Experimental characterization of an earth eco-efficient plastering mortar

Earthen plastering mortars are becoming recognized as highly eco-efficient. The assessment of their technical properties needs to be standardized but only the German standard DIN 18947 exists for the moment. An extended experimental campaign was developed in order to assess multiple properties of a ready-mixed earth plastering mortar and also to increase scientific knowledge of the influence of test procedures on those properties. The experimental campaign showed that some aspects related to the equipment, type of samples and sample preparation can be very important, while others seemed to have less influence on the results and the classification of mortars. It also showed that some complementary tests can easily be performed and considered together with the standardized ones, while others may need to be improved. The plaster satisfied the requirements of the existing German standard but, most importantly, it seemed adequate for application as rehabilitation plaster on historic and modern masonry buildings. Apart from their aesthetic aspect, the contribution of earthen plasters to eco-efficiency and particularly to hygrometric indoor comfort should be highlighted.

Eco-epidemiologic study of emerging fungi related to the work of babaçu coconut breakers in the State of Maranhão, Brazil

Introduction: There are more than 300,000 extractors using the babaçu coconut as a source of income in the States of Maranhão, Pará, Tocantins and Piauí, and this activity is associated with fungal infections. The objective of this study was to examine the occurrence of emergent fungi in the conjunctiva, nails and surface and subcutaneous injuries of female coconut breakers in Esperantinópolis, Maranhão. Additionally, soil samples and palm structures were collected. Methods: The obtained samples were cultured in Petri dishes containing potato-dextrose-agar and chloramphenicol. The etiological agent was confirmed by a direct mycological exam and growth in culture. Results: In total, 150 domiciles were visited, and samples were collected from 80 patients. From the ground, the most frequently isolated fungus was Aspergillus niger (53. 8%). the most frequently detected fungus in babaçu coconut was Aspergillus niger (66.7%). Conjunctival fungal growth occurred in 76.3% of the women. The ocular fungal microbiota consisted of filamentous fungi (80.6%), and yeasts were present in 19.4% of cases. Onychomycosis was diagnosed in 44% (11/25) of the women. Conclusions: The identification of the genera Neosartorya, Rhizopus and Curvularia in onychomycoses shows that emergent filamentous fungi can be isolated. Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp. and Scedosporium sp. were the predominant genera found in the babaçu coconut. From ocular conjunctiva, Candida spp. were the most prevalent species isolated, and Fusarium sp. was present only in one woman. The nearly permanent exposure of coconut breakers to the external environment and to the soil is most likely the reason for the existence of a mycotic flora and fungal infections, varying according to the individual's practices and occupation.

ReedCob – An eco-efficient building technology for monolithic walls based on earth and reeds

4th Conference COST ACTION FP1303 – Designing with Bio-based Materials – Challenges and opportiunities. INIA – CSIC, Madrid, 24-25 February 2016. Book of abstracts, T.Troya, J.Galván, D.Jones (Eds.), INIA and IETcc – CSIS, pg. 79-80 (ISBN: 978-91-88349-16-3)

Terra nativa : a relação eco-humana na vida e na obra de Ferreira de Castro

A presente investigação visou contribuir para o estudo da permeabilidade entre Ciência e Arte, explorando, nomeadamente, o diálogo frutífero entre a área científica interdisciplinar da Ecologia Humana e a Literatura Portuguesa. Neste sentido, configura o que pode entender-se como um ensaio de dupla interdisciplinaridade. Recorreu-se a uma metodologia híbrida que integra métodos e fontes das ciências do ambiente e sociais e da análise literária, cujos graus de objetividade variam entre si, e que pode filiar-se na recente área dos “mixed methods”, cuja exploração se acentuou nas últimas duas décadas na Europa e nos Estados Unidos. Em concreto, pretendeu-se analisar a representação literária da Natureza e do vínculo de interdependência que o ser humano estabelece com ela na obra de Ferreira de Castro (1898-1974) ‒ um dos mais aclamados e traduzidos escritores portugueses do século XX, fundador do “romance social” português ‒ e perceber em que medida essa representação irradia da experiência de vida em variados ambientes geográficos, da personalidade e da ideologia do escritor. A tese consta de duas partes principais, traçando a primeira uma “Ecobiografia” do escritor, que averigua a sua relação e a sua conceção pessoal sobre a Natureza; e dedicando-se a segunda à ecocrítica de quatro textos de ficção com cenários em áreas rurais de Portugal continental, escritos entre 1928 e 1947: Emigrantes (1928), “O Natal em Ossela” (1933), Terra Fria (1934) e A Lã e a Neve (1947). Defende-se que, num tempo anterior ao movimento ecológico português, esses textos continham já um significativo teor eco-humano. Apresentam, por isso, um grande potencial de difusão do ambiente biofísico e das modalidades relacionais que o ser humano instituiu com a terra numa época, revelando-se um valioso contributo para a História Ambiental do território português. Esta função extra-artística projeta-se nas gerações leitoras do presente e do futuro e pode atuar em benefício da consciência ambiental e de cidadania neste século XXI. Razão por que é devido à obra castriana este novo lugar na Cultura portuguesa, mais além e mais amplo que a sua aplaudida dimensão literária.

