Capacidad de respuesta hospitalaria distrital en Bogotá ante un evento con múltiples victimas

Los hospitales son el pilar fundamental para la atención de las víctimas de situaciones de emergencia o desastre. Las instituciones de salud son consideradas indispensables para la población, por lo que deben estar preparadas para funcionar no solo en condiciones normales sino en situaciones de alerta, como suele suceder en desastres de origen natural como los sismos. La relevancia de la problemática, radica en que de acuerdo con la amenaza sísmica de Colombia, Bogotá se encuentra en una zona de amenaza sísmica intermedia, los actuales eventos naturales como el terremoto de Haití con un saldo de 300.000 muertos y más de 700.000 mil heridos, y el de Chile, nos hace pensar en la importancia de la preparación hospitalaria ante un evento con múltiples víctimas como lo es un sismo. El Objetivo general del estudio es identificar la capacidad de respuesta hospitalaria distrital en Bogotá ante un evento con múltiples víctimas (terremoto). Además se identificaran las oportunidades de mejora para optimizar la respuesta hospitalaria de acuerdo a su nivel de atención. La Investigación se realizó por medio de un estudio de corte transversal, en donde se tomó una muestra de la red hospitalaria Distrital por conveniencia, bajo la aplicación de una encuesta dirigida. Los resultados fueron recopilados en una base de datos de Excel 2013, y fueron analizados bajo un software estadístico, STATA 12.0, donde se evaluaron variables, categóricas, nominales y cuantitativas. Como resultados se encontraron un porcentaje de ocupación de más del 100% en el 25% de los hospitales. Los 16 hospitales encuestados cuentan con comité hospitalario de emergencias, así como también con la elaboración de planes de emergencia y la revisión e implementación de estos. El 50% de los hospitales contemplan dentro su estructura de plan de emergencias, el sistema comando de incidentes; Sólo el 18.8% de los hospitales cuentan con reforzamiento estructural, y el 81,2% de los hospitales refieren tener una cooperación con organizaciones locales o externas. Solo 4 de los 16 hospitales cuentan con protocolos de diagnóstico y tratamiento médico en desastres. El plan de contingencia para un Sismo, es el plan bandera de todos los hospitales dado el esfuerzo por parte de la secretaria de salud y de FOPAE en información y capacitación en todo el Distrito, es por eso que el 93,85 de todos los hospitales cuentan con este plan. Al realizar el análisis general, la red hospitalaria no está en capacidad de una adecuada respuesta en caso de un evento con múltiples víctimas, en el escenario de un sismo de gran magnitud, teniendo en cuenta el porcentaje de ocupación actual donde el 25% de la red hospitalaria distrital cuenta con sobrecupo y el 50% se encuentra a tope de su capacidad instalada. En cuanto a la capacidad de respuesta, no se cuenta con protocolos de atención; Haciendo una evaluación según los niveles de atención, solo los hospitales de III nivel estarían medianamente preparados y con capacidad de respuesta ante un evento con víctimas en masa.

Initial results from Phase 2 of the international urban energy balance model comparison

Urban land surface schemes have been developed to model the distinct features of the urban surface and the associated energy exchange processes. These models have been developed for a range of purposes and make different assumptions related to the inclusion and representation of the relevant processes. Here, the first results of Phase 2 from an international comparison project to evaluate 32 urban land surface schemes are presented. This is the first large-scale systematic evaluation of these models. In four stages, participants were given increasingly detailed information about an urban site for which urban fluxes were directly observed. At each stage, each group returned their models' calculated surface energy balance fluxes. Wide variations are evident in the performance of the models for individual fluxes. No individual model performs best for all fluxes. Providing additional information about the surface generally results in better performance. However, there is clear evidence that poor choice of parameter values can cause a large drop in performance for models that otherwise perform well. As many models do not perform well across all fluxes, there is need for caution in their application, and users should be aware of the implications for applications and decision making.

