Cap a l'actualització d'alguns aspectes de la política lingüística a Catalunya

Per a moltes persones, la manera de mirar, a Catalunya, la realitat sociolingüística i, en conseqüència, també la política lingüística que se'n desprèn- deriva fonamentalment encara de les idees i aspiracions que s'estengueren a partir de la dècada dels 60. Encara en plena dictadura, alguns intel.lectuals i activistes van anar elaborant un discurs reivindicatiu que, tot passant per les controvèrsies ideològico-terminològiques del 'bilingüisme' versus la 'diglòssia' i de l'ensenyament en la llengua de l'Estat versus la 'llengua materna', va anar cristal.lizant en el procés dit de 'normalització lingüística' en què ara ens trobem immersos. És des d'aquesta perspectiva de fons que, amb un concepte de 'bilingüisme' dimonitzat -per la seva suposada automàtica evolució cap a la 'substitució'- i amb l'ensenyament en 'llengua materna' més aviat sacralitzat, s'han anat construint les bases d'una organització lingüística pública que paradoxalment pot arribar ser, però, problemàtica i contraproduent sinó es va adaptant als canvis que el nostre context político-econòmico-tecnològic va experimentant.

Fluència verbal i funcions neuropsicològiques en la malaltia del Parkinson

S'han estudiant les funcions neuropsicològiques en una mostra de 96 pacients amb malaltia de Parkinson (MP) i 42 controls aparellats per gènere, edat, escolaritat i intel.ligència verbal. Els resultats indiquen que els pacients afectats per MP, com a grup, presenten alteracions en les funcions visuoespacials, en la memòria i en les funcions frontals, però que aquests dèficits no estan sempre presents en tots els pacients. L'anàlisi de clusters realitzat ens mostra que les alteracions neuropsicològiques presents en la MP estan distribuides en subgrups. En un dels grups es va observar la presència d'afectació cognitiva generalitzada, mentre que el segon subgrup va mostrar absència de dèficits cognitius i, finalment, el darrer subgrup presentava alteracions específiques en les funcions visuoespacials i frontals. La puntuació verbal mostrava el mateix patró de deteriorament que les funcions frontals i es va trobar una diferència significativa entre els pacients i el grup control en aquesta funció. La presencia de depressió estava present en un 50% dels pacients i estava fortament relacionada amb els dèficits frontals. Els resultats d'aquest estudi mostren la importància d'avaluar les funcions neuropsicobiològiques i del llenguatge en els pacients afectats per MP, amb la finalitat de conèixer el patró de deteriorament, per tal d'afavorir-ne el funcionament i la qualitat de vida.

Algorithms and cryptographic protocols using elliptic curves

En els darrers anys, la criptografia amb corbes el.líptiques ha adquirit una importància creixent, fins a arribar a formar part en la actualitat de diferents estàndards industrials. Tot i que s'han dissenyat variants amb corbes el.líptiques de criptosistemes clàssics, com el RSA, el seu màxim interès rau en la seva aplicació en criptosistemes basats en el Problema del Logaritme Discret, com els de tipus ElGamal. En aquest cas, els criptosistemes el.líptics garanteixen la mateixa seguretat que els construïts sobre el grup multiplicatiu d'un cos finit primer, però amb longituds de clau molt menor. Mostrarem, doncs, les bones propietats d'aquests criptosistemes, així com els requeriments bàsics per a que una corba sigui criptogràficament útil, estretament relacionat amb la seva cardinalitat. Revisarem alguns mètodes que permetin descartar corbes no criptogràficament útils, així com altres que permetin obtenir corbes bones a partir d'una de donada. Finalment, descriurem algunes aplicacions, com són el seu ús en Targes Intel.ligents i sistemes RFID, per concloure amb alguns avenços recents en aquest camp.

La intel·ligència artificial i la seva aplicació a l'ensenyament

L'objectiu fonamental d'aquest article és mostrar com les técniques desenvolupades en intel'ligéncia artificial (lA) són d'una gran utilitat per tal de millorar el software destinat a I'ambit educatiu. Per a aixó, en primer Iloc, s'hi fa un breu resum de les finalitats i els objectius generals de les investigacions en lA realitzades fins al moment. Posteriorment, es descriuen les diferents aplicacions de la lA en I'educació dirigides als alumnes en tasques formatives i instructives, i als professors en tasques de disseny i planificació de les activitats docents. L'article acaba amb una reflexió sobre les tendéncies futures de la lA aplicada a I'educació.

