation rates of Lake Volta. An experimental catchment was located in Ghana, south west of Lake Volta, where data on rainstorms and the associated streamflow, sediment loads and soil data (moisture content, classification and particle size distribution) was collected to calibrate the model. Additional data was obtained from the Soil Research Institute in Ghana to explore calibration of the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE, Wischmeier and Smith, 1978) for Ghanaian soils and environment. It was shown that the USLE could be successfully converted to provide meaningful soil loss estimates in the Ghanaian environment. However, due to experimental difficulties, the proposed theory and methodology of the sediment yield model could only be tested in principle. Future work may include validation of the model and subsequent scaling up to estimate sedimentation rates in Lake Volta.

Estimation of ravine sediment production and sediment dynamics in the lower Le Sueur River watershed, Minnesota

This study focuses on quantifying explicitly the sediment budget of deeply incised ravines in the lower Le Sueur River watershed, in southern Minnesota. High-rate-gully-erosion equations along with the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) were implemented in a numerical modeling approach that is based on a time-integration of the sediment balance equations. The model estimates the rates of ravine width and depth change and the amount of sediment periodically flushing from the ravines. Components of the sediment budget of the ravines were simulated with the model and results suggest that the ravine walls are the major sediment source in the ravines. A sensitivity analysis revealed that the erodibility coefficients of the gully bed and wall, the local slope angle and the Manning’s coefficient are the key parameters controlling the rate of sediment production. Recommendations to guide further monitoring efforts in the watershed and increased detail modeling approaches are highlighted as a result of this modeling effort.

Estimation of Ravine Sediment Production and Sediment Dynamics in the Lower Le Sueur River Watershed, Minnesota

This study focuses on quantifying explicitly the sediment budget of deeply incised ravines in the lower Le Sueur River watershed, in southern Minnesota. High-rate-gully-erosion equations along with the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) were implemented in a numerical modeling approach that is based on a time-integration of the sediment balance equations. The model estimates the rates of ravine width and depth change and the amount of sediment periodically flushing from the ravines. Components of the sediment budget of the ravines were simulated with the model and results suggest that the ravine walls are the major sediment source in the ravines. A sensitivity analysis revealed that the erodibility coefficients of the gully bed and wall, the local slope angle and the Manning’s coefficient are the key parameters controlling the rate of sediment production. Recommendations to guide further monitoring efforts in the watershed and increased detail modeling approaches are highlighted as a result of this modeling effort.

Estimate of the (R)USLE rainfall erosivity factor from monthly precipitation data in mainland Spain

The need for continuous recording rain gauges makes it difficult to determine the rainfall erosivity factor (R-factor) of the (R)USLE model in areas without good temporal data coverage. In mainland Spain, the Nature Conservation Institute (ICONA) determined the R-factor at few selected pluviographs, so simple estimates of the R-factor are definitely of great interest. The objectives of this study were: (1) to identify a readily available estimate of the R-factor for mainland Spain; (2) to discuss the applicability of a single (global) estimate based on analysis of regional results; (3) to evaluate the effect of record length on estimate precision and accuracy; and (4) to validate an available regression model developed by ICONA. Four estimators based on monthly precipitation were computed at 74 rainfall stations throughout mainland Spain. The regression analysis conducted at a global level clearly showed that modified Fournier index (MFI) ranked first among all assessed indexes. Applicability of this preliminary global model across mainland Spain was evaluated by analyzing regression results obtained at a regional level. It was found that three contiguous regions of eastern Spain (Catalonia, Valencian Community and Murcia) could have a different rainfall erosivity pattern, so a new regression analysis was conducted by dividing mainland Spain into two areas: Eastern Spain and plateau-lowland area. A comparative analysis concluded that the bi-areal regression model based on MFI for a 10-year record length provided a simple, precise and accurate estimate of the R-factor in mainland Spain. Finally, validation of the regression model proposed by ICONA showed that R-ICONA index overpredicted the R-factor by approximately 19%.