O que e o método científico: uma reflexão crítica sobre o método científico como subsídio para o ensino das ciências naturais

Ensinar ciência e, acima de tudo, ensinar o método científico e desenvolver a atitude crítica do estudante. Isto significa substituir a visão da ciência como uma coleção de fatos e teorias definitivamente estabelecidos, pela visão da ciência como um conhecimento racional - Porque crítico -, conjectural, provisório, sempre capaz de ser questionado e corrigido. Significa também opor à visão da ciência como uma representação completa e perfeita de fenômenos diretamente observáveis, a visão da ciência como uma reconstrução idealizada e parcial da realidade, que explica o visível pelo invisível. Nessa linha de raciocínio, devemos opor à idéia de uma observação pura e imparcial dos fatos, a ideia da observação guiada por hipóteses e teorias. Ensinar o meto do cientifico é questionar a ideia de que descobrimos e verificamos hipóteses através de procedimentos indutivos, substituindo-a pela ideia de que inventamos conjecturas ousadas, surgidas de nossa imaginação. Essas conjecturas, contudo, deverão ser testadas o mais severamente possível, através de tentativas de refutação que façam uso de experimentos controlados. No lugar da ilusória busca de teorias verificáveis, verdadeiras -ou pelo menos cada vez mais prováveis devemos buscar teorias de maior refutabilidade, cada vez mais amplas, precisas, profundas, de maior grau de corroboração e, talvez, mais próximas da verdade. Finalmente, ensinar o método científico significa também criticar cada uma das visões alternativas de ciência, propondo novos critérios para avaliar hipóteses e teorias científicas. É desnecessário dizer que estes critérios, por sua vez, devem também ser criticados, visto que a ausência de discussão crítica e a aceitação passiva e dogmática de um conjunto de ideias ou teorias e a não ciência, a pseudociência, enfim, a negação do espírito crítico e da racionalidade do homem.

As ações de controle da tuberculose na atenção primária à saúde: a visão do doente

Tuberculosis is a disease of great impact on the world context today. In Brazil, the disease management was directed to the Primary Health Care, due to the determination of the Ministry of Health to decentralize health actions for primary care. Thus, since the actions of diagnosis, treatment and control of the disease should happen in this context, however, there are still many barriers that may hinder the realization of these determinations. This study aims to analyze the development of tuberculosis control activities conducted in the services of primary health care from the patient's vision. This is a descriptive, cross-sectional and quantitative study. The population consists of 517 tuberculosis patients treated in units of Primary Health Care in the city of Natal-RN; the sample consists of 93 TB patients. The collect instrument is structured, based in The Primary Care Assessment Tool (PCAT), validated in Brazil and adapted to assess attention to TB in Brazil, with modifications. This instrument was divided into blocks: the first one describes the socio-demographic information of patients with TB and the second one describes the health services working in control, diagnosis and treatment of TB, and includes issues related to the dimensions of primary care: access, bond, services, coordination of care, guidance to the community and family focus. For quantitative analysis, were built indicators for each item of the instrument. The response patterns are followed according to the Likert scale, which was assigned a value between one and five meant that the degree of preference relation (or agreement) of the statements. Values between 1 and 3 were considered unsatisfactory for the indicator, between 3 and less than 4, regular, and between 4 and 5, satisfactory. The results indicate that 62.37% of patients are male, 27.96% aged 41 to 50 years old, and 34.41% unemployed, with low education and low family income. It was found that the reference hospital services are the front door to the patient (59.14%), and are also the local diagnosis of the disease (72.04%). On access, the conditions satisfactory found are: the number of times the patients need to pick up the health care issue, the marking and the facility to get a consultancy in the HS, assistance provided without harm to the individual's attendance labor and facilities related to the proximity between the residence and services; were considered unsatisfactory conditions related to travel to the HS, and on hours and days of operation of services. As for the cast of services were satisfactory and regular actions related to the request for examination to become viable in the first HS, the availability of pot to perform smear and medicines for the treatment, as well as consultations control and receiving information about the disease and the treatment performed; it is considered unsatisfactory the performance of the home care for patients with TB by the HS that acts as a front door, for implementation of the Directly Observed Treatment (DOT), home visits during treatment, the provision of transportation allowance to the patient and the existence of groups for TB patients. Regarding the coordination of care, resulted in regular the action of referring the patient to other HS to obtain examinations, and as unsatisfactory referral to obtain medications. The relationship bond between patient and health team were considered satisfactory in the majority or regular. As for the family and community focus, is satisfactory only the indicator relating to questions from professionals to the patient about the existence of respiratory symptoms in the family. It is considered that there is need for greater commitment from government entities to the incentives required to TB control, as well as the availability of necessary inputs and training of human resources working in the PHC in the ongoing quest to strengthen primary care, as a place of broader host needs to contact the user with the actions and health professionals. It is recommended the adoption of management mechanisms possible to expand the capacity of the health PHC, promoting the service delivery to the user and ensuring attention to population health.

