Low power consumption and high sensitivity carbon monoxide gas sensor using indium oxide nanowire.

In this paper, micro gas sensor was fabricated using indium oxide nanowire for effective gas detection and monitoring system. Indium oxide nanowire was grown using thermal CVD, and their structural properties were examined by the SEM, XRD and TEM. The electric properties for microdropped indium oxide nanowire device were measured, and gas response characteristics were examined for CO gas. Sensors showed high sensitivity and stability for CO gas. And with below 20 mw power consumption, 5 ppm CO could be detected.

A pseudo-spin model for the wall of cytoskeletal microtubule

A pseudo-spin model is intended to describe the physical dynamics of unbound electrons in the wall of cytoskeletal microtubule (MT). Due to the inherent symmetry of the structure and the electric properties in the MT, one may treat it as a one-dimensional ferroelectric system, and describe the nonlinear dynamics of dimer electric dipoles in one protofilament of the MT by virtue of the double-well potential. Consequently, the physical problem has been mapped onto the pseudo-spin system, and the mean-field approximation has been taken to get some physical results.

First-principles prediction of the magnetism of 3d transition-metal-doped Rocksalt MgO

Using first-principles band structure methods, we have systematically studied the electronic structures, magnetic stabilities, and half-metal properties of 3d transition-metal (TM) doped Rocksalt MgO compounds TMMg3O4 (TM = V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, and Ni). The calculations reveal that only CrMg3O4 has a ferromagnetic stability among the six compounds, which is explained by double-exchange mechanism. The magnetic stability is affected by the doping concentration of TM if the top valance band is composed of partially occupied t(2g) states. In addition, CrMg3O4 is a half-metallic ferromagnet. The origins of half-metallic and ferromagnetic properties are explored. The Curie temperature (T-c) of CrMg3O4 is 182 K. And it is hard for CrMg3O4 to deform due to the large bulk modulus and shear modulus, so it is a promising spintronic material. Our calculations provide the first available information on the magnetic properties of 3d TM-doped MgO.

Fabrication and Characterization of High Power InGaN Blue-Violet Lasers with an Array Structure

InGaN/GaN multi-quantum-well-structure laser diodes with an array structure are successfully fabricated on sapphire substrates. The laser diode consists of four emitter stripes which share common electrodes on one laser chip. An 800-mu m-long cavity is formed by cleaving the substrate along the < 1 (1) over bar 00 >. orientation using laser scriber. The threshold current and voltage of the laser array diode are 2A and 10.5 V, respectively. A light output peak power of 12W under pulsed current injection at room temperature is achieved. We simulate the electric properties of GaN based laser diode in a co-planar structure and the results show that minimizing the difference of distances between the different ridges and the n-electrode and increasing the electrical conductivity of the n-type GaN are two effective ways to improve the uniformity of carrier distribution in emitter stripes. Two pairs of emitters on a chip are arranged to be located near the two n-electrode pads on the left and right sides, and the four stripe emitters can laser together. The laser diode shows two sharp peaks of light output at 408 and 409 nm above the threshold current. The full widths at half maximum for the parallel and perpendicular far field patterns are 8 degrees and 32 degrees, respectively.

Preparation and characterization of Si sheets by renewed SSP technique

Silicon sheets from powder (SSP) ribbons have been prepared by modified SSP technique using electronic-grade (9N purity) silicon powder. The surface morphology, crystallographic quality, composition and electric properties of the SSP ribbons were investigated by surface profiler, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), metallurgical microscope, Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and four-point probe apparatus, respectively. The results show that the SSP ribbon made from electronic-grade silicon powder is a suitable candidate for the substrates of crystalline silicon thin film (CSiTF) solar cells, which could meet the primary requirements of CSiTF solar cell process on the substrates, including surface smoothness, crystallographic quality, purity and electric conductivity, etc. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Emitter of hetero-junction solar cells created using pulsed rapid thermal annealing

In this paper, we use a pulsed rapid thermal processing (RTP) approach to create an emitter layer of hetero-junction solar cell. The process parameters and crystallization behaviour are studied. The structural, optical and electric properties of the crystallized films are also investigated. Both the depth of PN junction and the conductivity of the emitter layer increase with the number of RTP pulses increasing. Simulation results show that efficiencies of such solar cells can exceed 15% with a lower interface recombination rate, but the highest efficiency is 11.65% in our experiments.