Terra Nativa. A relação eco-humana na vida e na obra de Ferreira de Castro

A presente investigação teve o apoio financeiro da FCT, através de uma Bolsa de Doutoramento.

Eco-efficient self-compacting concrete with reduced Portland cement content and high volume of fly ash and metakaolin

The eco-efficient, self-compacting concrete (SCC) production, containing low levels of cement in its formulation, shall contribute for the constructions' sustainability due to the decrease in Portland cement use, to the use of industrial residue, for beyond the minimization of the energy needed for its placement and compaction. In this context, the present paper intends to assess the viability of SCC production with low cement levels by determining the fresh and hardened properties of concrete containing high levels of fly ash (FA) and also metakaolin (MK). Hence, 6 different concrete formulations were produced and tested: two reference concretes made with 300 and 500 kg/m3 of cement; the others were produced in order to evaluate the effects of high replacement levels of cement. Cement replacement by FA of 60% and by 50% of FA plus 20% of MK were tested and the addition of hydrated lime in these two types of concrete were also studied. To evaluate the self-compacting ability slump flow test, T500, J-ring, V-funnel and L-box were performed. In the hardened state the compressive strength at 3, 7, 14, 21, 28 and 90 days of age was determined. The results showed that it is possible to produce low cement content SCC by replacing high levels of cement by mineral additions, meeting the rheological requirements for self-compacting, with moderate resistances from 25 to 30 MPa after 28 days.

Evaluación de la eficiencia fotosintética del fitoplancton en un lago amazónico (Lago Boa) y en un lago andino (Lago Guatavita)

La relación entre la fluorescencia variable y la fluorescencia máxima (Fv/Fm) de las comunidades de algas se ha utilizado comúnmente como una medida de la eficiencia fotosintética del fitoplancton. Dicha eficiencia puede estar afectada por la localización de los ambientes acuáticos en distintas provincias limnológicas. En este trabajo se quiso establecer la diferencia en la relación Fv/Fm entre el lago Boa (150 msnm, Amazonía colombiana) y el lago Guatavita (3000 msnm, cordillera oriental de los Andes colombianos). Los promedios de las eficiencias medidas fueron en general bajos (0,212 a 0,367 y 0,089 a 0,32 en los lagos Boa y Guatavita, respectivamente), lo que señala estrés fisiológico para las algas. La eficiencia fue mayor en aguas intermedias y presentó cambios fuertes entre épocas de muestreo y entre ecosistemas. En aguas superficiales se presentó fotoinhibición, la cual fue más fuerte en Guatavita. La eficiencia fotosintética fue menor en el lago andino debido posiblemente a diferencias climáticas, de altura sobre el nivel del mar y de estratificación. Durante los ensayos de laboratorio se observó que la eficiencia disminuyó con el tiempo, lo cual pudo deberse a una aclimatación de las algas a la oscuridad. Los datos de laboratorio confirmaron que el fitoplancton epilimnético del lago Guatavita estuvo fotoinhibido en la época de estratificación.

The importance of the category of consciousness and education for sustainability in methodologies for eco‐efficiency in school buildings

This document reports the importance of the category of consciousness and education for sustainability in the school environment. Education in school has a potential to make the benefits of the building construction visible for society and media, showing to the students, parents and communities how sustainability in built environment could improve the people life in economic, social and environment aspects. Thus, this paper addresses the main events related to sustainability, such as the Stockholm Conference, the Brundtland report, United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) and Agenda 21, until reaching the necessity of the elaboration of Methodologies for environmental assessment of building, and later, the development of the specific methodologies according to the buildings. It is also described some examples of sustainability in schools in Germany, Finland and Italy and what kind of sustainable systems those countries are currently using.

Eco-friendly luminescent hybrid materials based on EuIII and LiI co-doped chitosan

Biopolymer-based materials have been of particular interest as alternatives do synthetic polymers due to their low toxicity, biodegradability and biocompatibility. Among them, chitosan is one of the most studied ones and has recently been investigated for the application as solid state polymer electrolytes. Furthermore, it can serve as a host for luminescent species such as rare earth ions, giving rise to materials with increased functionality, of particular interest for electrochemical devices. In this study, we investigate chitosan based luminescent materials doped wit Eu3+ and Li+ triflate salts from the structural, photophysical and conductivity points of view. Because the host presents a broad emission band in the blue to green, while Eu3+ emits in the red, fine tuning of emission colour and/or generation of white light is possible by optimizing composition and excitation scheme. Europium lifetimes (5D0) are in the range 270 – 350 µs and quantum yields are as high as 2%. Although Li+ does not interfere with the luminescent properties, it grants ion-conducting properties to the material suggesting that a combination of both properties could be further explored in multifunctional device.