Motional heterogeneities in siloxane/poly(ethylene glycol) ormolyte nanocomposites studied by C-13 solid-state exchange NMR

C-13 exchange solid-state NMR methods were used to study two families of siloxane/poly-(ethylene glycol) hybrid materials: Types I and II, where the polymer chains interact with the inorganic phase through physical (hydrogen bonds or van der Waals forces) or chemical (covalent bonds) interactions, respectively. These methods were employed to analyze the effects of the interactions between the organic and inorganic phases on the polymer dynamics in the milliseconds to seconds time scale, which occurs at temperatures below the motional narrowing of the NMR line width and around the polymer glass transition. Motional heterogeneities associated with these interactions and evidence of both small and large amplitude motions were directly observed for both types of hybrids. The results revealed that the hindrance to the slow molecular motions of the polymer chains due to the siloxane structures depends on the chain length and the nature of the interaction between the organic and inorganic phases.

Response to Treatment in a Prospective Cohort of Patients with Large Ulcerated Lesions Suspected to Be Buruli Ulcer (Mycobacterium ulcerans Disease)

Background: The World Health Organization (WHO) advises treatment of Mycobacterium ulcerans disease, also called Buruli ulcer'' (BU), with a combination of the antibiotics rifampicin and streptomycin (R+S), whether followed by surgery or not. In endemic areas, a clinical case definition is recommended. We evaluated the effectiveness of this strategy in a series of patients with large ulcers of >= 10 cm in longest diameter in a rural health zone of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC).Methods: A cohort of 92 patients with large ulcerated lesions suspected to be BU was enrolled between October 2006 and September 2007 and treated according to WHO recommendations. The following microbiologic data were obtained: Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) stained smear, culture and PCR. Histopathology was performed on a sub-sample. Directly observed treatment with R+S was administered daily for 12 weeks and surgery was performed after 4 weeks. Patients were followed up for two years after treatment.Findings: Out of 92 treated patients, 61 tested positive for M. ulcerans by PCR. PCR negative patients had better clinical improvement than PCR positive patients after 4 weeks of antibiotics (54.8% versus 14.8%). For PCR positive patients, the outcome after 4 weeks of antibiotic treatment was related to the ZN positivity at the start. Deterioration of the ulcers was observed in 87.8% (36/41) of the ZN positive and in 12.2% (5/41) of the ZN negative patients. Deterioration due to paradoxical reaction seemed unlikely. After surgery and an additional 8 weeks of antibiotics, 98.4% of PCR positive patients and 83.3% of PCR negative patients were considered cured. The overall recurrence rate was very low (1.1%).Interpretation: Positive predictive value of the WHO clinical case definition was low. Low relapse rate confirms the efficacy of antibiotics. However, the need for and the best time for surgery for large Buruli ulcers requires clarification. We recommend confirmation by ZN stain at the rural health centers, since surgical intervention without delay may be necessary on the ZN positive cases to avoid progression of the disease. PCR negative patients were most likely not BU cases. Correct diagnosis and specific management of these non-BU ulcers cases are urgently needed.

Análise do uso do jogo mercado virtual como mediador do processo de aprendizagem de gestão empresarial

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Mudanças lexicais no direito de família brasileiro: necessidade jurídica e evolução lingüística

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Contribuições da análise do comportamento na avaliação e no tratamento de crianças com transtorno do déficit de atenção e hiperatividade