Hole capture barrier of self-organized InAs quantum dots

Deep level transient spectroscopy (DLTS) technique was successfully applied to characterize the electric properties of p type self-organized InAs quantum dots. The ground state energy and capture barrier energy of hole of quantum dots were measured for the first time. The energy of ground state of 2.5ML InAs quantum dots with respect to the valence band of bulk GaAs was obtained being about 0.09eV, and there was a barrier associated to the change of charge state of quantum dots. The capture barrier energy of such dots for hole was about 0.26eV. The work is very meaningful for further understanding the intrinsic properties of quantum dots.

稀土与钼复合氧化物的合成、结构和电性质研究

固体氧化物燃料电池（SOFC）被称为“二十一世纪的绿色能源”。氧化忆稳定氧化错（YSZ）是目前sOFC普遍采用的固体电解质材料。由于YSZ只有在高温时（大于1000℃）才具有较高的离子导电性，而SOFC在高温时会带来一系列技术性的问题，如机械强度的不稳定、材料的老化及各构成材料之间的相互扩散等。因此，迫切需要开发在中、低温范围内（600-800℃）具有较高离子电导率（大于10-2S．cm-l）的电解质材料。在众多的候选材料中，稀土作为基体和掺杂元素的固体电解质越来越引起人们的重视。特别是萤石型化合物CeOZ、钙钦矿型化合物LaGaO3，以及阴离子空位型化合物La2MO2O9等的研究，开阔了寻找固体电解质材料的视野。本论文主要研究稀土与钥复合氧化物的合成、结构及其电学性质，希望进一步提高现有材料的导电性能和寻找新型固体电解质材料。基于母体化合物La2Mo2O9在580℃左右有一个相变点，因为存在相变点的固体电解质在实用方面（如SOFC）有很大的局限性。我们从稀土掺杂的角度出发，对母体化合物进一步改性，稳定其高温结构相。为此，我们利用改性柠檬酸盐法合成了系列化合物La2-xRExMo2O9（RE＝Ce，Pr，Nd，Sm，Gd，Tb，Dy，Ho，Er，Yb）。结果发现，只有Nd和Sm可以进入La2Mo2O9中La的格位；利用本方法合成样品的温度比用固相法低250℃左右；所合成的样品粒度分布非常均匀，并且随着Nd和Sm掺杂量的增加而变大；Nd和Sm的掺杂稳定了其高温相，电导率有所提高。从而使此类固体电解质在实用方面成为可能。合成了一种新型稀土与钥的复合氧化合物Ce6MoO15，电学性质测试发现，它是一性能优良的固体电解质材料。以此化合物为母体）进行低价金属离子的掺杂取代后发现，它们的导电性又进一步地提高，进而派生出多种固体电解质体系如Ce6-6 MoO15-δ、Ce6+x Mo1-x O15-6、Ce6Mo1-xBixO16-6以及Ce6-xAxMoO15-6。（A＝Li，Ca，Sr和Ba）等。本研究工作中主要合成了Ce6-xRExMoO16-6（RE=Pr，Nd，Sm，Gd，Tb，Dy，Ho，Er，Yb；x=0.0-6.0）等系列化合物，并对其进行了结构表征及电学性质测试。结果发现所有样品均为类莹石结构；样品的导电性起源于氧离子空位；在相同的温度下，样品电导率相当于或高于经典的固体电解质（如YSZ），并且样品的抗老化性能有所提高。所有这些实验事实证明，它们在中温区是一种高效氧离子导体，从而为此类化合物在SOFC中的应用奠定了基础。通过合成AgScMo2O8，尝试了一种钥酸盐固溶体的合成方法，即钥酸盐水溶液合成法。这种方法不需要加入有机物（如柠檬酸等）作为络合剂，而是通过钼酸根与金属离子之间的酸碱对效应直接合成。我们对此化合物的结构、电学性质进行研究后发现：此化合物在较低的温度即已完全成相；室温下，Agsco208为单斜结构，不同于AgLnMo2O8（Ln＝Y-Lu）；随着温度的升高，AgscMo2o8在485℃、539℃附近各有一个不可逆，可逆相变点出现。在可逆相变点出现的同时，伴随着其电导率有一个很大的突跃。

碳纳米管探针的制作方法研究

碳纳米管的小直径、高纵横比、高强度和高弹性、优良的耐磨损性能以及独特的电学和化学特性,使其成为高分辨率原子力显微镜的理想探针针尖。本文根据制作工艺的特点,综述现有碳纳米管探针的代表性研究和制作方法:组装式和生长式。组装式是通过手工、电场或磁场的方式将制备好的碳纳米管粘附到常规硅探针的末端;而生长式是在常规硅探针末端或悬臂梁上定点催化生长出一定直径和长度的CNT。最后指出这些方法目前存在的主要问题。

