El critical thinking movement y la educación intelectual.

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Collins new primary maths. Investigations 1 : developing children's investigative and thinking skills in the daily maths lesson.

Para animar a los niños a practicar y consolidar la utilización y aplicación de las matemáticas. Las investigaciones desarrollan la capacidad para resolver problemas, otras habilidades y conceptos para que los niños puedan aplicar sus conocimientos matemáticos a otras áreas del currículo. Contiene aproximadamente sesenta investigaciones, cada una corresponde a un objetivo del currículo renovado que pueden ser integradas en la lección diaria de matemáticas. Ofrece orientación sobre la forma de evaluar el progreso del alumno. Viene con un CD-ROM de modo que el profesor pueda adaptar la investigaciones a las necesidades de su clase.

Collins new primary maths. Investigations 2 : developing children's investigative and thinking skills in the dayly maths lesson.

Para animar a los niños a practicar y consolidar la utilización y aplicación de las matemáticas. Las investigaciones desarrollan la capacidad para resolver problemas, otras habilidades y conceptos para que los niños puedan aplicar sus conocimientos matemáticos a otras áreas del currículo. Contiene aproximadamente sesenta investigaciones, cada una corresponde a un objetivo del currículo renovado que pueden ser integradas en la lección diaria de matemáticas. Ofrece orientación sobre la forma de evaluar el progreso del alumno. Viene con un CD-ROM de modo que el profesor pueda adaptar la investigaciones a las necesidades de su clase.

100 + ideas for teaching thinking skills.

Contiene actividades y juegos que pueden utilizarse a lo largo de todo el curriculo para ayudar a los profesores a estimular la inteligencia de los alumnos y a entender cómo piensan.

Dilemma-based learning in the humanities : integrating social, emotional and thinking skills.

Ayuda a entender las formas de aplicación de los dilemas en el marco del aprendizaje de las humanidades en secundaria. Esta técnica introduce instrumentos que ayudan a los estudiantes a practicar y desarrollar habilidades para la reflexión, la investigación y el pensamiento lógico y analítico, que les permiten tomar decisiones sabias en sus vidas. El trabajo con los dilemas, también mejora las aptitudes sociales de los alumnos y su aptitud para trabajar en grupo de manera eficaz; les facilita el desarrollo de otras capacidades como el pensamiento creativo y el razonamiento que pueden utilizar en otras asignaturas y, asimismo, colabora en su desarrollo profesional.

Thinking skills.

Recurso diseñado para que los estudiantes reflexionen desarrollen y practiquen sobre los procesos y las habilidades del pensamiento. El recurso se estructura en dos secciones: El pensamiento crítico y resolución de problemas. Además de dar a los estudiantes una base sólida en estas áreas los autores les proporcionan oportunidades para analizar y evaluar argumentos, analizar la información numérica y gráfica y desarrollar una serie de habilidades.

Hybrid tasks : promoting statistical thinking and critical thinking through the same mathematical activities

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Thinking skills in the early years: a literature review

Since 1999, thinking skills have been included in the National Curriculum alongside ‘key skills’ such as those to do with communication and information and communications technology (ICT). Thinking skills are expected to be developed at all key stages and centre on: information-processing skills, reasoning skills, enquiry skills, creative thinking skills and evaluation skills. This literature review consisted of three phases based on the following research questions: 1. What pedagogical approaches to developing generic thinking skills currently exist for children between the ages of three and seven? 2. What are the generic thinking skills that children are able to demonstrate at this age? 3. What is the relationship between these thinking capabilities and those that the pedagogical approaches aim to develop? The review covered post-2000 literature in the area of thinking skills in the early years. It provides an update of the evidence base upon which thinking skills approaches have been established, suggests areas where more evidence is needed and makes some practical recommendations for researchers, policy makers and practitioners.

Critical training of mass media documentalists

This study takes the old myth of objectivity in media discourse to one of the most important but unrecognized actors in the process of its construction: the mass media information scientist or documentalist. Accepting the subjective presence of the documentalist in his/her productions, this article opts for the recognition and explicit statement of this role, recommending two actions. First, we suggest that public higher education institutions combine the technical training of mass media documentalists with training in critical thinking skills. Our study analysed the subjects covered in course syllabi to detect the deficiencies to be addressed in meeting this objective. Second, we propose alternative lines of training that can contribute to cross-training of mass media documentalists in those degree programs to ensure that they acquire the needed skills in critical analysis.