Tuning Performance of Multi-threaded programs

Diplomityö tarkastelee säikeistettyä ohjelmointia rinnakkaisohjelmoinnin ylemmällä hierarkiatasolla tarkastellen erityisesti hypersäikeistysteknologiaa. Työssä tarkastellaan hypersäikeistyksen hyviä ja huonoja puolia sekä sen vaikutuksia rinnakkaisalgoritmeihin. Työn tavoitteena oli ymmärtää Intel Pentium 4 prosessorin hypersäikeistyksen toteutus ja mahdollistaa sen hyödyntäminen, missä se tuo suorituskyvyllistä etua. Työssä kerättiin ja analysoitiin suorituskykytietoa ajamalla suuri joukko suorituskykytestejä eri olosuhteissa (muistin käsittely, kääntäjän asetukset, ympäristömuuttujat...). Työssä tarkasteltiin kahdentyyppisiä algoritmeja: matriisioperaatioita ja lajittelua. Näissä sovelluksissa on säännöllinen muistinkäyttökuvio, mikä on kaksiteräinen miekka. Se on etu aritmeettis-loogisissa prosessoinnissa, mutta toisaalta huonontaa muistin suorituskykyä. Syynä siihen on nykyaikaisten prosessorien erittäin hyvä raaka suorituskyky säännöllistä dataa käsiteltäessä, mutta muistiarkkitehtuuria rajoittaa välimuistien koko ja useat puskurit. Kun ongelman koko ylittää tietyn rajan, todellinen suorituskyky voi pudota murto-osaan huippusuorituskyvystä.

Productivity and innovation spillovers: Micro evidence from Spain

This article analyses the impact that innovation expenditure and intrasectoral and intersectoral externalities have on productivity in Spanish firms. While there is an extensive literature analysing the relationship between innovation and productivity, in this particular area there are far fewer studies that examine the importance of sectoral externalities, especially with the focus on Spain. One novelty of the study, which covers the industrial and service sectors, is that we also consider jointly the technology level of the sector in which the firm operates and the firm size. The database used is the Technological Innovation Panel, PITEC, which includes 12,813 firms for the year 2008 and has been little used in this type of study. The estimation method used is Iteratively Reweighted Least Squares method, IRLS, which is very useful for obtaining robust estimations in the presence of outliers. The results confirm that innovation has a positive effect on productivity, especially in high-tech and large firms. The impact of externalities is more heterogeneous because, while intrasectoral externalities have a poitive and significant effect, especially in low-tech firms independently of size, intersectoral externalities have a more ambiguous effect, being clearly significant for advanced industries in which size has a positive effect.

Per una educació intercultural

L'escola tradicional s'ha vist impotent quan s'ha reconegut el dret que tenen totsels alumnes a rebre atenció educativa en els centres ordinaris, independentment de lesseves característiques individuals.Si, per una banda, la realitat escolar és -i ha estat sempre- heterogknia i desigual,per l'altra, tots els alumnes participen d'un mateix sistema educatiu que es proposa elple desenvolupament de la seva personalitat, l'adquisició d'hibits intel.lectuals, detkcniques de treball i de coneixements en tots els imbits del saber, la capacitació pera l'exercici d'activitats professionals, la preparació per participar activament en lavida social i cultural ... tal i com ha quedat escrit en l'article 1 de la LOGSEL

La solista interna : el recorregut solístic de la trompeta d'orquestra

Aquest projecte té com a objectiu dotar de noves idees, o idees més concretes, el treball dels passatges d’orquestra, de cara a unes proves, principalment. Els passatges escollits són deu, els quals acostumen a demanar-se sempre en oposicions. La metodologia que he utilitzat a l’hora de desgranar els passatges es basa sobretot en la meva experiència personal, influenciada per molts professors i companys al llarg dels anys. Personalment m’ha servit per adonar-me, encara més, de la importància de l’estudi intel!ligent, treballant i analitzant trossos petits abans del passatge complet.