Vermiculite bio-barriers for Cu and Zn remediation: an eco-friendly approach for freshwater and sediments protection

The increase in heavy metal contamination in freshwater systems causes serious environmental problems in most industrialized countries, and the effort to find ecofriendly techniques for reducing water and sediment contamination is fundamental for environmental protection. Permeable barriers made of natural clays can be used as low-cost and eco-friendly materials for adsorbing heavy metals from water solution and thus reducing the sediment contamination. This study discusses the application of permeable barriers made of vermiculite clay for heavy metals remediation at the interface between water and sediments and investigates the possibility to increase their efficiency by loading the vermiculite surface with a microbial biofilm of Pseudomonas putida, which is well known to be a heavy metal accumulator. Some batch assays were performed to verify the uptake capacity of two systems and their adsorption kinetics, and the results indicated that the vermiculite bio-barrier system had a higher removal capacity than the vermiculite barrier (?34.4 and 22.8 % for Cu and Zn, respectively). Moreover, the presence of P. putida biofilm strongly contributed to fasten the kinetics of metals adsorption onto vermiculite sheets. In open-system conditions, the presence of a vermiculite barrier at the interface between water and sediment could reduce the sediment contamination up to 20 and 23 % for Cu and Zn, respectively, highlighting the efficiency of these eco-friendly materials for environmental applications. Nevertheless, the contribution of microbial biofilm in open-system setup should be optimized, and some important considerations about biofilm attachment in a continuous-flow system have been discussed.

Avaliação da Eficácia do Programa Eco-Escolas na Região Autónoma da Madeira – Os concelhos da Ponta do Sol e da Ribeira Brava

Dissertação de Mestrado em Gestão e Políticas Públicas

Mejoramiento de la eficiencia productiva de caprinos de leche de la zona norte de la provincia de Córdoba por el control de enfermedades infecciosas y parasitarias (Red Pictor)

En el norte de la Provincia de Córdoba, la progresiva intensificación de la producción láctea caprina, debido al fuerte incentivo desde áreas gubernamentales, ha dado como resultado la aparición de algunos problemas sanitarios que generalmente pasan desapercibidos cuando las condiciones productivas se desarrollan en sistemas extensivos y muy rudimentarios. Se comienzan a visualizar problemas sanitarios-productivos inherentes a sistemas de mayor eficiencia y derivados de una mayor carga animal y productividad individual como son las parasitosis por nematodes gastrointestinales y las mastitis. El control químico de ambas afecciones se está llevando a cabo en forma totalmente empírica y con un uso indiscriminado e irracional de antimicrobianos y antiparasitarios, con fracasos terapéuticos, aparición de residuos y sin control de tiempos de retiro. En este contexto, además de las pérdidas productivas, existe un riesgo real de enviar leche al consumo o a la industrialización con concentraciones importantes de antibióticos y/o antiparasitarios. Por todo ello, con este proyecto nos planteamos como objetivos identificar principales especies bacterianas y parasitarias que infectan a nuestros rodeos caprinos; identificar los antimicrobianos y antiparasitarios que se utilizan; realizar los mismos estudios de eficacia, farmacocinética y de resistencia, siendo los beneficiarios directos de estos resultados los productores, el profesional veterinario, los consumidores y la industria láctea.

Evaluación genética del bienestar animal y eficiencia reproductiva con el aporte de la determinación de paternidades mediante técnicas de biología molecular en bovinos de carne

Buena parte de la producción bovina de carne de la provincia de Córdoba está incluida en áreas que sufren durante todo o parte del año de condiciones climáticas desfavorables. Las razas bovinas de origen índico y africano muestran mayor adaptación al estrés térmico, que se manifestaría en un mejor de desempeño en el aspecto reproductivo. Sin embargo existen dificultades de manejo de esas razas por su temperamento menos adecuado que las razas británicas. En explotaciones extensivas de nuestra Provincia no existe información genética relacionada con caracteres de comportamiento. En ese sentido una raza sanga de origen africano (Tuli) y sus cruzas se están ensayando en la Universidad Católica de Córdoba como parte de la búsqueda de soluciones a los problemas planteados anteriormente. No se disponen aún de parámetros poblacionales (fenotípicos y genéticos) de esta raza y sus cruzas. En la evaluación genética es indispensable el uso de mediciones con información genealógica, es decir, se debe identificar los padres de los individuos. El análisis de regiones altamente polimórficas del genoma (microsatélites) permite determinar el perfil genético de cada animal, para ser utilizado en la determinación de paternidades, en principio y luego con otras aplicaciones. Sobre el animal las mediciones relacionadas con la fertilidad son vitales y no es posible encontrar predictores de la fertilidad en toros en servicio natural múltiple, ya que no es posible identificarlos terneros en ese sentido. La forma de evaluar la fertilidad real, sería mediante la medición de la producción de terneros, además de la calidad seminal y circunferencia escrotal. Con respecto al nivel de estrés, se usará la evaluación del temperamento mediante ensayos de comportamiento, aunque la medición de hormonas esteroides sería una prueba complementaria