Transtorno do Déficit de Atenção e Hiperatividade (TDAH) é um fenômeno estudado em diversos países, composto de sintomas de desatenção, imperatividade e impulsividade, ocorre na infância podendo persistir até a idade adulta. Este transtorno causa prejuízos nas áreas acadêmicas, sociais e ocupacionais, reduz a auto-estima, pode evoluir para delinqüência, uso de drogas e álcool, gera estresse nas famílias, tem alto custo financeiro e impacto social. O diagnóstico é feito com base em critérios clínicos adotados pelo DSM IV e o tratamento indicado combina farmacoterapia e psicoterapia. Considerando-se que TDAH é um transtorno de desenvolvimento de autocontrole e que estudos sugerem que autocontrole pode ser adquirido em condições de treino, torna-se relevante a realização de pesquisas aplicadas utilizando princípios da análise do comportamento, para minimizar prejuízos e contribuir para melhoria de qualidade de vida de portadores de TDAH. Este estudo objetivou verificar a eficácia do uso de esquemas de reforçamento diferencial de outro comportamento (DRO) e de atraso de reforço na instalação e/ ou aumento de comportamentos de autocontrole em um menino de 9 anos diagnosticado com TDAH, que faz uso de medicamento. O participante foi exposto ao procedimento de treino de autocontrole, realizou tarefas, durante as quais, caso se comportasse como combinado, recebia reforço. Ao final de cada sessão, trocava os reforços por brinquedos e poderia escolher reservá-los para obter reforços de maior valor. O procedimento foi dividido em sete etapas: (1) entrevista com a neuropediatra; (2) análise do prontuário e convocação; (3) entrevista inicial com responsáveis; (4) visita à escola e entrevista com professores; (5) sessões de observação direta (linha de base, habituação às regras, instalação, manutenção, fading e avaliação da estabilidade); (6) followp-up; e (7) encerramento. Realizaram-se 18 sessões de observação direta, gravadas em vídeo e transcritas para a elaboração de um sistema de categorias de comportamentos para análise. Os resultados foram analisados por meio da comparação entre relatos de entrevistas, resultados de instrumentos padronizados e categorias de comportamentos observados. Identificou-se que os comportamentos de autocontrole do participante se ampliaram e generalizaram para outros contextos, durante as sessões e em domicílio, conforme os relatos dos pais e da professora da escola atual, e registro de observação direta da terapeuta-pesquisadora. Verificou-se que a utilização de esquema de reforçamento DRO com disponibilidade limitada pode favorecer o aumento de comportamentos de autocontrole e generalizações em crianças com TDAH.

Diversidade e evolução do gênero Adenomera Steindachner, 1867 (Anura, Leptodactylidae)

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Emtricitabine-Tenofovir Concentrations and Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Efficacy in Men Who Have Sex with Men

Drug concentrations associated with protection from HIV-1 acquisition have not been determined. We evaluated drug concentrations among men who have sex with men in a substudy of the iPrEx trial (1). In this randomized placebo-controlled trial, daily oral doses of emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate were used as pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) in men who have sex with men. Drug was detected less frequently in blood plasma and in viable cryopreserved peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in HIV-infected cases at the visit when HIV was first discovered compared with controls at the matched time point of the study (8% versus 44%; P < 0.001) and in the 90 days before that visit (11% versus 51%; P < 0.001). An intracellular concentration of the active form of tenofovir, tenofovir-diphosphate (TFV-DP), of 16 fmol per million PBMCs was associated with a 90% reduction in HIV acquisition relative to the placebo arm. Directly observed dosing in a separate study, the STRAND trial, yielded TFV-DP concentrations that, when analyzed according to the iPrEx model, corresponded to an HIV-1 risk reduction of 76% for two doses per week, 96% for four doses per week, and 99% for seven doses per week. Pro-phylactic benefits were observed over a range of doses and drug concentrations, suggesting ways to optimize PrEP regimens for this population.

Access to healthcare services for tuberculosis: analysis of patient satisfaction

Tuberculosis remains a pubic health challenge. Uncountable efforts are made to control the disease, and patient treatment and accessibility to healthcare can hinder reaching a cure. The objective of this article is to analyze the satisfaction of tuberculosis patients regarding tuberculosis control services. This is an epidemiological, prospective study, using both a quantitative and qualitative approach. Data were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire. Participants included 77 patients. The quantitative data were positively evaluated, and the qualitative data permitted an understanding of the patients' experience regarding their accessibility and treatment. Aspects such as the criteria for performing Directly Observed Treatment and the proximity of the healthcare facility to the patients' residence affected their satisfaction, which implies the need to reorganize healthcare services in order to provide more appropriate care to tuberculosis patients.

Conhecimento e percepção sobre tuberculose das famílias de pacientes em tratamento diretamente observado em um serviço de saúde de Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brasil

Pesquisa epidemiológica descritiva que objetivou descrever o perfil demográfico das famílias de pacientes em Tratamento Diretamente Observado em um serviço de saúde de Ribeirão Preto-SP, analisar o contexto em que estavam inseridas, no que refere ao grau de parentesco e aspectos clínico-epidemiológicos do familiar portador da tuberculose, e avaliar o conhecimento e a percepção dessas famílias em relação à tuberculose. Os dados foram coletados em julho de 2010, utilizando-se um questionário semiestruturado com 16 familiares, sendo analisados por meio da estatística descritiva. O perfil demográfico dos familiares corrobora com a associação da tuberculose às condições de pobreza e má distribuição de renda. Verificou-se um número substancial de comunicantes no domicílio, sendo a tuberculose pulmonar a forma clínica predominante. O conhecimento das famílias foi satisfatório, entretanto, alguns sujeitos associam a transmissão da doença, ao uso compartilhado de utensílios domésticos. Os resultados apontam fragilidades relacionadas à gestão do cuidado às famílias.