Aineettoman pääoman kehittäminen ABC-liikennemyymäläverkostossa

Tämän tutkimuksen tarkoituksena on selvittää, millaista aineetonta pääomaa S-ryhmään kuuluvalla ABC-liikennemyymäläverkostolla on ja kuinka sitä tulisi kehittää, jotta sen avulla voitaisiin tulevaisuudessakin tuottaa kilpailuetua. Tutkimus on toteutettu kvalitatiivisin tutki-musmenetelmin ja siihen on haastateltu seitsemän alueosuuskaupan ABC-toiminnasta vastaavia henkilöitä. Lisäksi tutkimukseen on haastateltu kahta ABC-ketjuohjauksen henki-löä, jotta tutkimukseen saatiin mahdollisimman kokonaisvaltainen näkemys ABC-liikennemyymälöiden aineettoman pääoman nykytilasta ja siitä, millaisin kehitystoimenpi-tein tätä pääomaa olisi mahdollista lisätä. Haastattelut toteutettiin puolistrukturoituina. Haas-tateltavat henkilöt alueosuuskaupoista pyrittiin valitsemaan niin, että mukaan tuli mahdolli-simman erilaisia alueosuuskauppoja niin kokoluokaltaan kuin maantieteelliseltä sijainnil-taan. Työn teoreettinen viitekehys muodostuu aineettoman pääoman, osuustoiminnan ja tietojohtamisen kirjallisuudesta. ABC-liikennemyymäläverkoston tärkeimmäksi aineetto-maksi resurssiksi tutkimuksessa tunnistettiin henkilöstön osaaminen. Tärkeinä aineettomi-na resursseina verkostossa nähdään myös tunnettu brändi, erilaiset yhteisesti sovitut pro-sessit ja toimiva vuorovaikutus, joskin prosessin merkitys aineettomana pääomana tunnis-tettiin vain välillisesti. Kehittämiskohteiksi ABC-liikennemyymäläverkostolle aineettoman pääoman kasvattamisen osalta nousi tutkimuksessa saatujen tulosten perusteella osaami-sen johtaminen, henkilöstön sitouttaminen, informaatiotulvan hallinta ja toimivan vuorovai-kutuksen luominen koko verkostoon.

Measuring Shared Value: How to Unlock Value by Linking Social and Business Results