纳电子器件制备的单根碳纳米管精确装配与电连接研究

目前,利用单根碳纳米管进行纳电子器件的研制成为纳电子学界研究的前沿与热点,但在纳电子器件研制过程中,如何实现单根碳纳米管与微电极的精确装配与电连接成为关键技术难题之一。为探索实现此关键技术的新方法,本文尝试将介电电泳与具有实时力/视觉反馈的原子力显微镜操作方法相结合,从而结合粗、精两级操作方式,来实现单根碳纳米管的精确装配与电连接。单根多壁碳纳米管的精确装配与电特性测试实验验证了该方法的有效性,从而为装配研制基于单根纳米管/线的纳电子器件提供了一种新颖可行的方法。

储层注聚合物后测井评价研究

Since physical properties and resistivity of mixed formation fluid change after polymer and water flood reservoir, transformational electric properties of water and polymer flooded zones challenges log interpretation. Conventional log interpretation methods to water flooded reservoirs cannot be employed to water and polymer flooded zones. According to difficulties in water and polymer flooded zones interpretation, we analyzed the variation of electric properties of mixed formation fluid, reservoir parameters and log correspondences, then got further understanding of the applicability of Archie Equations. As the results, we provided reservoir parameter evaluation model in water and polymer flooded zones in this paper. This research shows that micro pore structure, physical parameters and electric correspondence of reservoirs change after being flooded by water and polymer. The resistivity variation of mixed formation fluid depends mainly on affixation conductivity of polymer and salinity of formation water, which is the key to log interpretation and evaluation. Therefore, we summerized the laws of log correspondence in different polymer injection ways, developed electric discrimination model for water and polymer flooded zones, as well as charts to identify flooding conditions with resistivity and sonic logs. Further rock-electric tests and conductive mechanism analysis indicate that the resistivity increasing coefficient(I) and water saturation(Sw) are still in concordance with classical Archie Equations, which can be utilized in quantitative evaluation on water and polymer flooded reservoirs. This sets of methods greatly improved accuracy in water and polymer flooded zone evaluation.

Microwave modelling and validation in food thawing applications

Developing temperature fields in frozen cheese sauce undergoing microwave heating were simulated and measured. Two scenarios were investigated: a centric and offset placement on the rotating turntable. Numerical modeling was performed using a dedicated electromagnetic Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) module that was two-way coupled to the PHYSICA multiphysics package. Two meshes were used: the food material and container were meshed for the heat transfer and the microwave oven cavity and waveguide were meshed for the microwave field. Power densities obtained on the structured FDTD mesh were mapped onto the unstructured finite volume method mesh for each time-step/turntable position. On heating for each specified time-step the temperature field was mapped back onto the FDTD mesh and the electromagnetic properties were updated accordingly. Changes in thermal/electric properties associated with the phase transition were fully accounted for as well as heat losses from product to cavity. Detailed comparisons were carried out for the centric and offset placements, comparing experimental temperature profiles during microwave thawing with those obtained by numerical simulation.

Numerical simulation of microwave thawing using a coupled solver approach

Thawing of a frozen food product in a domestic microwave oven is numerically simulated using a coupled solver approach. The approach consists of a dedicated electromagnetic FDTD solver and a closely coupled UFVM multi-physics package. Two overlapping numerical meshes are defined; the food material and container were meshed for heat transfer and phase change solution, whilst the microwave oven cavity and waveguide were meshed for the microwave irradiation. The two solution domains were linked using a cross-mapping routine. This approach allowed the rotation of the food load to be captured. Power densities obtained on the structured FDTD mesh were interpolated onto the UFVM mesh for each timestep/turntable position. The UFVM solver utilised the power density data to advance the temperature and phase distribution solution. The temperature-dependant dielectric and thermo-physical properties of the food load were updated prior to revising the electromagnetic solution. Changes in thermal/electric properties associated with the phase transition were fully accounted for as well as heat losses from product to cavity. Two scenarios were investigated: a centric and eccentric placement on the turntable. Developing temperature fields predicted by the numerical solution are validated against experimentally obtained data. Presented results indicate the feasibility of fully coupled simulations of the microwave heating of a frozen product. (© 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)