Tolerance and Critical Thinking

Post-soviet countries are in the process of transformation from a totalitarian order to a democratic one, a transformation which is impossible without a profound shift in people's way of thinking. The group set themselves the task of determining the essence of this shift. Using a multidisciplinary approach, they looked at concrete ways of overcoming the totalitarian mentality and forming that necessary for an open democratic society. They studied the contemporary conceptions of tolerance and critical thinking and looked for new foundations of criticism, especially in hermeneutics. They then sought to substantiate the complementary relation between tolerance and criticism in the democratic way of thinking and to prepare a a syllabus for teaching on the subject in Ukrainian higher education. In a philosophical exploration of tolerance they began with relgious tolerance as its first and most important form. Political and social interests often lay at the foundations of religious intolerance and this implicitly comprised the transition to religious tolerance when conditions changed. Early polytheism was more or less indifferent to dogmatic deviations but monotheism is intolerant of heresies. The damage wrought by the religious wars of the Reformations transformed tolerance into a value. They did not create religious tolerance but forced its recognition as a positive phenomenon. With the weakening of religious institutions in the modern era, the purely political nature of many conflicts became evident and this stimulated the extrapolation of tolerance into secular life. Each historical era has certain acts and operations which may be interpreted as tolerant and these can be classified as to whether or not they are based on the conscious following of the principle of tolerance. This criterion requires the separation of the phenomenon of tolerance from its concept and from tolerance as a value. Only the conjunction of a concept of tolerance with a recognition of its value can transform it into a principle dictating a norm of conscious behaviour. The analysis of the contemporary conception of tolerance focused on the diversity of the concept and concluded that the notions used cannot be combined in the framework of a single more or less simple classification, as the distinctions between them are stimulated by the complexity of the realty considered and the variety of its manifestations. Notions considered in relation to tolerance included pluralism, respect and particular-universal. The rationale of tolerance was also investigated and the group felt that any substantiation of the principle of tolerance must take into account human beings' desire for knowledge. Before respecting or being tolerant of another person different from myself, I should first know where the difference lies, so knowledge is a necessary condition of tolerance.The traditional division of truth into scientific (objective and unique) and religious, moral, political (subjective and so multiple) intensifies the problem of the relationship between truth and tolerance. Science was long seen as a field of "natural" intolerance whereas the validity of tolerance was accepted in other intellectual fields. As tolerance eemrges when there is difference and opposition, it is essentially linked with rivaly and there is a a growing recognition today that unlimited rivalry is neither able to direct the process of development nor to act as creative matter. Social and economic reality has led to rivalry being regulated by the state and a natural requirement of this is to associate tolerance with a special "purified" form of rivalry, an acceptance of the actiivity of different subjects and a specification of the norms of their competition. Tolerance and rivalry should therefore be subordinate to a degree of discipline and the group point out that discipline, including self-discipline, is a regulator of the balance between them. Two problematic aspects of tolerance were identified: why something traditionally supposed to have no positive content has become a human activity today, and whether tolerance has full-scale cultural significance. The resolution of these questions requires a revision of the phenomenon and conception of tolerance to clarify its immanent positive content. This involved an investigation of the contemporary concept of tolerance and of the epistemological foundations of a negative solution of tolerance in Greek thought. An original soution to the problem of the extrapolation of tolerance to scientific knowledge was proposed based on the Duhem-Quine theses and conceptiion of background knowledge. In this way tolerance as a principle of mutual relations between different scientific positions gains an essential epistemological rationale and so an important argument for its own universal status. The group then went on to consider the ontological foundations for a positive solution of this problem, beginning with the work of Poincare and Reichenbach. The next aspect considered was the conceptual foundations of critical thinking, looking at the ideas of Karl Popper and St. Augustine and at the problem of the demarcation line between reasonable criticism and apologetic reasoning. Dogmatic and critical thinking in a political context were also considered, before an investigation of critical thinking's foundations. As logic is essential to critical thinking, the state of this discipline in Ukrainian and Russian higher education was assessed, together with the limits of formal-logical grounds for criticism, the role of informal logical as a basis for critical thinking today, dialectical logic as a foundation for critical thinking and the universality of the contemporary demand for criticism. The search for new foundations of critical thinking covered deconstructivism and critical hermeneutics, including the problem of the author. The relationship between tolerance and criticism was traced from the ancient world, both eastern and Greek, through the transitional community of the Renaissance to the industrial community (Locke and Mill) and the evolution of this relationship today when these are viewed not as moral virtues but as ordinary norms. Tolerance and criticism were discussed as complementary manifestations of human freedom. If the completeness of freedom were accepted it would be impossible to avoid recognition of the natural and legal nature of these manifestations and the group argue that critical tolerance is able to avoid dismissing such negative phenomena as the degradation of taste and manner, pornography, etc. On the basis of their work, the group drew up the syllabus of a course in "Logic with Elements of Critical Thinking, and of a special course on the "Problem of Tolerance".