Competitividad y valor compartido

The nature of avidyÄ in Buddhism and VedÄ nta

This thesis deals with the nature of ignorance as it was interpreted in the Upani~adic tradition, specifically in Advaita Vedanta, and in early and Mahayana Buddhism , e specially in the Madhyamika school of Buddhism. The approach i s a historical and comparative one. It examines the early thoughts of both the upanis.a ds and Buddhism abou t avidya (ignorance), shows how the notion was treated by the more speculative and philosphically oriented schools which base d themselves on the e arly works, and sees how their views differ. The thesis will show that the Vedinta tended to treat avidya as a topic for metaphysical s peculation as t he s chool developed, drifting from its initial e xistential concerns, while the Madhyamika remained in contact with the e xistential concerns evident in the first discourses of the Buddha. The word "notion" has been chosen for use in referring t o avidya, even though it may have non-intellectual and emotional connotations, to avoid more popular a lternatives such as "concept" or "idea". In neither the Upani,ads, Advaita Vedanta, or Buddhism is ignorance merely a concept or an idea. Only in a secondary sense, in texts and speech , does it become one. Avidya has more to do with the lived situation in which man finds himself, with the subjectobject separation in which he f eels he exists, than with i i i intel lect ual constr ucts . Western thought has begun to r ealize the same with concerns such as being in modern ontology, and has chosen to speak about i t i n terms of the question of being . Avidya, however, i s not a 'question' . If q ue stions we r e to be put regarding the nature of a vidya , they would be more of t he sort "What is not avidya?", though e ven here l anguage bestows a status t o i t which avidya does not have. In considering a work of the Eastern tradition, we f ace t he danger of imposing Western concepts on it. Granted t hat avidya is customari ly r endered i n English as ignorance, the ways i n which the East and West view i gno rance di f f er. Pedagogically , the European cultures, grounded in the ancient Greek culture, view ignorance as a l ack or an emptiness. A child is i gnorant o f certain t hings and the purpose o f f ormal education , in f act if not in theory, is to fill him with enough knowledge so that he can cope wit h t he complexities and the e xpectations of s ociety. On another level, we feel t hat study and research will l ead t o the discovery o f solutions, which we now lack , for problems now defying solut i on . The East, on the o t her hand, sees avidya in a d i fferent light.Ignorance isn't a lack, but a presence. Religious and philosophical l iterature directs its efforts not towards acquiring something new, but at removing t.he ideas and opinions that individuals have formed about themselves and the world. When that is fully accomplished, say the sages , t hen Wisdom, which has been obscured by those opinions, will present itself. Nothing new has to be learned, t hough we do have t o 'learn' that much. The growing interest in t he West with Eastern religions and philosophies may, in time, influence our theoretical and practical approaches to education and learning, not only in the established educati onal institutions, but in religious , p sychological, and spiritual activities as well. However, the requirements o f this thesis do no t permit a formulation of revolutionary method or a call to action. It focuses instead on the textual arguments which attempt to convince readers that t he world in which they take themselves to exist is not, in essence, real, on the ways i n which the l imitations of language are disclosed, and on the provisional and limited schemes that are built up to help students see through their ignorance. The metaphysic s are provisional because they act only as spurs and guides. Both the Upanisadic and Buddhist traditions that will be dealt with here stress that language constantly fails to encompass the Real. So even terms s uch as 'the Real', 'Absolute', etc., serve only to lead to a transcendent experience . The sections dealing with the Upanisads and Advaita Vedanta show some of the historical evolution of the notion of avidya, how it was dealt with as maya , and the q uestions that arose as t o its locus. With Gau?apada we see the beginnings of a more abstract treatment of the topic, and , the influence of Buddhism. Though Sankhara' S interest was primarily directed towards constructing a philosophy to help others attain mok~a ( l iberation), he too introduced t echnica l t e rminology not found in the works of his predecessors. His work is impressive , but areas of it are incomplete. Numbers of his followers tried to complete the systematic presentation of his insi ghts . Their work focuses on expl anat i ons of adhyasa (superimposition ) , t he locus and object of ignorance , and the means by which Brahman takes itself to be the jiva and the world. The section on early Buddhism examines avidya in the context o f the four truths, together with dubkha (suffering), the r ole it p l ays in t he chain of dependent c ausation , a nd t he p r oblems that arise with t he doctrine of anatman. With t he doct rines of e arly Buddhism as a base, the Madhyamika elaborated questions that the Buddha had said t e nded not t o edi f ication. One of these had to do with own - being or svabhava. Thi s serves a s a centr e around which a discussion o f i gnorance unfolds, both i ndividual and coll ective ignorance. There follows a treatment of the cessation of ignorance as it is discussed within this school . The final secti on tries to present t he similarities and differences i n the natures o f ignorance i n t he two traditions and discusses the factors responsible for t hem . ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank Dr. Sinha for the time spent II and suggestions made on the section dealing with Sankara and the Advait.a Vedanta oommentators, and Dr. Sprung, who supervised, direoted, corrected and encouraged the thesis as a whole, but especially the section on Madhyamika, and the final comparison.

Introduction de la vidéosurveillance intelligente à domicile:Perception des acteurs du système de santé à l’égard de leur pratique, de l’accessibilité et de l’image transmise

Introduction : Les personnes âgées vivant à domicile font des chutes qui peuvent entraîner des conséquences graves. La possibilité de les détecter et d’intervenir rapidement grâce à la vidéosurveillance intelligente constitue une avenue prometteuse. Objectif : L’étude vise à explorer la perception et la récep-tivité des acteurs du système de santé face à l’utilisation de cette technologie sous trois aspects : la transmission des images, l’accessibilité de leur clientèle à cette technologie et son introduction dans leur pratique. Méthodologie : Sept groupes de discussion focalisée ont permis de recueillir le point de vue de 31 participants. Une analyse de contenu avec le logiciel N’Vivo a été réalisée. Résultats : Les participants estiment que les images de chute pourraient parve-nir au CLSC, au proche aidant, au 911 ou à une centrale de surveillance. Ils considèrent que des critères d’admissibilité seraient nécessaires pour favoriser l’accessibilité à la vidéosurveillance intelligente qui, croient-ils, pourrait améliorer les interventions en termes de gestion des urgences lors de chutes et de déter-mination de leurs causes. Conclusion : Les participants sont favorables à la technologie proposée, mais ils requerraient une période d’adaptation afin d’ajuster leur pratique. Ils suggèrent la réalisation d’un projet pilote qui validerait cette technologie.