Molekulardynamik-Computersimulation einer amorph-kristallinen SiO 2 Grenzschicht

In dieser Arbeit werden Molekulardynamik-Computersimulationen zur Untersuchung der statischen und dynamischen Eigenschaften einer amorph/kristallinen Siliziumdioxid(SiO2)-Grenzschicht durchgefuehrt.Die Grenzflaeche wird von der [100]-Ebene des beta-Kristobalit-Kristalls und der fluessigen SiO2-Phase gebildet und in einem Temperaturbereich zwischen 2900K und 3100K im Zustand eines metastabilen Gleichgewichts untersucht. Als Modellpotential zur Beschreibung der mikroskopischen Wechselwirkungen zwischen den Teilchen wird ein einfaches Paarpotential aus der Literatur verwendet, das sowohl die Struktur der kristallinen Phase als auch die der fluessigen Phase gut reproduziert. Bezogen auf die Dichte und die potentielle Energie der Teilchen erstreckt sich der Uebergang von der fluessigen in die kristalline Phase ueber 3-5 Atomlagen. Ein Layering-Effekt der Dichte in der fluessigen Phase in der Naehe der Grenzschicht wird nicht beobachtet. Der Einfluss der Grenzschicht auf statische Groessen, welche das System auf einer mittelreichweitigen Laengenskala beschreiben (z. B. Koordinationszahlverteilung und Ringverteilung) reicht im Vergleich dazu weiter in die fluessige Phase hinein und manifestiert sich in Defektstrukturen, wie z. B. der Erhoehung der Wahrscheinlichkeit fuer das Auftreten von 5-fach koordiniertem Silizium und der vermehrten Bildung von 2er-Ringen in der Fluessigkeit. Dies beguenstigt das Aufbrechen und Umklappen von Si-O-Bindungen und fuehrt zu einer Beschleunigung der Dynamik und einer Erhoehung der Diffusionsgeschwindigkeit in der Fluessigkeit. Im weiteren wird die Hochfrequenzdynamik der reinen SiO2-Fluessigkeit untersucht. Dazu berechnen wir die vibratorische Zustandsdichte in harmonischer Naeherung aus der inhaerenten Struktur. Wir finden einen stark ausgepraegten Peak bei einer Frequenz von 0.6 THz. Dieser Peak kann der niederenergetischsten transversalen akustischen Mode zugeordnet werden, die auch als Scherschwingung des Systems direkt sichtbar ist.

Tuberculosis in HIV programmes in lower-income countries: practices and risk factors

BACKGROUND: Tuberculosis (TB) is a common diagnosis in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected patients on antiretroviral treatment (ART). OBJECTIVE: To describe TB-related practices in ART programmes in lower-income countries and identify risk factors for TB in the first year of ART. METHODS: Programme characteristics were assessed using standardised electronic questionnaire. Patient data from 2003 to 2008 were analysed and incidence rate ratios (IRRs) calculated using Poisson regression models. RESULTS: Fifteen ART programmes in 12 countries in Africa, South America and Asia were included. Chest X-ray, sputum microscopy and culture were available free of charge in respectively 13 (86.7%), 14 (93.3%) and eight (53.3%) programmes. Eight sites (53.3%) used directly observed treatment and five (33.3%) routinely administered isoniazid preventive treatment (IPT). A total of 19 413 patients aged ≥16 years contributed 13 227 person-years of follow-up; 1081 new TB events were diagnosed. Risk factors included CD4 cell count (>350 cells/μl vs. <25 cells/μl, adjusted IRR 0.46, 95%CI 0.33–0.64, P < 0.0001), sex (women vs. men, adjusted IRR 0.77, 95%CI 0.68–0.88, P = 0.0001) and use of IPT (IRR 0.24, 95%CI 0.19–0.31, P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Diagnostic capacity and practices vary widely across ART programmes. IPT prevented TB, but was used in few programmes. More efforts are needed to reduce the burden of TB in HIV co-infected patients in lower income countries.