Vérification temporelle des systèmes cycliques et acycliques basée sur l’analyse des contraintes

Nous présentons une nouvelle approche pour formuler et calculer le temps de séparation des événements utilisé dans l’analyse et la vérification de différents systèmes cycliques et acycliques sous des contraintes linéaires-min-max avec des composants ayant des délais finis et infinis. Notre approche consiste à formuler le problème sous la forme d’un programme entier mixte, puis à utiliser le solveur Cplex pour avoir les temps de séparation entre les événements. Afin de démontrer l’utilité en pratique de notre approche, nous l’avons utilisée pour la vérification et l’analyse d’une puce asynchrone d’Intel de calcul d’équations différentielles. Comparée aux travaux précédents, notre approche est basée sur une formulation exacte et elle permet non seulement de calculer le maximum de séparation, mais aussi de trouver un ordonnancement cyclique et de calculer les temps de séparation correspondant aux différentes périodes possibles de cet ordonnancement.

Preparation and Characterization ofHigh-k Aluminum Oxide Thin Films by Atomic Layer Deposition for Gate Dielectric Applications

Present work deals with the Preparation and characterization of high-k aluminum oxide thin films by atomic layer deposition for gate dielectric applications.The ever-increasing demand for functionality and speed for semiconductor applications requires enhanced performance, which is achieved by the continuous miniaturization of CMOS dimensions. Because of this miniaturization, several parameters, such as the dielectric thickness, come within reach of their physical limit. As the required oxide thickness approaches the sub- l nm range, SiO 2 become unsuitable as a gate dielectric because its limited physical thickness results in excessive leakage current through the gate stack, affecting the long-term reliability of the device. This leakage issue is solved in the 45 mn technology node by the integration of high-k based gate dielectrics, as their higher k-value allows a physically thicker layer while targeting the same capacitance and Equivalent Oxide Thickness (EOT). Moreover, Intel announced that Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) would be applied to grow these materials on the Si substrate. ALD is based on the sequential use of self-limiting surface reactions of a metallic and oxidizing precursor. This self-limiting feature allows control of material growth and properties at the atomic level, which makes ALD well-suited for the deposition of highly uniform and conformal layers in CMOS devices, even if these have challenging 3D topologies with high aspect-ratios. ALD has currently acquired the status of state-of-the-art and most preferred deposition technique, for producing nano layers of various materials of technological importance. This technique can be adapted to different situations where precision in thickness and perfection in structures are required, especially in the microelectronic scenario.

Interface issues in the ESCHER visual database editor

Presentation at the 1997 Dagstuhl Seminar "Evaluation of Multimedia Information Retrieval", Norbert Fuhr, Keith van Rijsbergen, Alan F. Smeaton (eds.), Dagstuhl Seminar Report 175, 14.04. - 18.04.97 (9716). - Abstract: This presentation will introduce ESCHER, a database editor which supports visualization in non-standard applications in engineering, science, tourism and the entertainment industry. It was originally based on the extended nested relational data model and is currently extended to include object-relational properties like inheritance, object types, integrity constraints and methods. It serves as a research platform into areas such as multimedia and visual information systems, QBE-like queries, computer-supported concurrent work (CSCW) and novel storage techniques. In its role as a Visual Information System, a database editor must support browsing and navigation. ESCHER provides this access to data by means of so called fingers. They generalize the cursor paradigm in graphical and text editors. On the graphical display, a finger is reflected by a colored area which corresponds to the object a finger is currently pointing at. In a table more than one finger may point to objects, one of which is the active finger and is used for navigating through the table. The talk will mostly concentrate on giving examples for this type of navigation and will discuss some of the architectural needs for fast object traversal and display. ESCHER is available as public domain software from our ftp site in Kassel. The portable C source can be easily compiled for any machine running UNIX and OSF/Motif, in particular our working environments IBM RS/6000 and Intel-based LINUX systems. A porting to Tcl/Tk is under way.